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水田化进程中的富锦市耕地景观格局演化规律

杜国明1,2**,潘涛1,尹哲睿1,董金玮3   

  1. (1东北农业大学资源与环境学院, 哈尔滨 150030; 2黑龙江省村镇发展研究中心, 哈尔滨 150030; 3Departments of Microbiology and Plant Botany, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA)
  • 出版日期:2015-01-18 发布日期:2015-01-18

Cultivated landscape pattern change due to the rice paddy expansion in Northeast China: A case study in Fujin.

DU Guo-ming1,2, PAN Tao1, YIN Zhe-rui1, DONG Jin-wei3   

  1. (1College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; 2Towns Development Research Center in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, China; 3Departments of Microbiology and Plant Botany, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA)
  • Online:2015-01-18 Published:2015-01-18

摘要:

全球气候变化对我国北方旱区农业生产与农业生态系统产生了深刻影响,而耕地布局调整及内部结构变化是对全球气候变化做出的重要适应性措施.耕地景观格局是农业生态系统的空间表象,其演化对区域农业生态系统结构与功能具有重要影响.基于富锦市2000、2013年Landsat TM遥感影像数据源,采用景观指数标准法与数理统计法从耕地组分、空间配置、斑块特征角度探究区域水田化过程中耕地景观演化的基本规律.结果表明: 2000年富锦市耕地面积为51.24万hm2,垦殖率60.4%,水田占耕地比率6.7%,其中,农区、垦区的水田比率分别为5.5%、8.3%,均处于水田化初始阶段;到2013年,富锦市耕地面积达到
69.93万hm2,垦殖率上升至82.4%,水田比率54.1%,整体处于水田化中期阶段,其中,农区水田比率33.6%,初步进入水田化中期阶段,垦区水田比率83.4%,处于水田化末期阶段.水田化初始阶段,富锦市耕地斑块数量为2311块,其中,农区为1010块、垦区为1301块;各区域斑块变异系数、形状指数数值呈现旱地大、水田小的共性;旱地平均斑块面积较大,最大斑块指数均在60.0%以上;连通性以旱地为主,斑块密度普遍具有旱地低、水田高的特征;空间格局上旱地呈集聚分布,水田点星镶嵌.水田化向中期、末期阶段演化中,耕地斑块总数增加,水田、旱地具有异速增长特征;斑块变异系数水田逐步增加、旱地呈波动趋势;形状指数水田先升后降、旱地逐渐降低;平均斑块面积水田逐步增加,旱地相反;斑块密度旱地日渐上升,水田日益降低;连通性指数由旱地持续向水田转变,旱地优势性不断减弱,水田优势性不断增强;空间格局向部分水旱交错相间分布,部分水田集聚分布演变.垦区与农区不同的土地制度与农业经营方式对水田化进程具有显著影响.

 

Abstract: On the background of global climate change, agriculture in North China has been experiencing substantial modifications to adapt to the ongoing regional warming. One of the most significant land use change is the conversation from upland cropland to paddy cropland, which is characterized by the dramatic changes of agricultural landscape pattern. In this study, we generated land use maps in Fujin City in 2000 and 2013 by using Landsat TM imagery, and analyzed the landscape pattern changes (cropland composite, special distribution, and patch characteristics, etc.) of croplands by using landscape indices and empirical approach. The results indicated a rapid cropland increase from 512400 hm2 (reclamation ratio 60.4%) in 2000 to 699300 hm2 (reclamation 82.4%) in 2013, especially, the paddy cropland proportion in the total cropland increased from 6.7% to more than half (54.1%), that is, the agricultural land use mode had changed from the initial stage of paddy agriculture to the intermediate stage. The reclamation area and common agricultural area showed different paddy agriculture development characteristics: in 2000, the paddy field ratios in the common agricultural area and reclamation area were similar (5.5% and 8.3% respectively); however, in 2013, the paddy field ratio in the common agricultural area (33.6%) was significantly lower than that in reclamation area (83.4%). In 2000, the total number of cropland patches was 2311 in the study, including 1010 patches from the common agricultural area and 1301 patches from the reclamation area. The coefficient of variation (CV), and shape index (SI) of cropland patches in upland cropland were always higher than in paddy cropland. Upland cropland had larger mean patch size with the plaque area index above 60% and higher connectivity. The patch density of upland cropland was lower than that of paddy cropland. In the conversions to the intermediate and later stages of paddy agriculture, the patch number of cropland increased rapidly with different rates in upland and paddy croplands. The CV of paddy cropland patches increased while fluctuated in  upland cropland. The SI of paddy cropland increased first and then decreased, while that of upland cropland decreased continuously. The mean patch sizes of paddy and upland croplands increased and decreased respectively. The patch density increased in upland cropland while decreased in paddy cropland. The connectivity of upland cropland decreased while that of paddy cropland increased. The staggered degree of both cropland types was enhanced from 2000 to 2013. In general, the paddy agriculture was becoming the dominated agricultural land use mode in the study area while the conversions had different rates in two administrative regions (reclamation and common agricultural areas).