Applying methods of statistics and geostatistics, Manas River catchment was selected as the research area to study the spatial distribution of soil moisture and salinity in the soil profile as well as their influence factors. The coupling relationship between soil moisture and salinity presented in the spatial distribution was explored as well. The result showed that the soil moisture was overall at a low level (varying from 14.2% to 20.9%), while the salinity was relatively high (about 6.00-9.15 g·kg^-1). The soil profile distribution of water and salt contents both showed a trend of bottom accumulation. The variation of soil water moisture was moderate, while that of salt content was strong. Soil salinity and moisture of all layers showed strong spatial autocorrelation, which were mainly affected by structural factors. The horizontal distribution patterns of water and salt contents were irregular, and were constrained by factors like terrain and landforms, etc. Disturbed by human activities, the coupling relation of soil moisture and salinity became much more complex, but their spatial distribution variation was synchronized to some extent.