草原植物的放牧抗性

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 放牧抗性是指在放牧系统中,草原植物生存和生长的相对能力,包括避食性和耐牧性两部分.放牧避食性是指植物降低被牧食的机率和强度等机制,而耐牧性是指植物被牧食以后刺激植物再生长的机制.对物种抗性阈值和耐牧性阈值的研究将有利于解释放牧演替理论的原因和机制.不同的物种其抗性阈值和耐牧性阈值不同,这主要起决于它们放牧抗性策略.在草地管理中,认识植物将避食性和/或耐牧性机制作为诱导物种组成变化的优先抗性策略具有重要的理论和实践意义.

关键词: 放牧抗性, 抗性阈值, 耐牧性阈值, 抗性策略

Abstract: Grazing resistance is the relative ability of plants to survive and grow in grazed systems,which can be divided into avoidance and tolerance components,based on the general mechanisms conferring resistance.The studies of resistance and tolerance thresholds will explain the reasons and mechanisms of grazing succession of plant communities.The difference of species resistant and tolerant thresholds depends on their grazing resistance strategies.Although both mechanisms are known to occur,the predominant mechanism or relative combination of mechanisms remains unknown for most species combinations and plant communities.Recognition of grazing avoidance or tolerance as the predominant resistance strategy inducing species composition shifts has important implications for grassland and pasture management.

Key words: Grazing resistance, Resistant and tolerant thresholds, Grazing resistant strategies

中图分类号:

S812.8

汪诗平. 草原植物的放牧抗性[J]. 应用生态学报, 2004, (3): 517-522.

WANG Shiping. Grazing resistance of rangeland plants[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004, (3): 517-522.

