丰林自然保护区景观生态评价:量化与解释

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 丰林国家级自然保护区是我国目前原始天然红松生态系统保存最完整、面积最大的天然林集中分布区.本研究根据景观分类图、各景观类型的属性数据库及1997年186个样地系统空间抽样数据,选用多样性、自然性、代表性、稀有性、面积适宜性、稳定性和人类干扰7项指标,建立2个层次的生态评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对生态评价因子的等级化处理,评价指标权重的确定,计算出各生态评价因子的综合评价指数(CEI).结果表明,区内有高等植物113科568种、高等动物近220种,物种多样性赋分3分;保护区地带性顶极植被类型:椴树红松林、枫桦红松林、云冷杉红松林,隐域性顶极群落云冷杉林以及仍具有原始林性质的针阔混交林、针叶混交林面积占森林总面积的90.0%和森林总蓄积的96.6%,代表性赋分3分;近20～30年内未受到强烈的外界干扰(人为和自然的),自然生境完好,次生化演替得到有效控制,自然性和人类干扰赋分4分;原始森林植物仍保存着很多古老第三纪的孑遗种,如红松、水曲柳、核桃楸、黄檗、紫椴和色木槭等,稀有性赋分4分;保护区总面积18165hm²,其有效面积大小适宜,足以维持生态系统的结构和功能,面积适宜性赋分4分;保护区以红松为主体的红松混交林是一个稳定的群落,稳定性赋分4分.综合评价结果,该保护区生态质量CEI为0.87,表明

关键词: 生态评价, 评价指标, 层次分析法

Abstract: Fenglin National Class Nature Reserve is the largest well-saved virginal Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) forest area and a precious species gene bank in China.In this study,the indexes diversity,naturalness,representativity,rarity,area suitability,stability,and anthropogenic interference were selected to establish a ranking ecological evaluation system to estimate the ecological condition of the Reserve.The value of each index was determined by the evaluation system,and the weight percentage was decided by Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP).In the Reserve,there were 568 higher plant species belonging to 113 families and 220 higher animal species,with score 3 of species diversity.The zonal "climax" vegetation type broad-leaved Korean pine forest and the intrazonal community type spruce-fir forest constituted the principal part of the Reserve forest,which was the epitome of the virgin broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Lesser Xing'an Mountains,with representativity score 3.During the past 20～30 years,the natural habitat in the Reserve was quite good,and secondary succession was obtained effective control with few natural or anthropogenic disturbance,with score 4 of naturalness and anthropogenic interference.There were a lot of ancient species of the tertiary period,such as Pinus koraiensis,Fraxinus mandsurica,Juglans mandshurica,Pellodendron amurense,Tilia amurensis and Acer mono,and Pinus koraiensis was listed as one of severe danger species by the FAO of UN,with rarity score 4.The Reserve covered an area of 18165 hm²,with an enough size to maintain the structure and function of the ecosystem.Accordingly,its area suitability score was 4.Broad-leaved Korean pine forest was the most typical and stable vegetation type in the Reserve,and thus,its stability score was 4.Finally,the composite evaluation index (CEI) was figured out as 0.87,showing that the ecological quality of the Reserve was very good,and the protection value was quite high.In conclusion,the present area,structure,and management of the Reserve could satisfy the requirement of sustainable development.

Key words: Ecological evaluation, Assessing index, Analytical hierarchy process

中图分类号:

Q149

国庆喜, 王天明. 丰林自然保护区景观生态评价:量化与解释[J]. 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(5): 825-832.

