西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜草青期食性比较

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202002.002

应用生态学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (2): 651-658.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202002.002

西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜草青期食性比较

吕忠海^1,2, 张玮琪¹, 刘浩², 张明海^1*, 李依然¹

¹东北林业大学野生动物资源学院, 哈尔滨 150040;
²黑龙江省野生动物研究所, 哈尔滨 150081

收稿日期:2019-06-25 出版日期:2020-02-15 发布日期:2020-02-15
通讯作者: * E-mail: zhangminghai2004@126.com
作者简介:吕忠海, 男, 1981年生, 博士研究生。主要从事野生动植物保护与利用研究。E-mail: lvzhonghai@sina.com
基金资助:
本文由国家自然科学基金项目(青年项目)(31500328)和中国博士后科学基金项目(2016M601400)资助

Comparison on feeding habits of Cervus wallichii and sympatric ungulates and domestic animals in green grass period

LYU Zhong-hai^1,2, ZHANG Wei-qi¹, LIU Hao², ZHANG Ming-hai^1*, LI Yi-ran¹

¹College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
²Heilongjiang Province Wildlife Institute, Harbin 150081, China

Received:2019-06-25 Online:2020-02-15 Published:2020-02-15
Contact: * E-mail: zhangminghai2004@126.com
Supported by:
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Youth Program) (31500328) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Program (2016M601400).

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 西藏马鹿为我国特有种,曾一度被认定为野外灭绝。在其生境中有多种食性相近的野生有蹄类及家畜同域分布,探究青藏高原特殊环境下西藏马鹿与这些有蹄类的食物资源种间竞争与共存关系十分必要。2013年和2014年8—9月,采用粪便显微分析法确定了桑日县西藏马鹿自然保护区西藏马鹿、白唇鹿、藏原羚、牦牛、山羊草青期食物组成,并比较分析了西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜之间的食物重叠和分化状况。结果表明: 西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类具有相似的可食植物种类组成,但所占食谱比例不同。西藏马鹿主要可食植物多为其他有蹄类次要可食植物,其中弱小火绒草为西藏马鹿(在动物食谱中的百分比为11.2%)与牦牛(10.2%)共同的主要食物,西藏柳为西藏马鹿(9.6%)和白唇鹿(11.4%)共同的主要食物。从科级水平来看,豆科植物为西藏马鹿(21.4%)与藏原羚(42.5%)的共同主要可食植物,莎草科植物为白唇鹿(49.2%)、牦牛(33.4%)、山羊(50.3%)的共同主要可食植物。菊科植物作为西藏马鹿(29.6%)的主要可食植物,也是白唇鹿(7.6%)、藏原羚(11.6%)、牦牛(17.3%)和山羊(14.1%)的次要可食植物。禾本科植物作为西藏马鹿(7.1%)次要可食植物,较其他4种有蹄类(白唇鹿13.6%、藏原羚12.3%、牦牛11.5%、山羊16.0%)所占比例低。西藏马鹿与其他有蹄类食物重叠度均高于0.5,与牦牛的重叠度最高(0.65)。西藏马鹿食物多样性指数(1.32)、均匀度指数(0.37)和生态位宽度指数(15.79)均较高。与2007—2008年相比,西藏马鹿食物组成变化较大,豆科植物比例增大,莎草科植物比例降低,食物质量总体有所提高。西藏马鹿与家畜之间存在较高的食物资源竞争,这将进一步影响西藏马鹿的分布范围和生存空间。

Abstract: Tibetan red deer (Cervus wallichii) is an endemic species to China, which was once considered extinct in the wild. As there are several other wild ungulates and domestic animals with similar feeding habits within its habitat range, it’s thus essential to study interspecific competition and co-existence between Tibetan red deer and other cohabiting ungulates in the highly unique environment of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Using microscopic analysis on fresh fecal samples collected in Sangri Tibetan Red Deer Nature Reserve from August to September in 2013 and 2014, the trophic niche width and overlap index were calculated on the basis of diet composition of C. wallichii, Cervus albirostris, Procapra picticaudata, Bos mutus and Capra hircas in green grass period. We analyzed and compared the overlap and differentiation of feeding habits between Tibetan red deer and other wild ungulates and domestic animals. The results showed that C. wallichii fed on similar edible plants with other species, but differed in proportion of different dietary components, with the main edible plants of C. wallichii being mostly the secondary edible plants to other species. Leontopodium pusillum was the common main edible plant for C. wallichii (percentage in animal recipes was 11.2%) and B. mutus (10.2%), Salix xizangensis was the common main edible plant of C. wallichii (9.6%) and C. albirostris (11.4%). At plant family level, Leguminosae was the common main edible plant family for C. wallichii (21.4%) and P. picticaudata (42.5%). Cyperaceae was the common main edible plant family for C. albirostris (49.2%), B. mutus (33.4%) and C. hircas (50.3%). Compositae was main edible plant family for C. wallichii (29.6%), as well as the secondary edible plant family for C. albirostris (7.6%), P. picticaudata (11.6%), B. mutus (17.3%) and C. hircas (14.1%). As the secondary edible plant family for C. wallichii (7.1%), Gramineae took up a lower proportion than that of the other ungulates (C. albirostris (13.6%), P. picticaudata (12.3%), B. mutus (11.5%) and C. hircas (16.0%)). Food overlap indices between C. wallichii and the other ungulates were all higher than 0.5, and the highest with B. mutus (0.65). The food diversity index (1.32), evenness index (0.37) and niche width index (15.79) of C. wallichii were all at high values. Compared with the results from 2007 to 2008, dietary composition of Tibetan red deer changed greatly as the proportion of Leguminosae increased while that of Cyperaceae decreased, resulting in improvement of food quality. In addition, there was greater competition of food resources between C. wallichii and domestic animals, which would further affect the distribution range and living space of C. wallichii.

