农田减氮调控施肥对华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系氮素损失的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.019

应用生态学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (4): 1179-1187.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201904.019

农田减氮调控施肥对华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系氮素损失的影响

张英鹏^1,3,5,6, 李洪杰², 刘兆辉^1,3,5, 孙明^1,3,5, 孙翠平^1,4, 井永苹^1,3,5, 罗加法^1,7, 李彦^1,3,5,6*

¹山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所, 济南 250100;
²德州市农业科学研究院, 山东德州 253015; ³农业农村部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室, 济南 250100;
⁴农业农村部废弃物基质化利用重点实验室, 济南 250100;
⁵山东省农业面源污染防控重点实验室, 济南 250100;
⁶山东省环保肥料工程技术研究中心, 济南 250100;
⁷新西兰农业科学院鲁亚库拉研究中心, 汉密尔顿 3240

收稿日期:2018-12-01 出版日期:2019-04-20 发布日期:2019-04-20
通讯作者: * E-mail: nkyliyan@126.com
作者简介:张英鹏,男,1977年生,博士,研究员. 主要从事植物营养与施肥、农业面源污染防控研究. E-mail: zhangyingpeng@163.com
基金资助:
本文由公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503106)、国家重点研发计划项目子课题(2016YFD0300804-5)、国家小麦产业技术体系项目(CARS-03)和“海外泰山学者”建设工程专项资助

Effect of reducing N and regulated fertilization on N loss from wheat-maize rotation system of farmland in Chao soil region of North China Plain

ZHANG Ying-peng^1,3,5,6, LI Hong-jie², LIU Zhao-hui^1,3,5, SUN Ming^1,3,5, SUN Cui-ping^1,4, JING Yong-ping^1,3,5, LUO Jia-fa^1,7, LI Yan^1,3,5,6*

¹Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ji’nan 250100, China;
²Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou 253015, Shandong, China;
³Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ji’nan 250100, China;
⁴Key Laboratory of Waste Matrix Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ji’nan 250100, China;
⁵Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Control, Ji’nan 250100, China;
⁶Shandong Environmental Fertilizer Engineering Technology Research Center, Ji’nan 250100, China;
⁷Ruakura Research Centre, New Zealand Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.

Received:2018-12-01 Online:2019-04-20 Published:2019-04-20
Contact: * E-mail: nkyliyan@126.com
Supported by:
This work was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201503106), Sub-project of National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300804-5), National Industrial Technology System Project of Wheat (CARS-03), and Special Fund for “Oversea Abroad Taishan Scholar” Construction Engineering.

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对华北平原麦玉轮作区氮肥用量大、氮损失及土壤氮素累积严重的问题,探索不同减氮调控施肥措施对作物产量、氮损失及土壤无机氮累积的影响.通过(2016—2017年)设置两年大田试验,以农民施肥为对照,研究控释肥处理、微生物肥处理及配施硝化抑制剂处理减少氮用量后对小麦、玉米产量和地上部吸氮量、氮损失及土壤无机氮含量的影响.结果表明: 2016年微生物肥处理的小麦产量显著低于控释肥处理和硝化抑制剂处理,与农民施肥处理无显著性差异;且小麦和周年作物地上部吸氮量都显著降低.2017年各处理间作物产量和吸氮量无显著性差异.3种减氮调控施肥处理均能保持和改善耕层土壤肥力;且微生物肥处理随种植时间延长对土壤碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量均有提升.随种植时间延长无机氮累积严重,微生物肥处理和添加硝化抑制剂处理均可降低40～100 cm土壤剖面的无机氮含量,而控释肥处理可提高0～40 cm土层无机氮含量.氮损失中氨挥发>淋溶量>N₂O排放>径流,径流损失可忽略不计,其中以农民施肥处理氮损失最大,微生物肥处理可显著降低氨挥发损失量,但淋溶量较大.综上所述,减量施氮条件下,控释肥处理和添加硝化抑制剂处理可保证作物产量及地上部吸氮量,微生物肥处理随种植年限的延长可保证作物产量和吸氮量.微生物肥和添加硝化抑制剂处理可降低40～100 cm土层无机氮含量,控释肥处理对削减无机氮量效果不明显;几种减氮调控措施均可降低氮损失,但微生物肥处理需调整措施来降低氮的淋溶量.

关键词: 氮损失, 控释肥, 潮土区, 硝化抑制剂, 小麦-玉米轮作体系, 土壤调理剂

Abstract: The application of large amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer can result in soil N accumulation and consequently N loss. To address these problems in a wheat-maize rotation area of the North China Plain, a two-year field experiment (2016-2017) was conducted to examine the effects of three different N fertilizer strategies on crop yield, N uptake, N loss and soil inorganic N content. The treatments were: controlled-release fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, nitrification inhibitor and farmer’s practice (control). The results showed that the wheat yield from the microbial fertilizer treatment in 2016 was significantly lower than that from the controlled-release fertilizer treatment and the nitrification inhibitor treatment, but was not significantly different from conventional farmer fertilization. The N uptake of wheat and annual crops in the microbial fertilizer treatment was significantly reduced. There was no significant difference in crop yield and N uptake among the treatments in 2017. Soil fertility of the tillage layer was maintained or improved in all three treatments compared with the control, and the contents of alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available potassium and organic matter increased with the increase of plant growth period in the microbial fertilizer treatment. Microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor reduced the inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil profile, while controlled-release fertilizer increased the inorganic N content in the 0-40 cm soil layer. N loss through ammonia volatilization was higher than that through leaching, which was greater than the loss through N₂O emission. Runoff loss was negligible. Among the treatments, N loss in farmer’s practice treatment was the highest. Microbial fertilizer significantly reduced N loss through ammonia volatilization, but the loss through leaching was larger. In conclusion, with reduced N application compared with the farmer’s practice, controlled release fertilizer and nitrification inhibitor could maintain crop yield and N uptake, and microbial fertilizer could ensure crop yield and N uptake for a longer plant growth period. The results suggested that inorganic N content in the 40-100 cm soil layer could be reduced in the soil by adding microbial fertilizer and nitrification inhibitors, and the amount of inorganic N was not reduced significantly by application of controlled release fertilizer. Several N reduction measures could reduce N loss. The microbial fertilizer treatment needed to be modified to reduce N leaching.

Key words: soil conditioner, Chao soil region, nitrification inhibitor, controlled-release fertilizer, wheat-maize rotation system, N loss

张英鹏, 李洪杰, 刘兆辉, 孙明, 孙翠平, 井永苹, 罗加法, 李彦. 农田减氮调控施肥对华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系氮素损失的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2019, 30(4): 1179-1187.

ZHANG Ying-peng, LI Hong-jie, LIU Zhao-hui, SUN Ming, SUN Cui-ping, JING Yong-ping, LUO Jia-fa, LI Yan. Effect of reducing N and regulated fertilization on N loss from wheat-maize rotation system of farmland in Chao soil region of North China Plain[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019, 30(4): 1179-1187.

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农田减氮调控施肥对华北潮土区小麦-玉米轮作体系氮素损失的影响

Effect of reducing N and regulated fertilization on N loss from wheat-maize rotation system of farmland in Chao soil region of North China Plain

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