参考文献

[1] Carey PD, Short C, Morris C, et al. 2003. The multi-disciplinary evaluation of a national agri-environmant scheme. J Environ Man,69(1):71～91
[2] Chen B-H(陈炳浩), Lu J-X(陆静娴). 1999. Protection and sustainable management of Korean pine forest in northeast China. In:Branch of Forest Ecology of Chinese Society of Forestry, eds. Forest Ecology Forum Ⅰ. Forest ecological environment-Integrated exploitation of mountainous area-Natural forest protection. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press. 235 ～242 (in Chinese)
[3] Costanza R, Arge R. 1997. The value of the world' s ecosysten services and nature capital. Nature, 387 (15) :253 ～260
[4] Fu B-J(傅伯杰), Chen L-D(陈利顶), Ma K-M(马克明). 2001.Landscape Ecology Theory and Application. Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
[5] Gretchen CD. 1997. Nature' s Services, Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington DC:Island Press. 175～178
[6] Gulinck H, Mugica M. 2001. A framework for comparative landscape analysis and evaluation based on land cover data, with an application in the Madrid region(Spain). Landscape Urban Plan, 55(4) :257～270
[7] He C-Q(何池全), Cui B-S(崔保山), Zhao Z-C(赵志春). 2001. Ecological evaluation on typical wetlands in Jilin Province. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态报), 12(5) :754～756(in Chinese)
[8] Li H(李宏), Sun D-F(孙丹峰), Zhang F-R(张凤荣), et al.2002. Suitability evaluation of fruit trees in Beijing Western Mountain areas based on DEM and GIS. Tran CSAE(农业工程学报),18 (5):250 ～255 (in Chinese)
[9] Li X-X(李晓秀). 2000. Evaluation for eco-environment in mountainous regions of Beijing. Rural Ecol Environ (农村生态环境),16(1) :21～25(in Chinese)
[10] Ma R-H(马荣华),Hu M-C(胡孟故), Pang Z-S(庞志书), et al.2000. Evaluation on eco-environmental quality of Hainan Island.Rural Ecol Environ (农村生态环境), 16(4):11 ～14(in Chinese)
[11] Mauno P, Mikko K, Jyrki K, et al. 2001. Assessing the priorities using A' WOT among resource management strategies at the Finnish forest and park service. For Sci, 47(4):534 ～542
[12] Ouyang Z-Y(欧阳志云), Wang R-S(王如松). 1999. Ecosystem services and their sustainable development. The Study of Society-Economic-Nature Compound Ecosystem Sustainable Development.Beijing:China Environment Science Press. 84 ～88 (in Chinese)
[13] Peng J(彭建), Wang Y-L(王仰麟), Liu S(刘松), et al.2003. Landscape ecological evaluation for sustainable coastal land use. Acta Geogr Sin (地理学报), 58(3) :363～371(in Chinese)
[14] Ranst EV. 1996. Application of fuzzy logic to land suitability for rubber production in peninsular Thailand. Geoderma, 70(1):1～19
[15] Shi Z-M(史作民),Cheng R-H(程瑞海),Chen L(陈力),et al.1996. Study on method for regional ecosystem biodiversity assessment. Rural Ecol Environ (农村生态环境), 12(2):1 ～5(in Chinese)
[16] Smith P, Theberge J. 1986. A review of criterion for eviction natural areas. Environ Man, 10(6) :715～734
[17] Song X-J(宋秀杰), Zhao T-R(赵彤润). 1997. Study on ecological evaluation of Songshan Conservation Region. Chin J Environ Sci(环境科学), 18 (4):76 ～78 (in Chinese)
[18] Sun Y-J(孙玉军),Wang X-K(王效科),Wang R-S(王如松).1999. The characteristics of eco-environmental quality in five-finger mountain Nature Reserve. Acta Ecol Sin (生态学报), 19(3):365～370(in Chinese)
[19] Wing Y-J(王业遽), et al. 1994. Korean Pine Forest. Harbin:Norheast Forestry University Press. (in Chinese)
[20] Wang Y-L(王仰麟). 1996. A theoretical methodology of landscape eco-classification. Chin J Appl Ecol (应用生态学报), 7 (supp.):121 ～126(in Chinese)
[21] Xiao D-N(肖笃宁), Zhong L-S(钟林生). 1998. Ecological principles of landscape classification and assessment. Chin J Appl Ecol(应用生态学报), 9(2) :217～221(in Chinese)
[22] Xu H(徐慧), Qian Y(钱谊), Pang P-Z(彭补拙), et al.2002. Ecological evaluation on Yaoluoping nature reserve in Anhui Province. Agro-Environ Prot (农业环境保护), 21 (4):360 ～364(in Chinese)
[23] Yan C-H(阎传海). 1999. Landscape ecological evaluation of the lower Huaihe valley. Ecol Sci(生态科学), 18(2) :46～52(in Chinese)
[24] Yang R-Q(杨瑞卿), Xiao Y(肖扬). 2000. The ecological evaluation of Taibaishan Nature Reserve. Geogr Land Res(地理学与国土研究), 16(1) :75～78(in Chinese)
[25] Zang S-Y(臧淑英), Wan L-H(万鲁河), Zhou D-W(周道玮).2003. Landscape ecological assessment and planning in the watershed of Erlong Mountain reservoir in Heilingjiang Province. Chin J Appl Ecol (应用生态学报), 14(4):540～544(in Chinese)
[26] Zhao H-C(赵焕臣). 1988. The Analytic Hierarch Process-A New Simple Decision Method. Beijing:Science Press. (in Chinese)
[27] Zheng Y-W(郑允文), Xue D-Y(薛达元), Zhang G-S(张更生).1994. The ecological evaluation index and evaluation standard. Rural Ecol Environ (农村生态环境), 10(3) :22～25(in Chinese)