关键词: 树干液流, 五针热脉冲数字探头(PHPP), 热扩散探针(TDP), 干旱地区

Abstract: In recent years, many zoos have transformed their objectives from pure entertainment to public education, species conservation, and animal welfare, which were mainly accomplished by environmental enrichment. We conducted an enrichment experiment (two environmental enrichments and one feeding enrichments) of 10 captive red gorals (Naemorhedus cranbrooki) in Shanghai Zoo Breeding Center, China from November 2010 to February 2013, to analyze the effect of different forms of the enrichments on the activity budgets of red gorals. Ethograms were composed of standing, resting, moving, eating, grooming, stereotypic behavior, and other behaviors. The time on resting (P<0.01) and stereotypic (P<0.05) behaviors significantly decreased after adding the enrichment equipment firstly, while the time allocated for eating (P<0.05), moving (P<0.01) and grooming (P<0.01) behaviors increased dramatically, which was consistent with our expectations. Then we improved complexity of the environmental enrichment equipment (second environmental enrichment), and the time on resting behavior (P<0.05) reduced, whereas the time allocated for moving (P<0.05) and grooming (P<0.01) behaviors increased significantly. Meanwhile, there was no significant variation in time spending on several other behaviors, which was not identical to our expectations. Resting (P=0.44), stereotypic (P=0.19), and standing (P=0.31) behaviors did not show significant differences at the feeding enrichment and non-enrichment stages. Feeding enrichment and increasing complexity of environmental enrichment equipment helped red gorals make use of the enrichment equipment effectively. Red gorals added the time resting on the enrichment equipment from 2.07% during the feeding enrichment and 1.44% during the second environmental enrichment to 12.17% and 10.83%, respectively. After we increased the first enrichment equipment, the major activity on the equipment was standing behavior, followed by eating behavior. Nonetheless, the main activity transformed to resting behavior, and the secondary activity was standing behavior when we conducted the second enrichment equipment. Before the feeding enrichment experiment, the major activity of red gorals was standing behavior, followed by grooming behavior. During the feeding enrichment experiment, red gorals showed more time for eating behavior, and less time for standing behavior.

Key words: arid region, thermal diffusion probe (TDP), penta-needle heat pulse probe (PHPP), sap flow