畜禽粪便堆肥的理化腐熟指标及其红外光谱

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201606.038

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 选择新鲜的牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪为堆肥原料,通过室内模拟直接堆肥试验,研究堆肥过程理化参数变化、种子发芽指数以及腐熟物红外光谱特征.结果表明: 堆肥过程温度变化明显,牛粪出现一次堆肥高温阶段,鸡粪和猪粪各两次,堆肥温度超过50 ℃以上时间均大于10 d,温度可以最直观地表征堆肥的腐熟程度.堆肥过程中pH值变化幅度较大,其中猪粪的pH值从6.63上升至7.74,鸡粪从7.73上升至8.66,牛粪则先从7.86上升至8.36再下降至7.52;有机碳含量逐渐降低,牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪分别下降23.3%、28.2%和31.7%;堆肥过程中,牛粪、猪粪和鸡粪的铵态氮含量分别下降87.8%、73.6%和79.7%,硝态氮含量分别增加至堆肥前的56.81、6.49和4.85倍,铵态氮/硝态氮均下降至2以下.温度、pH值、有机碳含量和铵态氮/硝态氮能较好地反映3种粪便高温堆肥的腐熟程度,且与种子发芽率相关性较高(P≤0.05).红外光谱分析表明,在堆肥过程中,牛粪和猪粪的脂肪族、多糖类物质减少,芳香结构化增强,腐殖化程度增加;鸡粪则相反.在建立理化指标体系的同时,应兼顾物质结构的稳定性.

Abstract: The composting experiments on three manures (cattle, pig and chicken manures) were carried out to study the maturity indexes by monitoring their physical and chemical properties, seed germination index (GI), and characterizing chemical structures using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results showed that temperature changed during composting, and the numbers of peak temperatures for cattle, chicken, and pig manures were 1, 2 and 2, respectively. The duration with temperature higher than 50 ℃ was longer than 10 days for all the three manures. This indicated that temperature was the most intuitive maturity index. The pH of pig and chicken manures increased from 6.63 to 7.74 and from 7.73 to 8.66, respectively, while that of cattle manure first increased from 7.86 to 8.36 and then decreased to 7.52. The organic carbon content decreased by23.3%, 28.2%, and 31.7%, respectively, for cattle, pig and chicken manures. In addition, the NH₄⁺-N concentrations decreased by 87.8%, 73.6%, and 79.7%, and the NO₃^--N increased by 56.81, 6.49, and 4.85 times for cattle, pig, and chicken manures, respectively. The ratio of NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N of piles decreased below 2. Our study indicated that temperature, pH, organic carbon content, and ratio of NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N were closely related to maturity index and correlated with seed germination rate (P≤0.05). The FIIR spectra revealed that in the cattle and pig manures aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides decreased but aromatics increased during the process of composting, suggesting enhanced humification. However, the trend was reversed for chicken manure. Therefore, it was necessary to take into account the stability of composts while maturity indexes were sought.

于子旋，杨静静，王语嫣，章力干, 常江，郜红建，孙叶笛. 畜禽粪便堆肥的理化腐熟指标及其红外光谱[J]. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(6): 2015-2023.

YU Zi-xuan, YANG Jing-jing, WANG Yu-yan, ZHANG Li-gan, CHANG Jiang, GAO Hong-jian, SUN Ye-di. Physical and chemical maturity indexes and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy of animal manures during composting.[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(6): 2015-2023.

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