参考文献

[1] Akin DE.1989.Histological and physical factors affecting digestibility of forages.Agron J, 81:17～25
[2] Baur R, Binder S, Benz G.1991.Nonglandular leaf trichomes as short-term incucible defense of the gray alder Alnus incana L.against the chrysomelid beetle, Abelastioa alni L.Oecologia, 87:219～ 226
[3] Belsky AJ.1992.Effects of grazing, competition, disturbance and fire on species composition and diversity in grassland communities.J Vegeta Sci, 3:187～200
[4] Briske DD.1991.Developmental morphology and physiology of grasses.In: Heitschmidt RK and Strth JW, eds.Grazing Management:An Ecological Perspective.Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.85 ～ 108
[5] Brizuela MA, Detling JK, Cid MS.1986.Silicon concentration of grasses growing in sites with different grazing histories.Ecology,67:1098 ～ 1101
[6] Busso CA, Richards JH, Chatterton NJ.1990.Nonstructural carbohydrates and spring regrowth of two cool-season grasses: Interaction of drought and clipping.J Range Manage, 43: 336～ 343
[7] Butler JL, Briske DD.1988.Population structure and tiller demography of the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scopariurn in response to herbivory.Oikos, 51: 306～ 312
[8] Carman JG, Briske DD.1985.Morphologic and allozymic variation between long-term grazed and non-grazed populations of the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium var.frequens.Oecologia, 66:332～ 337
[9] Cheplick GP, Clay K.1988.Acquired chemical defenses in grasses:The role of fungal endophytes.Oikos, 52:309～318
[10] Clay K.1988.Fungal endophytes of grasses: A defense mutualism between plants and fungi.Ecology, 69:10 ～ 16
[11] Clay K.1990.Comparative demography of three graminoids infected by systemic, Clavicipitaceous fungi.Ecology, 71: 558 ～ 570
[12] Coffin DP, Lauenroth WK.1989.Spatial and temporal variation in the seed bank of a semiarid grassland.Amer J Bot, 76: 53 ～ 58
[13] Coley PD.1986.Cost and benefits of defense by tannins in a neotropical tree.Oecologia, 70: 238 ～ 241
[14] Coley PD.1988.Effects of plant growth rate and leaf lifetime on the amount and type of anti-herbivore defense.Oecologia, 74:531～536
[15] Davidson DW.1993.The effects of herbivory and granivory on terrestrial plant succession.Oikos, 68 :23～35
[16] Diaz S, Acosta A, Cabido M.1994.Grazing and the phenology of flowering and fruiting in a montane grassland in Argentina:A niche approach.Oikos, 70: 287 ～ 295
[17] Ernest KA.1994.Resistance of creosotebush to mammalian herbivory: Temporal consistency and browsing-induced changes.Ecology, 75:1684～ 1692
[18] Evans EW, Smith CC, Gendron RP.1989.Timing of reproduction in a prairie legume: Seasonal impacts of insects consuming flowers and seeds.Oecologia, 78: 220 ～ 230
[19] Faeth SH.1992.Do defoliation and subsequent phytochemical responses reduce future herbivory on oak trees? J Chem Ecol, 18:915～925
[20] Gali-Muhtasib HU, Smith CC, Higgins JJ.1992.The effect of silica in grasses on the feeding behavior of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster.Ecology, 73:1124～1729
[21] Ganskopp D, Angell R, Rose J.1992.Response of cattle to cured reproductive stems in caespitose grass.J Range Manage, 45: 401～404
[22] Georgiadis NJ, McNaughton SJ.1988.Interactions between grazers and a cyanogenic grass, Cynodon olectostachyaus.Oikos, 51:343～350
[23] Georgiadis NJ, McNaughton SJ.1990.Eelmental and fibre contents of savanna grasses: Variation with grazing, soil type, season and species.J Appl Ecol, 27:623 ～634
[24] Hay ME.1986.Associational plant defenses and the maintenance of species diversity: Turning competitors into accomplices.Am Nat,129:617～641
[25] Heidorn T, Joern A.1984.Differential herbivory on C3 versus C4grasses by the grasshopper Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera:Acrididae).Oecologia, 65:19～ 25
[26] Herms DA, Mattson WJ.1992.The dilemma of plants:To grow or defend.Quart Rev Biol, 67: 283 ～ 335
[27] Hodgkinson KC, Ludlow MM, Mort J J, et al.1989.Comparative responses of the savanna grasses Cenchras ciliaris and Therneda triandra to defoliation.Oecologia, 79:45～ 52
[28] Hull RJ.1987.Kentuky bluegrass photosynthate partitioning following scheduled mowing.J Am Soc Horti Sci, 112:829～834
[29] Jaramillo VJ, Detling JK.1988.Grazing history, defoliation, and competition:Effects on shortgrass production and nitrogen accumulation.Ecology, 69:1599 ～ 1608
