生态功益:自然生态过程对人类的贡献

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 大自然是维系人类社会生存和维持文明发展的生命之舟,为人们的物质和精神生活提供必不可少的资源和环境条件及生态服务。生态功益是这些由自然生物过程产生和维持的环境资源方面的条件和服务的统称。本文从自然生产,维持生物多样性,调节气象过程、气候变化和地球化学物质循环,调节水循环和减缓旱涝灾害,改善与保持土壤,净化环境,为作物与自然植物传粉播种,控制病虫害,维护改善人的身心健康和激发人的精神文化追求等方面探讨和介绍生态功益及生态功益的经济评价。迅猛的人口增长、社会变化和技术发展已使承载人类社会的生命之舟受到严重破坏和巨大威胁。减少这些破坏和威胁是整个社会,特别是生态学エ作者面临的重大挑战.

关键词: 生态功益, 自然, 人类社会

Abstract: atural ecosystems support life, contribute to human welfare, and provide essential conditions and services for civilization. The contributions and benefits from natural ecological systems to human societies are ecosystem services, which include: production of natural goods, biodiversity maintenance, climate regulation, regulation of hydrological flows and water supply, mitigation of droughts and floods, cycling and moving nutrients, generation and preservation of soils and renewal of their fertility, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, pollination and seed dispersal, pest control, maintenance of conditions for both mental and physical health and healing of human beings, provision of aesthetic, intellectual, and spiritual stimulation. The services flowing from natural ecosystems are enormous and indispensable for economy and welfare, but have been greatly undervalued by society, partly because they are not traded in markets and people are rarely ware of the role and importance of these services. In market-driven societies, the valuation of ecosystem services is useful to support more ecologically conscious decision-making. Identification and monitoring of ecological processes that generate ecosystem services are much needed. Human activities already have altered physical, chemical, biological and geographic attributes of the Earth profoundly and have been impairing the flow of ecosystem services on a large scale. We are facing a great challenge to maintain a sustainable society that is ecologically sound, economically feasible, socially just and peaceful. Ecologists should work closely with public and policy-makers to answer this challenge.

Key words: Ecosystem services, Nature, Human society

董全. 生态功益:自然生态过程对人类的贡献[J]. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10(2): 233-240.

Dong Quan . Ecosystem services: the biological conditions and ecological supports necessary for the development of human societies[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1999, 10(2): 233-240.

参考文献

1 Bormann,F.,Likens,G., Fisher, D. et al. 1968. Nutrient loss accelerated by clear-cutting of a forest ecosystem. Science, 159:882～884.

2 Chapin III, F. S., Walker, B. H., Hobbs, R. J. et al. 1997. Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems. Science, 277:500～504.

3 Cohen, M. J. 1993. Integrated ecology: the process of counseling with nature. The Humanistic Psychologist, 21(3):277～295.

4 Cool, J. C. 1980. Stability and survival: the Himalayan challenge. New York, Ford Foundation.

5 Costanza, R. & Folke, C. 1997. Valuing ecosystem services with efficiency, fairness, and sustainability as goals. In: G. Daily (ed.). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. pp. 49～70. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

6 Costanza, R., d'Arge, R., de Groot, R. et al. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387:253～260.

7 Daily, G. C. (ed.). 1997. Nature's service: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington D. C.

8 Dobson, A. 1995. Biodiversity and human health. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10:390～391.

9 FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization). 1990. Soilless Culture for Horticultural Crop Production. Rome: FAO.

10 FAO. 1993. Fisheries Series No. 40, Fisheries Statistics Series No. 111, Rome.

11 FAO. 1994a. FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics. Volume 17.

12 FAO. 1994b. Review of the State of World Marine Fishery Resources. FAO Tech. Paper 335.

13 Farnsworth, N.R., Akerele,O., Bingel, A.S. et al. 1985. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63: 965～981.

14 Goulder, L. H. and Kennedy, D. 1997. Valuing ecosystem services: philosophical bases and empirical methods. In: G. Daily (ed.). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. pp. 23～48. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

15 Isen, A. M. 1990. The influence of positive and negative affect on cognitive organization: some implications for development. In: N. L. Stern, B. Leventhal, and T. Trabasso, (eds.). Psychological and biological approaches to emotion. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillsdale, New Jersey, USA.

16 Lanner, R.M. 1996. Made for Eachother: A Symbiosis of Birds and Pines. Oxford University Press, New York.

17 Lawton, J. and May,R. (eds.). 1995. Extinction Rates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

18 Lee, K. 1985. Earthworms: Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use. Academic Press, New York.

19 Myers, N. 1992. The primary source: tropical forests and our future. New York, W. W. Norton.

20 Nabhan, G.P. and Buchmann,S.L. 1997. Pollination services: Biodiversity's direct link to world food stability. In: G. Daily (ed.). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. pp. 133～150. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

21 Oldeman, L., van Engelen,V. and Pulles,J. 1990. “The extent of human-induced soil degradation, Annex 5” of L. R. Oldeman, R. T. A. Hakkeling, and W. G. Sombroek. World Map of the Status of Human-Induced Soil Degradation: An Explanatory Note, rev. 2d ed. Wageningen: International Soil Reference and Information Center.

