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面向大气环境影响的城市景观分类系统——以北京为例

栾庆祖1,2,3,李波3*,张新时3   

  1. 1北京城市气象研究院, 北京 100089; 2北京市气候中心, 北京 100089; 3北京师范大学地理科学学部, 北京 100875)
  • 出版日期:2019-05-10 发布日期:2019-05-10

Urban landscape classification system under influences of atmospheric environment: A case study in Beijing.

LUAN Qing-zu1,2,3, LI Bo3*, ZHANG Xin-shi3   

  1. (1Institute of Urban Meteorological, CMA, Beijing 100089, China; 2Beijing Municipal Climate Center, Beijing Meteorological Bureau, Beijing 100089, China; 3Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China).
  • Online:2019-05-10 Published:2019-05-10

摘要: 研究城市景观格局的大气环境影响必须建立在科学、实用的景观分类系统基础上,目前尚没有普适性的景观分类体系,针对大气环境影响的景观分类的详细探讨更是缺乏。本文借鉴景观分类理论和气象学下垫面分类方法,从城市景观的自然属性和物理结构特点出发,提出一种面向大气环境影响的景观分类系统,即采用景观类、景观亚类和景观型三级分类体系,以土地利用和城市地表参数为划分指标依据的分类系统。在此基础上,以城市化发展对大气环境影响较为明显的北京为例,采用3S技术进行景观制图,并以此为基础分析北京市景观格局对区域大气环境的潜在影响。结果表明:1级景观类中,受人为干扰的景观类型面积处于较高水平;2级景观亚类中,林地景观面积最大,占比54.73%,城镇景观面积占比15.09%;3级景观型中,C7类景观是城镇景观亚类的“基质”,C3、C2和C6类景观在城镇景观亚类中占比均不足0.1%,说明高地表粗糙度类型的景观在北京主城区域尚分布稀少,对大气的流通性有利。该分类系统能够反映实际存在的对大气环境产生影响的各种景观类型的特点,有助于深化对城市景观格局的大气环境效应规律的认识,可为城市规划和大气环境治理提供参考。

关键词: 生境, 产量, 间种, 光合生理机制, 茶叶品质

Abstract: Scientific landscape classification system is a precondition requirement in research on atmospheric environment impacts of urban landscape pattern. However, there is no universal landscape classification system, especially lacking a landscape classification system under influences of atmospheric environment. After reviewing theories in landscape classification and methods in surface classification in meteorology, we proposed a landscape classification system oriented for the influence of atmospheric environment according to the nature of urban landscape and the characteristics of physical composition, which is a three-layer system consisting of landscape class, landscape sub-class and landscape type, using land use types and urban land surface parameters as classification criteria. Then, a case study was carried out in Beijing where urban expanding has significant influence on atmospheric environment. We analyzed potential impacts of urban landscape pattern on regional atmosphere through the landscape classification map produced by 3S technology. The results showed that landscape affected by human activities was in relatively high level among the first landscape classes. In second landscape sub-classes, woodland contributed the largest part (54.73%), while cities and towns contributed 15.09%. Among third landscape types, C7 was the matrix of cities and towns, and C3, C2 and C6 held percent less than 0.1% respectively, which implied that landscape with high surface roughness was still rare and helpful for atmospheric ventilation. The proposed classification system could reflect actual features of all kinds of landscape classes that produced impacts on atmospheric environment, which was helpful for understanding the effects of urban landscape on atmospheric environment and providing suggestions for urban planning and atmospheric management.

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