吕忠海, 张玮琪, 刘浩, 张明海, 李依然. 西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜草青期食性比较[J]. 应用生态学报, 2020, 31(2): 651-658.

LYU Zhong-hai, ZHANG Wei-qi, LIU Hao, ZHANG Ming-hai, LI Yi-ran. Comparison on feeding habits of Cervus wallichii and sympatric ungulates and domestic animals in green grass period[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2020, 31(2): 651-658.

参考文献 35

[1]	汪松. 中国濒危动物红皮书(兽类). 北京: 科学出版社, 1998 [Wang S. China Red Book of Endangered Animals (Mammals). Beijing: Science Press, 1998]
[2]	刘务林. 极度濒危的动物种群——西藏马鹿. 西藏科技, 2009(6): 65-68 [Liu W-L. Critically endangered rare animal species: Tibetan red deer. Tibet Science and Technology, 2009(6): 65-68]
[3]	刘艳华, 张明海. 基于线粒体Cyt b基因的西藏马鹿种群遗传多样性研究. 生态学报, 2011, 31(7): 1976-1981 [Liu Y-H, Zhang M-H. Population genetic diversity in Tibet red deer (Cervus elaphus wallichii) revealed by mitochondrial Cyt b gene analysis. Acta Ecologica Sinaica, 2011, 31(7): 1976-1981]
[4]	胡贺娇. 西藏马鹿(Cervus wallichii)分子生态学与营养生态学研究. 博士论文. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2016 [Hu H-J. Studies on Molecular Ecology and Nutritional Ecology of Tibetan Red Deer (Cervus wallichii) in China. PhD Thesis. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2016]
[5]	殷宝法, 淮虎银, 张镱锂, 等. 可可西里地区藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴的营养生态位. 应用生态学报, 2007, 18(4): 766-770 [Yin B-F, Huai H-Y, Zhang Y-L, et al. Trophic niches of Pantholops hodgsoni, Procapra picticaudata and Equus kiang in Kekexili region. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(4): 766-770]
[6]	陈化鹏. 有蹄类食性研究方法的评价. 动物学杂志, 1991, 26(2): 40-41 [Chen H-P. Evaluation of ungulate feeding methods. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 1991, 26(2): 40-41]
[7]	Darmon G, Calenge C, Loison A, et al. Spatial distribution and habitat selection in coexisting species of mountain ungulates. Ecography, 2012, 35: 44-53
[8]	诸葛海锦, 李晓文, 张翔, 等. 青藏高原高寒荒漠区藏羚适宜生境识别及其保护状况评估. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(12): 3483-3490 [Zhuge H-J, Li X-W, Zhang X, et al. Identification and conservation assessment of suitable habitats for Tibetan antelope in the alpine desert, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(12): 3483-3490]
[9]	Latham J, Staines BW, Gorman ML. Comparative fee-ding ecology of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Scottish plantation forests. Zoological Society of London, 1999, 247: 409-418
[10]	Schaller GB. Wildlife of the Tibetan steppe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998
[11]	沈广爽. 西藏马鹿草青期食物组成及采食与营养适应对策的研究. 硕士论文. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2009 [Shen G-S. Food Composition, Feeding and Nutritional Adaption Strategies of Tibetan Red Deer (Cervus elaphus wallichii) during the Green Grass Period in Tibet. Master Thesis. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2009]
[12]	桑日县地方志编纂委员会. 桑日县志. 北京: 中国藏学出版社, 2008: 46-49 [Sangri County Local Chronicle Compilation Committee. Sangri County Annals. Beijing: China Tibetology Press, 2008: 46-49]
[13]	骆颖. 贺兰山岩羊和马鹿的食性及生境选择比较研究. 博士论文. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2011 [Luo Y. Comparing the Diet and Habitat Selection of Sympatric Blue Sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and Red Deer (Cervusela phusalxaieus) in Helan Mountains, China. PhD Thesis. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2011]
[14]	Williams OB. An improved technique for identification of plant fragments in herbivore feces. Journal of Range Management, 1969, 22: 51-52
[15]	冯源. 黑龙江穆棱林区东北马鹿冬季营养策略研究. 博士论文. 哈尔滨: 东北林业大学, 2017 [Feng Y. Winter Nutritional Strategy of the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus xanthopygus) in the Muling Forest Region. PhD Thesis. Harbin: Northeast Forestry University, 2017]
[16]	朱明月, 杨淼, 张玮琪, 等. 黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉自然保护区马鹿与狍冬季食性组成的比较. 东北林业大学学报, 2019, 47(5): 100-104 [Zhu M-Y, Yang M, Zhang W-Q, et al. Wintering diet of red and roe deer in Heilongjiang Muling Japanese Yew National Reserve. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2019, 47(5): 100-104]