22 Orians, G. H. 1998. Human behavioral ecology: 140 years without Darwin is too long. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 79(1): 15～28.

23 Postel, S. 1987. Defusing the Toxics Threat: Controlling Pesticides and Industrial Waste. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.

24 Postel, S. and Carpenter,S. 1997. Freshwater ecosystem services. In: G. Daily (ed.). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. pp.195～214. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

25 Pimentel, D., McLaughlin, L., Zepp, A. et al. 1989. Environmental and economic impacts of reducing U.S. agricultural pesticide use. Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture, 4: 223～278.

26 Prescott-Allen, R. and Prescott-Allen,C. 1990. How many plants feed the world? Conservation Biology, 4:365～374.

27 Reppetto, R. 1992. Accounting for environmental assets. Scientific American, 266(6): 94～101.

28 Salati, E. 1987. The forest and the hydrological cycle. In: R. Dickinson (ed.). The Geophysiology of Amazonia. pp. 273～294. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

29 Schlesinger, W. 1991. Biogeochemistry: An Analysis of Global Change. Academic Press, San Diego.

30 Shiklomanov, I. A. 1993. World fresh water resources. In:P. Gleick (ed.). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources. pp.13～24. Oxford University Press, New York.

31 Shukla, J., Nobre,C. and Sellers,P. 1990. Amazon deforestation and climate change. Science, 247:1322～1325.

32 UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 1992. Saving Our Planet-Challenges and Hopes. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya.

33 Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J. and Melillo J. M.. 1997. Human domination of earth's ecosystems. Science, 277:494～499.

34 Wilson, E.O. 1989. Threats to biodiversity. Scientific American, Sept: 108～116.

[1]	江本砚, 张玉莉, 李珊, 李建军, 郑子豪, 王洪光. 珠三角自然保护地夜间光环境的时空动态及敏感距离 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(6): 1601-1609.
[2]	张达, 曾坚, 艾合麦提·那麦提. 高强度开发地区鸟类自然保护地保护空缺识别——以天津市为例 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(6): 1621-1629.
[3]	刘伟, 李旭琴, 李忠伦, 李英, 油志远, 蒋勇, 阮光华, 鲁碧耕, 杨楠. 四川贡嘎山中华斑羚和中华鬣羚的时空分布及重叠性 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(6): 1630-1638.
[4]	李春波, 张园, 刘雅各, 吴家兵, 王安志. 长白山自然保护区总初级生产力时空变化特征及其影响因素 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(5): 1341-1348.
[5]	王清韵, 周丁扬, 安萍莉, 姜广辉. 自然保护地政策对区域生态环境质量的影响——以三江源地区为例 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(5): 1349-1359.
[6]	黄雪梅, 陈龙池, 田宁, 关欣, 胡亚林, 黄苛, 宿秀江, 陶晓. 松毛虫虫食叶和排泄物对土壤激发效应的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(3): 770-776.
[7]	刘冬冬, 潘萍, 付佳, 欧阳勋志. 2000—2020年赣南植被覆盖时空变化特征及驱动因素 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(11): 2919-2928.
[8]	于波, 秦嗣军, 吕德国. 自然生草制苹果园土壤微生物、酶活性和养分含量对行间草耕翻还田的响应 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2023, 34(1): 145-150.
[9]	侯星辰, 鲁绍伟, 向昌林, 李少宁, 赵娜, 徐晓天. 不同母质温带草地植物群落多样性对人为干扰的响应 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(8): 2153-2160.
[10]	奥勇, 张梦娜, 赵永华, 王晓峰, 白召弟, 蒋嶺峰. 基于生态足迹-净初级生产力的珠三角城市群经济与生态的关系 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(7): 2001-2008.
[11]	刘东, 孙剑平, 王莹莹, 宋琳琳, 李靳, 赵星涵, 刘畅, 全智, 方运霆. 工厂化堆肥温室气体排放和氨气同位素特征 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(6): 1451-1458.
[12]	朱军涛, 牛犇, 宗宁, 赵博, 郑周涛, 赵广, 庾强, 王常慧, 张扬建. 全球变化联网控制实验的创新性设计:以我国草地生态系统水热要素联网控制实验为例 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(3): 648-654.
[13]	李竹, 王兆峰, 吴卫. 长江经济带自然资本使用量的空间效应及影响因素 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2022, 33(1): 180-190.
[14]	孟琪, 武志涛, 杜自强, 张红. 京津风沙源区不同分区植被覆盖度变化及归因分析 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(8): 2895-2905.
[15]	许倩, 石松林, 贾龙玉, 白海, 曹吉鑫, 王国严, 彭培好. 自然与人工恢复对川西高山采伐迹地植物群落特征的影响 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(3): 810-818.