三种集约化种植体系氮素平衡及其对地下水硝酸盐含量的影响

应用生态学报 ›› 2005, Vol. 16 ›› Issue (4): 660-667.

三种集约化种植体系氮素平衡及其对地下水硝酸盐含量的影响

寇长林^1,2, 巨晓棠¹, 张福锁¹

1. 中国农业大学资源与环境学院, 教育部植物-土壤相互作用重点实验室、农业部植物营养与养分循环重点实验室, 北京 100094;
2. 河南省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所, 郑州 450002

收稿日期:2004-04-12 修回日期:2004-10-04 出版日期:2005-04-15 发布日期:2005-04-15
通讯作者: 巨晓棠,E-mail:Juxt@cau.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(30270787,30390080)和国家"十五"科技攻关重大资助项目(2002BA516A02).

Nitrogen balance and its effects on nitrate-N concentration of groundwater in three intensive cropping systems of North China

KOU Changlin^1,2, JU Xiaotang¹, ZHANG Fusuo ¹

1. Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition MOA, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions MOE, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China;
2. Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China

Received:2004-04-12 Revised:2004-10-04 Online:2005-04-15 Published:2005-04-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 选取中国北方3种重要的集约化种植体系小麦玉米轮作、大棚蔬菜和果园,研究了3种体系年度氮素输入输出关系、土壤硝酸盐的累积、不同体系地下水硝态氮含量的动态变化.结果表明,大棚蔬菜年度化肥氮、有机肥氮、灌水带入的氮和总氮输入量分别为135.8、1881、402和36.56kg·hm^-2,分别为小麦玉米田的25、37.5、83.8和5.8倍,为果园的2.1、10.4、6.82和4.2倍.不同系统降水输入的氮在142～189kg·hm^-2之间.3个体系氮输出量分别为280、329和121kg·hm^-2.氮素年度盈余分别为349、332.7和74.6kg·hm^-2.0～90cm土层硝态氮累积量分别为22.1～2.75、1173和613kg·hm^-2,90～180cm土层硝态氮累积量分别为2.13～2.42、10.32和976kg·hm^-2.在0～180cm剖面中,小麦玉米田各层土壤硝态氮处于相对均一分布,大棚蔬菜以表层最高,30cm以下各层也远高于大田,果园土壤硝态氮累积随土壤深度而增加.3种体系均表现出硝酸盐的明显淋洗.大棚蔬菜区浅井地下水硝态氮含量99%超过了10mg·L^-1.而大棚深井和果园浅井超标率均为5%,小麦玉米深井为1%.大棚蔬菜区地下水硝态氮含量与井深呈指数函数降低关系.

关键词: 集约化种植体系, 氮素平衡, 土壤硝酸盐累积, 地下水, 硝酸盐污染

Abstract: Selecting three main intensive cropping systems of North China,i.e,wheat-maize rotation,plastic greenhouse vegetable,and apple orchard as test objectives,this paper studied their nitrogen (N) budget,soil nitrate-N accumulation,and year-round dynamics of groundwater nitrate-N concentration.The results showed that in plastic greenhouse vegetable cropping system,the annual N input from chemical fertilizers,manure,and irrigation was 1 358,1 881 and 402 kg·hm^-2,being 2.5,37.5 and 83.8 folds of the corresponding items in wheat-maize cropping system,and 2.1,10.4 and 68.2 folds in orchard,respectively,and its total N input amounted to 3 656 kg·hm^-2,being 5.8 times of the wheat-maize cropping system,and 4.2 times of the orchard.The wet deposition N in the three cropping systems ranged from 14.2 kg·hm^-2 to 18.9 kg·hm^-2.The N output by wheat-maize,greenhouse vegetable and orchard was 280,329 and 121 kg·hm^-2,the N surplus was 349,3 327 and 746 kg·hm^-2,and the remained nitrate-N after harvest amounted to 221～275,1 173 and 613 kg·hm^-2 in 0～90 cm soil layer,and 213～242,1 032 and 976 kg·hm^-2 in 90～180 cm soil layer,respectively.Crop field had a comparatively even distribution of nitrate N in its 0～180 cm soil profile,and a sharp increase of nitrate N throughout the soil profile were found in both greenhouse vegetable and orchard fields.There was an evident nitrate leaching in all three cropping systems.The groundwater in shallow well (<15 m) was severely contaminated in greenhouse vegetable area,with the nitrate-N concentration in 99% of the samples exceeding the maximum permissible limit for drinking water (10 mg·L^-1),while 5% of the samples in deep well in vegetable area and in shallow well in orchard and 1% of the samples in deep well in wheat-maize field were exceeded the limit.The nitrate-N concentration exponentially decreased with well depth (m) in greenhouse vegetable area.

Key words: Intensive cropping systems, Nitrogen budget, Nitrate accumulation in soil, Groundwater, Nitrate contamination

中图分类号:

S153
X523

寇长林, 巨晓棠, 张福锁. 三种集约化种植体系氮素平衡及其对地下水硝酸盐含量的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(4): 660-667.

KOU Changlin, JU Xiaotang, ZHANG Fusuo . Nitrogen balance and its effects on nitrate-N concentration of groundwater in three intensive cropping systems of North China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(4): 660-667.

