控释掺混尿素对稻、麦土壤氮与酶活性的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201706.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过大田试验,共设7个处理,即不施氮、常规施肥以及掺混控释氮肥10%、20%、40%、80%、100%处理,探讨了不同施肥处理对土壤中4种形态氮(全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量氮)和3种氮功能性酶(脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶)活性的影响,以探究控释掺混尿素对稻、麦土壤肥力和环境的影响.结果表明: 土壤全氮在稻、麦全生育期内趋于稳定,且掺混比例20%以上各控释氮肥处理在稻、麦季均无显著差异;掺混40%以上控释氮肥能有效促进稻、麦生育中后期土壤无机氮水平;随稻、麦生育期推进,掺混40%以上控释氮肥处理可显著提高土壤微生物生物量氮,但常规施肥处理的微生物生物量氮整体呈明显下降趋势;掺混40%以上控释氮肥能明显提升稻、麦生育中后期土壤酶活性,土壤蛋白酶与硝酸还原酶活性在作物生育后期均随掺混比例增加而提高,以100%控释氮肥处理土壤酶活性最高.掺混20%以上控释氮肥处理能明显降低水稻季分蘖期脲酶活性,推迟铵态氮峰值期,有利于减少氮损失;掺混40%以上控释氮肥处理均可保障稻、麦生育中后期的氮素供应,刺激土壤脲酶与蛋白酶参与氮素转换,促进了土壤氮素有效性;100%控释氮肥处理对稻、麦生育后期土壤硝酸还原酶活性增加最明显,与掺混40%～80%控释氮肥处理相比,可显著减少小麦季20～40 cm土壤硝态氮残留量,在减少氮素损失方面的效果明显.

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) combined with urea (UR) on the soil fertility and environment in wheat-rice rotation system. Changes in four forms of nitrogen (total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and microbial biomass nitrogen) and in activities of three soil enzymes participating in nitrogen transformation (urease, protease, and nitrate reductase) were measured in seven fertilization treatments (no fertilization, routine fertilization, 10%CRF+90%UR, 20%CRF+80%UR, 40%CRF+60%UR, 80%CRF+20%UR, and 100%CRF). The results showed that soil total nitrogen was stable in the whole growth period of wheat and rice. There was no significant difference among the treatments of over 20% CRF in soil total nitrogen content of wheat and rice. The soil inorganic nitrogen content was increased dramatically in treatments of 40% or above CRF during the mid-late growing stages of wheat and rice. With the advance of the growth period, conventional fertilization significantly decreased soil microbial biomass nitrogen, but the treatments of 40% and above CRF increased the soil microbial biomass nitrogen significantly. The soil enzyme activities were increased with over 40% of CRF in the mid-late growing stage of wheat and rice. By increasing the CRF ratio, the soil protease activity and nitrate reductase activity were improved gradually, and peaked in 100% CRF. The treatments of above 20% CRF could decrease the urease activity in tillering stage of rice and delay the peak of ammonium nitrogen, which would benefit nitrogen loss reduction. The treatments of 40% and above CRF were beneficial to improving soil nitrogen supply and enhancing soil urease and protease activities, which could promote the effectiveness of nitrogen during the later growth stages of wheat and rice. The 100% CRF treatment improved the nitrate reductase activity significantly during the later stage of wheat and rice. Compared with the treatments of 40%-80% CRF, 100% CRF reduced the soil nitrate content of 20-40 cm soil layer in wheat significantly suggesting it could reduce the loss of nitrogen.

张敬昇, 王昌全, 李冰, 梁靖越, 何杰, 向毫, 尹斌, 罗晶. 控释掺混尿素对稻、麦土壤氮与酶活性的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2017, 28(6): 1899-1908.

ZHANG Jing-sheng, WANG Chang-quan, LI Bing, LIANG Jing-yue, HE Jie, XIANG Hao, YIN Bin, LUO Jing. Effects of controlled release blend bulk urea on soil nitrogen and soil enzyme activity in wheat and rice fields[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2017, 28(6): 1899-1908.

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