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三种集约化种植体系氮素平衡及其对地下水硝酸盐含量的影响

寇长林1,2;巨晓棠1;张福锁1   

  1. 1中国农业大学资源与环境学院,教育部植物-土壤相互作用重点实验室、农业部植物营养与养分循环重点实验室,北京 100094;2河南省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,郑州 450002

  • 收稿日期:2004-04-12 修回日期:2004-10-04 出版日期:2005-04-18

Nitrogen balance and its effects on nitrate-N concentration of groundwater in three intensive cropping systems of North China

KOU Changlin1,2,JU Xiaotang1,ZHANG Fusuo1   

  1. 1Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition MOA,Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions MOE,Department of Plant Nutrition,China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094,China;2Institute of Soil and Fertilizer,Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Zhengzhou 450002,China

  • Received:2004-04-12 Revised:2004-10-04 Online:2005-04-18

摘要: 选取中国北方3种重要的集约化种植体系小麦玉米轮作、大棚蔬菜和果园,研究了3种体系年度氮素输入输出关系、土壤硝酸盐的累积、不同体系地下水硝态氮含量的动态变化.结果表明,大棚蔬菜年度化肥氮、有机肥氮、灌水带入的氮和总氮输入量分别为1 358、1 881、402和3 656 kg·hm-2,分别为小麦-玉米田的2.5、37.5、83.8和5.8倍,为果园的2.1、10.4、68.2和4.2倍.不同系统降水输入的氮在14.2~18.9 kg·hm-2之间.3个体系氮输出量分别为280、329和121 kg·hm-2.氮素年度盈余分别为349、3 327和746 kg·hm-2.0~90 cm土层硝态氮累积量分别为221~275、1 173和613 kg·hm-2,90~180 cm土层硝态氮累积量分别为213~242、1 032 和976 kg·hm-2.在0~180 cm剖面中,小麦玉米田各层土壤硝态氮处于相对均一分布,大棚蔬菜以表层最高,30 cm以下各层也远高于大田,果园土壤硝态氮累积随土壤深度而增加.3种体系均表现出硝酸盐的明显淋洗.大棚蔬菜区浅井地下水硝态氮含量99%超过了10 mg·L-1.而大棚深井和果园浅井超标率均为5%,小麦-玉米深井为1%.大棚蔬菜区地下水硝态氮含量与井深呈指数函数降低关系.

关键词: 阔叶红松林, 生态气候适宜性, 温度-水分影响函数, 气候变化评价

Abstract: Selecting three main intensive cropping systems of North China,i.e,wheatmaize rotation,plastic greenhouse vegetable,and apple orchard as test objectives,this paper studied their nitrogen (N) budget,soil nitrate-N accumulation,and year-round dynamics of groundwater nitrate-N concentration. The results showed that in plastic greenhouse vegetable cropping system,the annual N input from chemical fertilizers,manure,and irrigation was 1 358,1 881 and 402 kg·hm-2,being 2.5,37.5 and 83.8 folds of the corresponding items in wheat-maize cropping system,and 2.1,10.4 and 68.2 folds in orchard,respectively,and its total N input amounted to 3 656 kg·hm-2,being 5.8 times of the wheat-maize cropping system,and 4.2 times of the orchard.The wet deposition N in the three cropping systems ranged from 14.2 kg·hm-2 to 18.9 kg·hm-2.The N output by wheat-maize, greenhouse vegetable and orchard was 280,329 and 121 kg·hm-2,the N surplus was 349,3 327 and 746 kg·hm-2,and the remained nitrate-N after harvest amounted to 221~275,1 173 and 613 kg·hm-2 in 0~90 cm soil layer,and 213~242,1 032 and 976 kg·hm-2 in 90~180 cm soil layer, respectively. Crop field had a comparatively even distribution of nitrate N in its 0~180 cm soil profile,and a sharp increase of nitrate N throughout the soil profile were found in both greenhouse vegetable and orchard fields.There was an evident nitrate leaching in all three cropping systems.The groundwater in shallow well (<15 m) was severely contaminated in greenhouse vegetable area,with the nitrate-N concentration in 99% of the samples exceeding the maximum permissible limit for drinking water (10 mg·L-1),while 5% of the samples in deep well in vegetable area and in shallow well in orchard and 1% of the samples in deep well in wheat-maize field were exceeded the limit.The nitrate-N concentration exponentially decreased with well depth (m) in greenhouse vegetable area.

Key words: Broadleaved Korean pine forests, Eco climatic suitability, Temperature water effect function, Climate change, Assessment