[30] Jonsdottir GA.1991.Tiller demography in seashore populations of Agrostis stoloni fera, Festrca rubra and Poa irrigata.J Veget Sci,2:89～94
[31] Karban R, Myers JH.1989.Induced plant responses to herbivory.Ann Rev Ecol Syst, 20: 331 ～ 348
[32] Kellner K, Bosch OJH.1992.Influence of patch formation in determining the stocking rate of Southern African grasslands.J Arid Environ, 22: 99～ 105
[33] Kinucan RJ, Smeins FE.1992.Soil seed bank of a semiarid Texas grassland under three long-term(36 years) grazing regimes.Am Midland Nat, 128:11 ～ 21
[34] Kudo G.1996.Herbivory pattern and induced responses to simulated herbivory in Queuus mongolica var.grosseserrata.Ecol Res,11:282～289
[35] Latch GCM.1994.Influence of Acremonium endophytes on perennial grass improvement.New Zealand J Agric Res, 37:311 ～318
[36] Lawrey JD.1983.Lichen herbivore preference: A test of two hypotheses.Am J Bot, 70:1188～1194
[37] Li Y-H(李永宏).1988.The divergence and convegence of Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and Stipa grandis steppe under the grazing influence in Xilin river valley, Inner Mongolia.Acta Phytoecol Geobot Sin(植物生态学与地植物学学报),12(2):189～196(in Chinese)
[38] Li Y-H(李永宏).1992.Accordance of grassland dynamics on tenporal gradient of restoration succession to their changes on spatial gradient of grazing.In: Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station.Research on Grassland Ecosystem.Vol.4.Beijing:Science Press.i～7(in Chinese)
[39] Li Y-H(李永宏).1994.Research on the grazing degradation model of the main steppe rangelands in Inner Mongolia and some considerations for the establishment of a computerized rangeland monitoring system.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),18(1):68～79(inChinese)
[40] Li Y-H(李永宏),Wang S-P(汪诗平).1998.Grazingintake of Inner Mongolia fine-wool sheep and their preference for grassland forage species.ActaPratac Sin(草业学报),7(3):50～53(in Chinese)
[41] Li J-H(李金花),Li Z-Q(李镇清).2002.Effect of grazing on reproductionin Potentilla acaulis population.Acta Pratac Sin(草业学报),11(3):92～96(in Chinese)
[42] Li J-H(李金花),Li Z-Q(李镇清).2002.Plant ecologyical adaptation of Artemisia frigida and Potentilla acaulis under different grazingintensities.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),26(4):435～440(in Chinese)
[43] McNaughton SJ, Tarrants JL, McNaughton MM, et al.1985.Silica as a defense against herbivory and a growth promotor in Africa grasses.Ecology, 66: 528～ 535
[44] Milewski AV, Young TP, Moadden D.1991.Thorns as induced defenses: Experimental evidence.Oecologia, 86: 70～ 75
[45] Milton SJ, Dean WRJ, Plessis MAD, et al.1994.A conceptual model of arid rangeland degradation.BioScience, 44: 70 ～ 76
[46] Mitchley J.1988.Control of relative abundance of perennials in chalk grassland in southern England Ⅱ.Vertical canopy structure.J Ecol, 76:341～350
[47] Mott J J, Ludlow MM, Richards JH, et al.1992.Effects of moisture supply in the dry season and subsequent defoliation on persistence of the savanna grasses.Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Panicurn maximam, Aust J Agric Res, 43: 241 ～ 260
[48] Noy-Meir I, Gutman M, Kaplan Y.1989.Responses of Mediterranean grassland plants to grazing and protection.J Ecol, 77: 290～310
[49] Noy-Meir I, Broske DD.1996.Fitness components of grazing-induced population reduction in a dominant annual, Triticum dicoccides (wild wheat).J ECol, 84: 312～ 324
[50] O' Connor TG.1991.Local extinction in perennical grasslands: A life history approach.Am Nat, 137: 753～ 773
[51] Olsen BE, Richards JH.1988.Tussock regrowth after grazing: Intercalary meristem and axillary bud activity of Agropyron desertorum.Oikos, 51: 374～ 382
[52] Painter EL, Detling JK, Steingraeber DA.1989.Grazing history,defoliation, and fequency-dependent competition: Effects on two north American grasses.Am J Bot, 76:1368～ 1379
[53] Pimentel D.1988.Herbivore population feeding pressure on plant hosts: Feedback evolution and host conservation.Oikos, 53:289 ～302
[54] Polly HW, Detling JK.1988.Herbivory tolerance of Agropyron smithii populations with different grazing histories.Oecologia, 7:261 ～ 267
[55] Pyke DA.1990.Comparative demography of co-occuring introduced and native tussock grassea: Persistance and potential expansion.Oecologia, 82: 537 ～ 543
