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应用生态学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (3): 893-905.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201903.029

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

土壤培肥与覆膜垄作对土壤养分、玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

杨封科1,2, 何宝林1,2*, 张国平1,2, 张立功3, 高应平3   

  1. 1甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 兰州 730070;
    2甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所, 兰州 730070;
    3甘肃省庄浪县农技推广中心, 甘肃庄浪 744600
  • 收稿日期:2018-07-26 出版日期:2019-03-20 发布日期:2019-03-20
  • 通讯作者: E-mail:blhe@163.com
  • 作者简介:杨封科, 男, 1963年生, 博士研究生, 研究员. 主要从事旱地高效生态农业研究. E-mail: yang_fk@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    本文由国家自然科学基金项目(31560137)和甘肃省科技支撑计划项目(1204NKCA108)资助

Impacts of different soil fertility improvement practices with film mulched ridge-furrow til-lage on soil nutrient content, maize yield, and water use efficiency in Northwest China

YANG Feng-ke1,2, HE Bao-lin1,2*, ZHANG Guo-ping1,2, ZHANG Li-gong3, GAO Ying-ping3   

  1. 1Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China;
    2Institute of Dryland Farming, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China;
    3Agricutural Technologies Extension Center of Zhuanglang County, Zhuanglang 744600, Gansu, China
  • Received:2018-07-26 Online:2019-03-20 Published:2019-03-20
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31560137) and the Gansu Science and Technology Support Program (1204NKCA108).

摘要: 土壤培肥是维持旱地农业土壤肥力水平、提高生产力的最主要的措施之一,但不同土壤培肥措施对全膜双垄沟播土壤肥力及玉米肥水调控的作用机制及其增产效应尚缺乏系统研究认知.2014—2016年在甘肃省农业科学院庄浪试验站,以‘富农1号’玉米为指示作物,设全膜双垄+秸秆还田(FS)、全膜双垄+优化施肥(FF)和全膜双垄+控制性施肥(FC)3种土壤培肥组合模式,以常规种植(CP)为对照,测定年季0~200 cm土层土壤含水量、耕层土壤有机质(SOM)及氮磷钾速效养分含量(AN、AP、AK)和作物产量,计算土壤贮水量(WC)、作物生育期耗水量(ET)、水分利用效率(WUE)、氮、磷肥偏生产力(PFPN和PFPP)等参数,揭示不同土壤培肥模式对土壤有机质、水分养分含量、玉米产量、耗水特征和水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明: FS、FF和FC 3种种植模式通过增效调控土壤水热与养分环境、水肥互作效应,加速还田秸秆腐解养分释放,促进作物旺盛生长,增加归还土壤的有机物质,从而有效提高土壤供水供肥能力、培肥土壤.与CP比,3种模式均显著提高了SOM、AN、AP和AK的含量,尤其是土壤AK含量,3年平均分别提高了0.27 g·kg-1、4.44 mg·kg-1、0.20 mg·kg-1和4.53 mg·kg-1,表现为FC>FF>FS,三者无显著差异.FS、FF和FC 3种土壤培肥模式均显著提高了旱地玉米生育期末0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量(WC200),3年合计分别比播前WC200增加了107.41、38.99和28.35 mm;显著降低了玉米ET,年平均分别比CP降低了60.50、37.7和34.15 mm,相当于分别减少了12.6%、7.9%和7.1%.水肥条件的改善在干旱和少雨的年份主要促进了玉米抽雄至成熟期的生长,多雨的年份均衡促进了玉米生长,增加了玉米的双穗率、穗粒数和百粒重,提高了水肥利用率,使玉米产量显著增加.3年平均与CP相比,FS、FF、和FC模式的PFPN和PFPP分别提高了1.82、1.65、1.62倍和2.41、1.69、1.63倍;WUE分别提高了13.27、12.65、14.01 kg·mm-1·hm-2;玉米产量增加了5986.1、4972.31和4585.63 kg·hm-2,分别增产81.5%、67.7%和62.5%.综合分析认为,FS有利于玉米抗旱增产,FC和FF则有利于玉米高产高效.

关键词: 水分利用效率, 覆膜垄作, 土壤培肥, 增效, 肥料偏生产力

Abstract: Improvement of soil quality is one of the most important ways to enhance fertility for efficient dryland crop production. However, the effects of different fertilization measurements with film mulched ridge-furrow tillage on soil fertility, crop yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of maize largely remain unknown. A three-year field experiment was conducted at the Zhuanglang Experimental Station, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, located in the semiarid region of the Loess Plateau, Northwest China during 2014-2016. Maize breed Funong No.1 was used during the study. There were four treatments, including: 1) conventional planting (CP, served as control), 2) film mulched ridge-furrow with straw incorporation (FS), 3) film mulched ridge-furrow with optimizing fertilization (FF), and 4) film mulched ridge-furrow with controlled fertilization (FC). Seasonal and yearly changes of soil water content, topsoil organic matter (SOM), soil available nitrogen (AN), phosphorus (AP) and potassium (AK) concentration and crop yield were measured. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer partial factor productivity (PFPN and PFPP), soil profile water storage (WC), crop seasonal water consumption (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated. The results showed that FS, FF and FC effectively improved soil fertility via synergistic regulation of soil hydrothermal and nutritional condition. Water-fertilizer interaction effect greatly enhanced incorporated straw decomposition and crop growth, resulting in more returning of straw nutrients and crop biomass to soil, thus significantly increased soil water and fertilizer supply capacity. Compared to CP, the three treatments of FS, FF and FC efficiently increased the concentrations of SOM, AN, AP, and AK by 0.27 g·kg-1, 4.44 mg·kg-1, 0.20 mg·kg-1 and 4.53 mg·kg-1 with an order of FC>FF>FS, but had no significant difference among them. Meanwhile, in contrast to pre-sowing WC200, the three year’s sum of FS,FF and FC increased WC200 at the end of growing season by 107.41, 38.99 and 28.35 mm, respectively. On average, FS, FC and FF significantly reduced maize ET by 60.50, 37.7 and 34.15 mm to CP, with a relative decrease of 12.6%, 7.9% and 7.1% respectively. By the synergistic effect of modified water and fertilizer environment, the three soil fertility improvement strategies greatly enhanced maize growth from tasseling to maturity stages in the relatively dry year. They affected maize growth in relatively more rain and warmer year, resulting in significantly increased maize yield by improving the yield traits (double ear rate, grain number per ear and 100-grain mass), PFPN, PFPP and WUE. Compared to CP, the PFPN,PFPP of FS, FF and FC increased by 1.82, 1.65, 1.62 and 2.41, 1.69, 1.63 times respectively. Yield and WUE were increased by 5986.1, 4972.31, 4585.63 kg·hm-2 and 13.27, 12.65, 14.01 kg·mm-1·hm-2 correspondingly raised by 81.5%, 67.7%, 62.5% and 86.5%, 82.5%, 91.3%. In conclusion, FS was more effective in water harvesting and drought resistance, while FC and FF were effective for high yield.

Key words: soil fertility improvement, film mulched ridge-furrow planting, synergistic effect, partial factor productivity (PFP), WUE