[1] Baker,W.L.Sp atial sim u lation of the effects of hum an and natu re d istu rbance reg im es on land scap e structu re[A].In: D avid,J.(ed s).Sp atial M odeling of Fo rest L and scap e Change:A pp roaches and A pp lication s[C].Cam b ridge:Cam 2 b ridge U n iversity Press,1999.277-308. [2] Baker,W.L.A review of m odels of land scap e changes[J]. L and scap e E cology,1989,2(2):111-133. [3] Ball,G.L.Eco system m odeling w ith G IS[J].E nv ironm en ta l M anag em en t,1989,18(3):345-349. [4] Bella,I.E.Sim u lation of Grow th,Y ield,and Managem en t of A sp en.PhD D issertation[M].V ancouver:T he U n iversity of B ritish Columb ia,1970. [5] Berry,J.Cartog rap h ic M odeling:T he analytical cap ab ilities of G IS[A].In:Goodch ild,M.F.(ed s).Eco system M odeling w ith G IS[C].N ew York:O xford University P ress,1993. [6] Bo tk in,et al.R ational,lim itation s,and assum p tion s of a no rtheast fo rest sim u lato r[J].IBM J ou rna l of R esea rch and D evelopm en t,1972a,16:106-116. [7] Bo tk in et al.Som e eco log ical con sequences of a com p u ter m odel of fo rest g row th[J].J ou rna l of E cology,1972b,60: 849-872. [8] Bo tk in.Fo rest dynam ics:A n eco log ical m odel[M].O xfo rd U 2 n iversity P ress,1993. [9] Bu rrough,P.A.Sp atial data quality and erro r analysis issues: G IS function s and environm en tal m odeling[A].In:P roc.of Second in ternational Conf.W k shp.O n In teg rating the Grap h ic Info rm ation System s and Environm en tal M odeling[C].1993. [10] Bu sing,R.T.A sp atial m odel of fo rest dynam ics[J].V eg eta2 tio,1991,92:167-179. [11] Ch risten sen,et al.T he repo rt of the eco log ical society of Am erica comm ittee on the scien tific basis fo r eco system m an 2 agem en t[J].E colog ica l A pp lica tions,1996,6:665-691. [12] Co lasan ti,R.L.and Grim e,J.P.R esou rce dynam ics and vege2 tation p rocesses:a determ in istic m odel u sing tow2 d im en sional cellu lar au tom ata[J].F unctiona l E cology,1983,7:169-176. [13] Czaran,T.and Bartha,S.Sp atio tem po ral dynam ic m odels of p lan t pop u lation s and comm un ities[J].T ree,1992,7:38-42. [14] D avid,J.M.and Hong,S.H.D esign,behavio r and app lication of LAND IS,an ob jected2 o rien ted m odel of fo rest land scap e d istribu tion and succession[A].In:D avid,J.M ladenoff (ed s).Sp atial M odeling of Fo rest L and scap e Change:A p 2 p roaches and A pp lication s[C].Cam b ridge,U n ited K ingdom: Cam b ridge U n iversity P ress,1999.125-162. [15] D eA ngelis,D.L.et al.Po sitive feedback in N atu ral System s[M].Berlin:Sp ringer-V erlag,1986. [16] D unn ing,et al.Sp atial exp licit pop u lation m odels:Cu rren t fo rm s and fu tu re u ses[J].E colog ica l A pp lica tions,1995,5:3 -11. [17] Ek and M on serud,FO R EST:A com p u ter m odel fo r the g row th and rep roduction of m ixed sp ecies fo rest stand s[R]. R esearch R epo rt A 2365.Co llege of A g ricu ltu ral and L ife Sci2 ences.M ad ison:U n iversity of W iscon sin2 M ad ison.1974. [18] Fah rig,L.A general m odel of pop u lation s in p atchy hab itats[J].A pp lied M a them a tics and Com p u ta tion,1988,27:53- 66. [19] Gu stafson,E.J.and C row,T.R.HA RV EST:L ink ing tim ber harvesting strateg ies to land scap e p attern s[A].In:D avid,J. M ladenoff(ed s).Sp atial M odeling of Fo rest L and scap e Change:A pp roaches and A pp lication s[C].Cam b ridge:Cam 2 b ridge U n iversity P ress,1999.309-332. [20] H atch,C.R.Sim u lation of an even-aged red p ine stand in no rthern M inneso ta[D].PhD D issertation,T he U n iversity of M inneso ta.1971. [21] H egyi,F.A sim u lation m odel fo r m anag ing J ack-p ine stand s[A].In:F ries,J.(ed).Grow th M odels fo r T ree and Stand Sim u lation[C].R esearch N o tes 30,D ep artm en t of Fo rest Y ield R esearch,Stockho lm,Royal Co llege of Fo restry,1974. 74-90. [22] H un saker,C.T.et al.Sp atialm odels of eco log ical system s and p rocesses:the ro le of G IS[A].In:Goodch ild,M.F.(ed s). Eco system M odeling w ith G IS[C].N ew Yo rk:O xfo rd U n i2 versity P ress,1993. [23] H u ston,M.et al.N ew com p u ter m odels un ify eco log ical theo2 ry[J].B ioscience,1988,38:682-691. [24] H ym an,J.B.et al.A n ind ividual2based sim u lation m odel of herb ivo ry in a heterogeneou s land scap e[A].In:T u rner,M. G.(ed s).Q uan titative M ethod s in L and scap e Eco logy[C]. N ew Yo rk:Sp ringer V erlag,1991. [25] John ston,K.M.U sing statistical reg ression analysis to bu ild th ree P ro to typ e G IS w ild life m odels[R].G IS L IS(92). 