[17]	郑荣泉, 鲍毅新. 有蹄类食性研究方法及研究进展. 生态学报, 2004, 24(7): 1532-1539 [Zheng R-Q, Bao Y-X. Study methods and procedures for ungulate food habits. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2004, 24(7): 1532-1539]
[18]	单继红, 吴建平. 食草动物食性研究的主要方法及其评价. 野生动物, 2005, 26(3): 47-49 [Shan J-H, Wu J-P. The review and evaluation on the study methods for herbivore food habit. Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 2005, 26(3): 47-49]
[19]	Plumptre A. The chemical composition of montane plants and its influence on the diets of the large mammalian herbivores in the Parc national des Volcans, Rwanda. Journal of Zoology, 1995, 235: 323-337
[20]	Holechek JL, Gross B, Dabo SM, et al. Effects of sample preparation, growth stage and observer on microhistological analysis of herbivore diets. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1982, 46: 502-505
[21]	Belovsky GE. Diet optimization in a generalist herbivore-Moose. Theoretical Population Biology, 1978, 14: 105-134
[22]	Nudds TD. Forage “preference”: The oretical considerations of diet selection by deer. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1980, 44: 735-740
[23]	Pyke GH, Pulliam HR, Charnov EL. Optimal foraging a selective review of theory and tests. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1977, 52: 137-154
[24]	Hofmann RR. Evolutionary steps of ecophysiological adaptation and diversification of ruminants: A comparative view of their digestive system. Animal Behavior, 1989, 78: 443-457
[25]	Bugalho MN, Milne JA. The composition of the diet of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a Mediterranean environment: A case of summer nutritional constraint? Forest Ecology and Management, 2003, 181: 23-29
[26]	Takatsuki S. 浅谈中国鹿科动物食性的研究——由日本梅花鹿食性研究引发的一些思考. 野生动物, 1994(5): 22-25 [Takatsuki S. A brief discussion on feeding habits of Cervidae in China: Some thoughts triggered by the feeding habits of Japanese sika deer. Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 1994(5): 22-25]
[27]	Prins RA, Geelen MJH. Rumen characteristics of red deer, fallow deer, and roe deer. Journal of Wildlife Management, 1971, 35: 673-680
[28]	Claudia G, Helene VT. Variations of diet composition of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) in Europe. Mammal Review, 2001, 31: 189-201
[29]	Murie DJ. Comparative feeding ecology of two sympatric rockfish congeners, Sebastes caurinus (copper rockfish) and S.maliger (quillback rockfish). Marine Biology, 1995, 124: 341-353
[30]	Holt RD. On the relationship between niche overlap and competition: The effect of incommensurable niche dimen-sions. Oikos, 1987, 48: 110-114
[31]	Christiansen FB, Loeschcke V. Evolution and intraspecific exploitative competition. Ⅰ. One-locus theory for small additive gene effects. Theoretical Population Bio-logy, 1980, 18: 297-313
[32]	Petren K, Case TJ. An experimental demonstration of exploitation competition in an ongoing invasion. Ecology, 1996, 77: 118-132
[33]	Schoener TW. Field experiments on interspecific competition. American Naturalist, 1983, 122: 240-285
[34]	曹伊凡, 张同作, 连新明, 等. 青海省可可西里地区几种有蹄类动物的食物重叠初步分析. 四川动物, 2009, 28(1): 49-54 [Cao Y-F, Zhang T-Z, Lian X-M, et al. Diet overlap among selected ungulates in Kekexili region, Qinghai Province. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 2009, 28(1): 49-54]
[35]	Fox J, Bardsen BJ. Density of Tibetan antelope, Tibetan wild ass and Tibetan gazelle in relation to human pre-sence across the Chang Tang Nature Reserve of Tibet, China. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 2005, 51: 586-597

西藏马鹿与同域野生有蹄类、家畜草青期食性比较

Comparison on feeding habits of Cervus wallichii and sympatric ungulates and domestic animals in green grass period

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献 35

相关文章 0

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价