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生态学杂志 ›› 2003, Vol. ›› Issue (6): 70-76.

• 博士论坛 • 上一篇    下一篇

外生菌根菌与森林树木的相互关系

朱教君1,2, 徐慧1, 许美玲1,3, 康宏樟1,2   

  1. 1. 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所, 沈阳, 110016;
    2. 中国科学院研究学院, 北京, 100039;
    3. 沈阳农业大学, 沈阳, 110161
  • 收稿日期:2003-04-15 修回日期:2003-05-18 出版日期:2003-12-10
  • 基金资助:
    中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KZCX3-SW-418);辽宁省自然科学基金(博士启动基金)资助项目(2002110016)

Review on the ecological relationships between forest trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi

ZHU Jiaojun1,2, XU Hui1, XU Meiling1,3, KANG Hongzhang 1,2   

  1. 1. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
    2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China;
    3. Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, China
  • Received:2003-04-15 Revised:2003-05-18 Online:2003-12-10

摘要: 生态系统的每个过程都伴随着各种微生物的活动,其中最重要的功能群之一是菌根真菌(菌根菌).一般认为,菌根菌是自然界多数植物生存最基本的组成部分,陆地上约90%以上的高等植物都具有菌根菌.这些菌类的菌丝体与植物根系结合形成菌根,使植物生长成为可能,使不同种类植物的根系联在一起.根据菌根菌入侵植物根系的方式及菌根的形态特征,菌根可分为外生菌根、内生菌根和内外生菌根3组共种类型.外生菌根主要出现在松科、桦木科、壳斗科等树种的森林生态系统中,在根系表面形成菌丝鞘,部分菌丝进入根系皮层细胞间隙形成哈氏网表面.菌根菌剂在森林经营中得到广泛地应用.外生菌根菌对森林树木的作用可归纳为:1)促进造林或育苗成活与生长;2)提高森林生态系统中植物的多样性、稳定性和生产力;3)对森林生态系统的综合效应,主要表现在增加植物-土壤联结,改善土壤结构,促进土壤微生物,增强植物器官的功能;4)抗拮植物根部病害病原菌等.树木与菌根菌相互关系研究主要包括:1)菌根共生的机理;2)菌根菌在退化森林生态系统恢复与改造中的作用;3)菌根菌的分布格局与森林生态系统服务功能的关系;4)菌根菌对森林生态系统的综合效应,如菌根菌与森林植物群落结构、物种多样性以及森林系统稳定性和生产力的研究.

关键词: 除草剂, 杂草防除, 抗性, 水稻生产, 环境污染

Abstract: Microorganisms exist in almost every process of ecosystems,of which,one of the most important functional microorganism groups is mycorrhizal fungus. Generally,most plant species form a kind of symbiosis with beneficial fungi,which is called mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza is considered as such a fundamental part of plants that most species could not survive in nature without it. Mycorrhiza can be classified into about seven types according to kind of fungus,kind of host plant,and morphology of the interface,which belong to three groups,i.e.,ectomycorrhiza(EM),endomycorrhiza(VAM),and ecten-endomycorrhiza. Most of ectomycorrhizal host plants are tree species in families of pine,oak and etc. EM fungi form hyphae a mantle of interwoven fungal on the surface of the fine roots and a Hartig's net, between the cells in the root. EM fungi have been applied in forest management and silviculture. The research on interactions between EM fungi and trees can be summarized as follows: 1)Growth response of trees to EM fungi; 2)Effects of EM fungi on biodiversity,stability and productivity of forest; 3)Ecological-comprehensive effects of EM on forest system such as increasing the effective survival of trees,improving soil structure and soil microbiology,and resisting to invasion by exotic plant species; 4)Antagonism of EM fungi to pathogens of roots. Further research EM should include:1)Mechanism of symbiosis between EM and tree roots; 2)The effects of EM fungi on degraded forest ecosystem and the application in restoration of degraded ecosystem; 3)Relationships between distribution pattern of EM fungi and service functions of forest ecosystem; and 4)Comprehensive impacts of EM fungi on forest ecosystem.

Key words: Herbicide, Weed-controlling, Resistance, Rice production, Environmental pollution

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