节水补灌下施磷量对小麦不同茎蘖光合和衰老特性及产量的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为明确节水补灌下小麦不同茎蘖籽粒产量对施磷量响应的生理机制,探明适宜的磷肥用量,以‘济麦22'小麦品种为供试材料,在节水补灌(W₇₀,拔节期和开花期将0~40 cm土层土壤含水量均补灌至田间饱和持水量的70%)和不灌水(W₀)条件下设置3个施磷量处理:低磷(90 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,P₁)、中磷(135 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,P₂)和高磷(180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2,P₃),以不施磷为对照(P₀),研究了小麦不同茎蘖光合和衰老特性、各茎蘖籽粒产量及水分利用效率和磷肥利用效率。结果表明: 节水补灌和不灌水条件下,P₂的主茎、Ⅰ和Ⅱ蘖(着生于主茎第1、2片真叶叶腋中的一级分蘖)旗叶叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、蔗糖含量、磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量均高于P₀和P₁,这是其主茎、Ⅰ和Ⅱ蘖穗粒重较高的主要生理原因,但均与P₃无显著差异。节水补灌下,P₂较P₀和P₁提高了主茎、Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ蘖(着生于主茎第3片真叶叶腋中的一级分蘖)籽粒产量,较P₃提高了Ⅱ和Ⅲ蘖籽粒产量,公顷籽粒产量比P₀、P₁和P₃分别高49.1%、30.5%和8.9%,水分利用效率和磷肥农学效率最高;不灌水下,P₂较P₀和P₁提高了主茎、Ⅰ和Ⅱ蘖籽粒产量,较P₃提高了Ⅱ蘖籽粒产量,公顷籽粒产量、水分利用效率和磷肥农学效率均高于P₀、P₁和P₃。各施磷处理下节水补灌的小麦公顷籽粒产量、磷肥农学效率和水分利用效率均高于不灌水处理。节水补灌下中磷施磷处理(135 kg·hm^-2)是本试验条件下高产高效的最佳处理。

关键词: 小麦, 节水补灌, 施磷量, 茎蘖产量, 生理机制

Abstract: To clarify the physiological mechanism underlying grain yield of different stems and tillers of wheat in response to phosphorus application under water-saving supplementary irrigation and to determine the suitable phosphorus fertilization rate, we set water-saving supplementary irrigation (irrigation to the soil water content of 0-40 cm soil layer shall be supplemented to 70% of the field saturation capacity during the jointing stage and flowering stage, W₇₀) and no irrigation (W₀) on wheat variety ‘Jimai 22', and three phosphorous application rates, low (90 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, P₁), medium (135 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, P₂), and high (180 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2, P₃), with no phosphorus application as the control (P₀). We examined the photosynthetic and senescence characteristics, the grain yield of the different stems and tillers, as well as water and phosphorus use efficiency. The results showed that under both water-saving supplementary irrigation and no irrigation, the relative content of chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate, sucrose content, sucrose phosphate synthase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and soluble protein content of flag leaf of the main stem and tillers Ⅰ and Ⅱ (first degree tillers arising from axils of the 1st and 2nd true leaf of the main stem) under P₂ were significantly higher than those under P₀ and P₁, which contributed to the higher grain weight per spike of main stem and tillersⅠ and Ⅱ, but did not differ from P₃. Under water-saving supplementary irrigation, P₂ increased grain yield of main stem and tillers Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ (first degree tillers arising from axils of the 3rd true leaf of the main stem) compared with that under P₀ and P₁, and increased grain yield of tillers Ⅱ and Ⅲ compared with P₃. Grain yield per hectare under P₂ was 49.1%, 30.5% and 8.9% higher than that under P₀, P₁ and P₃, respectively. Similarly, water use efficiency and phosphorus fertilizer agronomic efficiency under P₂ were the highest among the phosphorous treatments under water-saving supplementary irrigation. Under no irrigation condition, P₂ increased grain yield of main stem and tillers Ⅰ and Ⅱ compared with P₀ and P₁, yet grain yield of tiller Ⅱ was higher than that of P₃. Furthermore, under P₂, the grain yield per hectare, water use effi-ciency, and phosphorus fertilizer agronomic efficiency were higher than those under P₀, P₁ and P₃ under no irrigation. Under each phosphorous application rate, grain yield per hectare, phosphorus fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and water use efficiency of water-saving supplementary irrigation treatment were higher than those of no irrigation treatment. In conclusion, medium phosphorus application rate (135 kg·hm^-2) under water-saving supplementary irrigation would be the optimal treatment for both high grain yield and efficiency under the experimental condition.

Key words: wheat, water saving supplementary irrigation, phosphorus application rate, yield of stems and tillers, physiological mechanism

惠凯善, 吴召汉, 张永丽. 节水补灌下施磷量对小麦不同茎蘖光合和衰老特性及产量的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(2): 451-462.

HUI Kaishan, WU Zhaohan, ZHANG Yongli. Effects of phosphorus application rates on photosynthetic and senescence characteristics and yield of diffe-rent stems and tillers of wheat under water-saving supplementary irrigation[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2023, 34(2): 451-462.

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