[56] Rhoades DF.1985.Offensive-defensive interactions between herbivores and plants: Their relevance in herbivore population dynamics and ecological theory.Am Nat, 125:205～238
[57] Rosenthal JP, Kotanen PM.1994.Terrestrial plant tolerance to herbivory.Trends Ecol Evolu, 9:145～ 148
[58] Sal AG, De Miguel JM, Casado MA, et al.1986.Successional changes in the morphology and ecological responses of a grazed pasture ecosystem in central spain.Vegetatio, 67: 33 ～ 44
[59] Shewmaker GE, Mayland HF, Rosenall RC, et al.1989.Silicon in C3 grasses: Effects on forage quality and sheep preference.J Range Manage, 42:122～～ 127
[60] Scogings PE.1995.Synthesizing plant tolerance and avoidance of herbivory:Do ecologists risk re-inventing the wheel? Trends Ecol Evolut, 10:81
[61] Skinner RH, Nelson CJ.1994.Epidermal cell division and the coordination of leaf and tiller development.Ann Bot, 74:9 ～ 15
[62] Towers NR, Siegel MR.1993.Coping with mycotoxins that constrain animal production.Proc.17th Intern.Grassland Congress.Palmerston North, New Zealand.1369～ 1375
[63] Tuomi J, Angner M.1993.Synergistic selection of unpalatability in plants.Evolution, 47: 668 ～ 672
[64] van der Meijden E, Wijn M, Verkear HJ.1988.Defence and regrowth, aternative plant strategies in the struggle against herbivores.Oikos, 51:355 ～363
[65] Vicari M, Bazaly DR.1993.Do grasses fight back? The case for antiherbivore defences.Trends Ecol Evolu, 8:137～ 141
[66] Wang W(王炜),Liu Z-L(刘钟龄),Hao D-Y(郝敦元),et al.1996.Research on the restoring succeession of the degenerated grassland in Inner Mongolia I.Basic characteristics and driving force for restoration ofthe degenerated grassland.Acta Phytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),20(6):449～460(in Chinese)
[67] Wang W(王炜),Liu Z-L(刘钟龄),Hao D-Y(郝敦元),et al.1996.Research on the restoring succeession of the degenerated grassland in Inner Mongolia Ⅱ.Analysis of the restoring processes.ActaPhytoecol Sin(植物生态学报),20(6):461～472(in Chinese)
[68] Wang Y-F(王艳芬),Wang S-P(汪诗平).1999.Innuence of different stocking rates on belowground biomass in Inner Mongolia steppe.Acta Agrest Sin(草地学报),7(3):198～203(in Chinese)
[69] Wang S-P(汪诗平),Li Y-H(李永宏),Wang Y-F(王艳芬),et al.1998.The succession of Artamisia frigida rangeland and multivariation analysis under different stocking rates in Inner Mongolia.Acta Agrestia Sin(草地学报),6(4):299～～305(in Chinese)
[70] Wang S-P(汪诗平),Li Y-H(李永宏).1999a.Degradation mechanism oftypical grassland in Inner Mongolia.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),10(4):437～441(in Chinese)
[71] Wang S-P(汪诗平),Li Y-H(李永宏),Wang Y-F(王艳芬).1999b.Relationship between foraging areas of sheep(wether) and spatial heterogeneity of grasslandlandscape.Acta Ecol Sin(生态学报),19(3):431～434(in Chinese)
[72] Wang S-P(汪诗平).2000a.The dietary composition of fine wool sheep and plant diversity in Inner Mongolia steppe.Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报),20(6):951～957(in Chinese)
[73] Wang S-P(汪诗平).2000b.Influence of defoliation and grazing on range plant.Chin J Ecology(生态学杂志),19(6):34～39(in Chinese)
[74] Wang S-P(汪诗平).2001a.The dietary composition of fine wool sheep under different stocking rates and relationship between dietary diversity and plant diversity in Inner Mongolia steppe.Acta Ecol Sin(生态学报),21(2):235～243(in Chinese)
[75] Wang S-P(汪诗平),Li Y-H(李永宏),Wang Y-F(王艳芬),et al.2001b.Influence of different stocking rates on plant diversity of Artemisiafrigida community in Inner Mongolia steppe.Acta Bot Sin(植物学报),43(1):89～96(in Chinese)
[76] Wilson JR, Brown RH, Windham WR.1983.Influence of leaf anatomy on the dry matter digestibility of C3, C4 and C3/C4 inter mediate types of Panicum species.Crop Sci, 23:141 ～ 146
[77] Wold EN, Marquis RJ.1997.Induced defense in white oak: Effects on herbivores and consequences for the plant.Ecology, 78: 1356～1369
[78] Wright MG.1994.Unpredictable seed-set: A defence mechanism against seed-eating insects in Protea species (Proteaseae).Oecologia, 99: 397 ～ 400
[79] Yamamura N, Tsaji N.1995.Optimal strategy of plant antiherbiyore defense: Implications for apparency and resource-availability theories.Ecol Res, 10:19～30
[80] Young TP.1987.Increased thorn length in Acacia drepanolobiun-An induced response to browsing.Oecologia, 71:436～438