1992,92:374-386. [26] L arocque,G.and M arshall,P.L.Im p roving sing le2tree d is2 tance 2d ep enden t g row th m odels[A].In:A R.Ek(ed s). Grow th M odeling and P red iction[C].P roceed ing s of the I2 U FRO Conference,23-27 A ugu st 1987,M inneso ta,U S Fo r2 est Service,N C-120,1988.94-101. [27] L ee,Y.Stand m odels fo r lodgepo le p ine and lim its to their ap 2 p lication[D].PhD D issertation.V ancouver:T he U n iversity of B ritish Co lum b ia,1967. [28] L in,J.Y.Grow ing sp ace index and stand sim ju lation m odels fo r Doug las2 fir and w estern hem lock in the no rthw estern U2 n ited States[A].In:F ries,J.(ed).Grow th m odels fo r tree and stand sim u lation[C].R esearch N o tes 30,D ep artm en t of Fo rest Y ield R esearch,Royal Co llege of Fo restry,Stock2 ho lm,1969.102-108. [29] M aidm en t,D avid,R.Environm en tal m odeling w ith in G IS[A]. In:P roc.of Second in ternational Conf.W k shp.O n In teg rat2 ing the Grap h ic Info rm ation System s and Environm en tal M odeling[C].1993b. [30] M itchell,K.J.Sim u lation of the Grow th of Even2A ged Stand s of W h ite Sp ruce[M].N ew H aven:Bu lletin 75,Yale Schoo l of Fo restry.1969. [31] M o lofsky,J.Pop u lation dynam ics and p attern fo rm ation in theo retical pop u lation s[J].E cology,1995,75:30-39. [32] M u rdoch,W.W.Ind ividual2based m odels fo r p red icting the effects of g lobal change[A].In:Kareiva,P.M.(ed s).B io tic In teraction and Global Change[C].Sunderland,M a:Sinauer A ssoc,Inc.1993. [33] N ew nham,R.M.T he D evelopm en t of a Stand M odel fo r Dou2 g las F ir[D].PhD D issertation.V ancouver:T he U n iversity of B ritish Co lum b ia,1964. [34] P ickett and W h ite.T he Eco logy of N atu re D istu rbance and Patch D ynam ics[M].N ew Yo rk:A cadem ic P ress,1985. [35] R atz,A.L ong2term sp atial p attern s created by fire:a m odel o rien ted to a bo real fo rest[J].In t.J.W ild l and F ire.,1995, 5:25-34. [36] R echel,J.L.Geog rap h ic info rm ation system s m odeling of w ild life m ovem en t acro ss fire and u rban d istu rbed land scap es[J].B u ll.E col.S oc.A m.,1992,73(Sup 2):316. [37] Shugart,et al.Fo rest succession m odels:a rationale and m ethodo logy fo r m odeling fo rest succession over large re2 g ion s[J].F orest S cience,1973,19:203-212. [38] Shugart,et al.A T heo ry of Fo rest D ynam ics:T he Eco log ical Im p lication s of Fo rest Succession M odels[M].N ew Yo rk: Sp ringer2 V erlag,1984. [39] Shugart,et a.lT errestrial Eco system s in Chang ing Environ2 m en ts,Cam b ridge[M].U K:Cam b ridge U n iversity P ress, 1998. [40] Silvertow n,J.Cellu lar au tom aton m odels of in tersp ecific cm 2 p etition fo r sp ace2 the effect of p attern on p rocess[J].J ou rna l of E cology,1992,80:527-534. [41] Sm ith,T.M.and U rban,D.L.Scale and reso lu tion of fo rest structu ral p attern[J].V eg eta tio,1988,74:143-150. [42] Tom lin,C.D ana.Geog rap h ic Info rm ation System s and Carto2 g rap h ic M odeling[M].Eng lew ood cliffs,N j:P ren tice H all, 1990. [43] T u rner,et al.U sefu lness of sp atial exp licit pop u lation m odels in land m anagem en t[J].E colog ica l A pp lica tions,1995a,5:12 -16. [44] T u rner,M.G.A sp atial sim u lation m odel of landu se changes in a P iedm on t Coun ty in Geog ia[J].A pp lied m a them a tics and com p u ta tion,1988,27:39-51. [45] T u rner,M.G.et a.lA land scap e Sim u lation m odel of w in ter fo rag ing by L arge ungu lates[J].E colog ica l M od eling,1993, 69:163-184. [46] U rban,D.L.et al.Scaling fine2scale p rocesses to large2scale p attern s u sing m odels derived from m odels:m eta2 m odels[A].In:D avid,J.M.(ed s).Sp atial M odeling of Fo rest L and scap e Change:A pp roaches and A pp lication s[C].Cam 2 b ridge:Cam b ridge U n iversity P ress,1999.70-98. [47] W att.O n the eco logy of B ritish beech w ood s w ith sp ecial ref2 erence to their regeneration..T he developm en t and struc2 tu re of beech comm un ities on the Su ssex Dow n s[J].J ou rna l of E cology,1925,13:27-73. [48] W att.Pattern and p rocess in the p lan t comm un ity[J].J uu r2 na l of E cology,1947,35:1-22. [49] L iu,J.and A sh ton,P.S.FO RM O SA IC:A n ind iviual-based sp atial exp licit m odel fo r sim u lation of fo rest dynam ics in land scap e m o saics[J].E colog ica M od elling,1998,106:177- 200. |