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云南不同类型一季稻产量形成及其与气象因子的关系

钟楚1,朱颖墨2,朱勇1**,朱斌1,张茂松1,徐梦莹1   

  1. (1云南省气候中心, 昆明 650034; 2南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京 210044)
  • 出版日期:2013-10-18 发布日期:2013-10-18

Yield formation of different single-season rice (Oryza sativa L.) types and its relationships with meteorological factors in Yunnan Province of Southwest China.

ZHONG Chu1, ZHU Ying-mo2, ZHU Yong1, ZHU Bin1, ZHANG Mao-song1, XU Meng-ying1   

  1. (1Yunnan Climate Center, Kunming 650034, China; 2College of Atmospheric Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China)
  • Online:2013-10-18 Published:2013-10-18

摘要:

利用云南省14个不同海拔农业气象观测站1994—2010年水稻大田发育期和产量观测资料,研究水稻产量形成及气象因子对低产水稻产量构成因素的影响;根据14个站点水稻产量构成因素的系统聚类分析结果和水稻类型,将水稻分为低产粳型、低产籼型、高产粳型和高产籼型4个类型.对这4类水稻产量构成因素的分析结果表明,单位面积颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关,低产粳型水稻产量主要受结实率和颖花量影响,其他3类颖花量对产量影响较大.低产粳型水稻主要受低温的影响,孕穗期低温降低颖花量和有效穗数,孕穗期和抽穗开花期低温增加空壳率,以平均气温、平均最高气温和冷积温的影响较大;乳熟前期较低的平均气温增加秕谷率,同时降低千粒重.低产籼型水稻产量构成因素受多种气象因子的综合影响明显;分蘖期和拔节期一定程度的增温不利于增加低产籼型水稻有效穗数,而分蘖期较多的日照时数和较大的平均气温日较差有利于有效穗数的增加,分蘖期和拔节期气温和日照时数与每穗粒数的关系呈“抛物线型”;低产籼型水稻空壳率一定程度上受抽穗开花期低温的影响,而乳熟前期高温少雨不仅增加秕谷率,还导致千粒重明显下降.
 

Abstract: By using the 1994-2010 observation data of paddy rice growth period and yield from 14 agro-meteorological stations at different altitudes in Yunnan Province, this paper studied the rice yield formation and the effects of meteorological factors on low-yield rice yield components. According to the systematic cluster analysis of rice yield components and the rice types at the 14 stations, the rice was divided into 4 types, i.e., lowyield japonica rice, low-yield indica rice, high-yield japonica rice, and high-yield indica rice. The analysis of the yield components of the 4 rice types showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the spikelet number per square meter (sqm) and the rice yield. The yield of low-yield japonica was mainly affected by the seed setting rate and the spikelet number per sqm. For the other three rice types, the spikelet number per sqm had greater effects on the rice yield. The low-yield japonica rice was mainly affected by low temperature. At booting stage, low temperature decreased the spikelet number and the productive panicle number of unit sqm. At booting and flowering stages, low temperature increased the empty grain rate, and the effects of average temperature, average maximum temperature, and cold accumulated temperature were greater. At pre-milk stage, low temperature increased the unfilled grain rate, and meanwhile, decreased the 1000-grain mass. The yield components of low-yield indica rice were obviously affected by multiple meteorological factors. A certain degree of warming at tillering and jointing stages was not beneficial to the increase of productive panicle number per sqm of low-yield indica rice, but the more sunshine hours and the greater average diurnal temperature range at tillering stage was beneficial to the increase of the productive panicle number per sqm. There was a parabolic relationship between the temperature and sunshine hours at tillering and jointing stages and the spikelet number per panicle. The low temperature at flowering stage affected the empty grain rate of low-ield indica rice to a certain extent, while the high temperature and less rain at pre-milk stage not only increased the unfilled grain rate, but also distinctly reduced the 1000-grain mass.