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玉米秸秆堆肥的田间积制和原位还田肥效

陈亚楠1,张长华2,梁永江2,陈启迪1,石俊雄3,杜如万4,骆建军5,袁玲1**   

  1. (1西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆 400716; 2贵州省遵义市烟草公司, 贵州遵义 530000; 3贵州省烟草科学研究所, 贵阳 550000; 4四川省凉山州烟草公司, 四川西昌 615000; 5青岛天地缘生物技术开发有限公司, 山东青岛 266000)
  • 出版日期:2014-12-18 发布日期:2014-12-18

Corn straw composting in the field and in situ fertilizer effect.

CHEN Ya-nan1, ZHANG Chang-hua2, LIANG Yong-jiang2, CHEN Qi-di1, SHI Jun-xiong3, DU Ru-wan4, LUO Jian-jun5, YUAN Ling1   

  1. (1College of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; 2Zunyi Tobacco Company of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 530000, Guizhou, China; 3Guizhou Tobacco Institute, Guiyang 550000, China; 4Liangshan Tobacco Company of Sichuan Province, Xichang 615000, Sichuan, China; 5Tiandiyuan Biological Technology Ltd. Co., Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China)
  • Online:2014-12-18 Published:2014-12-18

摘要:

针对我国西南丘陵山区玉米秸秆随处堆放或就地焚烧,既浪费资源又污染空气的情况,研究一种适合当地有机肥就地积制利用的方法.试验将玉米秸秆直接堆放于田边地角,接种菌剂,添加增氮和保氮剂,覆盖薄膜,腐熟后的堆肥配施化肥原位施入烟地.结果表明: 与对照(自然堆肥,CK)相比,生物堆肥(玉米秸秆+菌剂+增氮剂+保氮剂+覆盖薄膜)的物料升温快(2~3 d,>35 ℃),高温期(≥50 ℃)持续时间长(约15 d),降温慢;微生物种群在高温期减少,但细菌数量比CK高2~3个数量级;经90 d的积制,玉米秸秆呈深褐色或黑色,为碎屑或粉末状态,完全腐熟,含水量低于25%, pH 6.14,活性有机质和氮磷钾养分含量显著高于CK.在烤烟栽培中,生物堆肥配施50%的化肥可显著提高烟叶产量、均价、产值,改善烟叶品质.说明这种生物堆肥方式实现了玉米秸秆资源化利用,消除了由此引起的空气污染,适合于丘陵山区.
 

Abstract: According to the fact that corn straws remain or burned in the field in hilly and mountainous areas of Southwest China, which causes organic matter waste and serious atmospheric pollution, it is necessary to develop an efficient method to compost the corn straws. In the present experiment, corn straws were placed on the landside and land corner for composting with thermophilic cellulous bacteria inoculated, chemical nitrogen and nitrogen absorption agent added, and then covered with polyethylene film (biocomposting). Thereafter, fluecured tobacco grown in the same land was fertilized with the compost to study the fertilizer effect. The results showed that the temperature in biocompost increased quickly (over than 35 ℃ within 2 to 3 days) but decreased slowly compared to natural composting (control). In the biocompost, temperature over than 50 ℃ lasted for about 15 days and the number of bacteria was 100 to 1000 times higher than in the control despite that microbial groups decreased in the high temperature period. After 90 days of biocomposting, corn straws contained water less than 25% with pH 6.14 and showed brown or black color and fragmental or farinose physical state, indicating good decomposition and humification. Meanwhile, the active organic matter and nutrients, including N, P and K, were significantly increased. The yield, mean price, economical output of fluecured tobacco leaves were increased and the leaf quality was improved by application of chemical fertilizers plus the compost at the ratio of 1:1. Therefore, biocomposting could utilize efficiently corn straws and eliminate air pollution, which is worth popularization in hilly and mountain areas.