长江流域稻麦轮作条件下冬小麦适宜施氮量

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202009.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为推动长江流域稻茬冬小麦氮肥的合理施用,研究了施氮量(0、120、210、300 kg·hm^-2,分别表示为N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃)对土壤硝态氮含量、土壤-植株系统氮素平衡和产量的影响。结果表明: 土壤剖面的硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,至拔节期,不同施氮处理的硝态氮均显著运移至60 cm土层。拔节后追施氮肥显著提高了N₁、N₂处理0～40 cm土层和N₃处理0～60 cm土层的硝态氮含量;而成熟期的硝态氮主要积累于0～40 cm土层。氮素平衡分析表明,氮素吸收、残留、损失因小麦不同生育阶段而异,越冬至拔节期是氮素表观损失的主要时期;小麦全生育期植株的氮素积累量、无机氮残留量和土壤氮素表观损失量均随施氮量的增加而显著增加。通过环境经济学的Coase原理和边际收益综合分析,稻茬小麦兼顾生产、生态和经济效益的适宜氮肥用量为250 kg·hm^-2,基肥与拔节肥的比例为5∶5,相应获得的籽粒产量为6840 kg·hm^-2。

关键词: 冬小麦, 氮平衡, Coase原理, 边际产量, 适宜施氮量

Abstract: To promote the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer for winter wheat under rice-wheat rotation in the Yangtze River Basin, we examined the effects of nitrogen application rates (0, 120, 210, 300 kg·hm^-2, expressed as N₀, N₁, N₂, and N₃ respectively) on soil nitrate content, nitrogen balance of soil-plant system and yield. The results showed that soil nitrate content increased with increasing nitrogen application rates. Under different nitrogen application treatments, all the nitrate was significantly transfered to the 60 cm soil layer till jointing stage. After jointing stage, topdressing nitrogen significantly increased nitrate content in 0-40 cm soil layer under N₁ and N₂ treatments and that in the 0-60 cm soil layer under N₃ treatment. Soil nitrate mainly accumulated in the 0-40 cm soil layer in the mature stage. Results from nitrogen balance analysis showed that nitrogen absorption, residue and loss varied across different growth stages of wheat, with the period from overwintering to jointing being the principal time of apparent nitrogen loss. The amount of plant nitrogen accumulation, inorganic nitrogen residue and soil nitrogen apparent loss all positively correlated with the nitrogen application rate. Based on the comprehensive analysis through Coase principle and marginal revenue of environmental economics, the optimum nitrogen application rate for production, ecology and economic benefits of winter wheat under rice-wheat rotation was 250 kg·hm^-2, and the ratio of base fertilizer to jointing fertilizer was 5:5, while the corresponding grain yield was 6840 kg·hm^-2.

Key words: winter wheat, nitrogen balance, Coase principle, marginal yield, optimal nitrogen application rate

李欣欣, 石祖梁, 王久臣, 王飞, 江荣风. 长江流域稻麦轮作条件下冬小麦适宜施氮量[J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(9): 3015-3022.

LI Xin-xin, SHI Zu-liang, WANG Jiu-chen, WANG Fei, JIANG Rong-feng. Economical nitrogen application rate of winter wheat under rice-wheat rotation in the Yangtze River basin of China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(9): 3015-3022.

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