参考文献

[1] Baker DB, Wallrabenstein LK, Richards PP. 1989. Nitrate and Pesticides in Private Wells of Ohio:A State Atlas. Tiffin, OH:The Water Quality Laboratory, Heidelberg College.
[2] Diez JA, Caballero R, Roman R. 2000. Integrated fertilizer and irrigation management to reduce nitrate leaching in Central Spain. J Environ Qual, 29:1539～1547
[3] Guimera J. 1998. Anomalously high nitrate concentrations in ground water. Ground Water, 36:275～282
[4] Guo S-L(郭胜利),Wu J-S(吴金水),Hao M-D(郝明德).2003.Effect of long-term fertilization on accumulatiion and distribution in soil profiles.Chin J ApplEcol(应用生态学报),14(1):75～78(in Chinese)
[5] He P-A(何平安),LiR(李荣),eds.1999.Records of Nutrients in Organic Fertilizerin China.Beijing:China Agricultural Preess.1～192(in Chinese)
[6] Huang S-M(黄绍敏),Bao D-J(宝德俊).2000.Effect of nitrogen fertilization on nitrate in soil and groundwater.Agric Environ Conser(农业环境保护),19(4):228～229(in Chinese)
[7] Jaynes DB, Colvin TS, Karlen DL. 2001. Nitrate loss in subsurface drainage as affected by nitrogen fertilizer rate. J Environ Qual, 30:1305～1314
[8] Keeney DR, Follet RF. 1991. Managing nitrogen for groundwater quality and farm profitability:Overview and introduction. In:Follet RF, Keeney DR, Cruse RM, eds. Managing Nitrogen for Groundwater Quality and Farm Profitability. Madison, WI:ASA, CSSA,and SSSA.
[9] Korom SF. 1992. Natural denitrification in the saturated zone:A review. Water Resour Res, 28(6).. 1657～1668
[10] Kraft GJ, Stites W. 2003. Nitrate impacts on groundwater from an irrigated-vegetable systems in a humid north-central US sand plain.Agric Ecosyst Environ, 100:63～74
[11] Laegreid M, Bockman OC, Kaarstad O. 1999. Agriculture, Fertilizers and the Environment. Porsgrunn, Norway:Norsk Hydro ASA.
[12] Madison RJ, Brunett JO. 1985. Overview of the occurrence of nitrate in ground water of the United States. U. S. Geol. Surv. Water Supply. 2275
[13] Pionke HB, Sharma ML, Hirschberg KJ. 1990. Impact of irrigated horticulture on nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 32:119～132
[14] Porter LK. 1995. Depleted 15N carryover, leaching and uptake for three years of irrigated com. J Contam Hydrol, 20:209～226
[15] Ramos C, Agut A, Lidon AL. 2002. Nitrate leaching in important crops of the Valencian Community region(Spain). Environ Poll,118:215～223
[16] Rass DJ, Rithie JT, Peterson WR. 1999. Nitrogen management impacts on yield and nitrate leaching in inbred maize systems. J Environ Qual, 28:1365～1371
[17] Richter J, Roelcke M. 2000. The N-cycle as determined by intensive agriculture-example from central Europe and China. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst, 57:33～46
[18] Robertson WD, Rusell BM, Cherry JA. 1996. Altenuation of nitrate in aquitard sediments of southern Ontario. J Hydrol, 180:167～281
[19] Spalding RF, Watts DG, Schepers JS. 2001. Controlling nitrate leaching in irrigated agriculture. J Environ Qual, 30:1184～1194
[20] Stites W, Kraft GJ. 2000. Groundwater quality beneath irrigated vegetable fidds in a north-central U. S. sand plain. J Environ Qual, 29:1509～1517
[21] Stites W, Kraft GJ. 2001. Nitrate and chloride loading to groundwater from an irrigated north-central U. S. sand plain vegetable fields. J Environ Qual, 30:1176～1184
[22] Suprayogo DM, van Noordwijk KH, Cadisch C. 2002. The inherent safty net of Ultisols:Measuring and modeling retarded leaching mineral nitrogen. Eur J Soil Sci, 53:185～194
[23] Takatert N, Sanchez-Perez JM, Tremolieres M. 1999. Spatial and temporal variations of nutrient concentration in the groundwater of a floodplain:Effect of hydrology, vegetation and substrate. Hydrol Progr, 13:1511～1526
[24] Thind HS, Kansal BD. 2002. Nitrate contamination of groundwater under different anthropogenic activities. 17th WCSS, 14～21 August 2002, Thailand. Symposium no. 54
[25] Thorburn PJ, Biggs JS, Weier KL. 2003. Nitrate in groundwaters of intensive agricultural areas in coastal Northeastern Australia. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 94:49～58
[26] Tilman D, Fargione J, Wolff B. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science, 292:281～284
[27] Townsend MA, Sleezer RO, Macko SA. 1996. Effects of agricultural practices and vadose zone stratigraphy on nitrate concentration in ground water in Kansas, USA. Wat Sci Tech, 33(3～4):219～226
[28] van Eerdt MM, Fong PKN. 1998. The monitoring of nitrogen surpluses from agriculture. Environ Poll, 102(s1):227～233
[29] Wen H(文化),Qian Y-S(钱有山).1990.Research onthe effect of agriculture on nitrate pollution of groundwater in north China plain.Agro-Environ Prot(农业环境保护),9(1):1～5(in Chinese)
[30] Yadav SN. 1997. Formulation and estimation of nitrate-nitrogen leaching from corn cultivation. J Environ Qual, 26:808～814
[31] Zhang Q-Z(张庆忠),Chen X(陈欣),Shen S-M(沈善敏).2002.Advancesin studies on accumulation and leaching of nitrate in farming soi1.Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报),13(2):233～238(in Chinese)
[32] Zhang WL, Tian ZX, Li XQ. 1996. Nitrate pollution of groundwater in northern China. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 59:223～231