限水减氮对关中平原冬小麦氮素利用和氮素表观平衡的影响

doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202112.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 研究限水减氮对冬小麦产量、氮素利用率和氮素表观平衡的影响,探讨限水减氮管理模式在关中平原冬小麦生产中的可行性,可为实现关中平原灌区冬小麦生产的稳产高效和环境友好发展提供科学依据。本研究于2017—2018和2018—2019年连续2年在陕西杨凌地区进行小麦田间裂区试验,灌水量为主处理,设置两个灌溉水平,1200 m³·hm^-2(常规灌溉,在越冬期和拔节期灌溉, W₂)和600 m³·hm^-2(限水灌溉,仅在越冬期灌溉, W₁);施氮量为副处理,设置4个施氮水平,300 kg·hm^-2(关中地区常规施氮量,N₃₀₀)、225 kg·hm^-2(减量施氮25%,N₂₂₅)、150 kg·hm^-2(减量施氮50%,N₁₅₀)和0 kg·hm^-2(不施氮,N₀),分析冬小麦产量、氮素利用效率、收获后土壤硝态氮积累量和氮素表观平衡。结果表明: 限水减氮能显著增加冬小麦植株和籽粒氮素含量,提升产量和氮素携出量,提高氮素利用效率、氮素收获指数、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学效率,减少硝态氮的淋失,降低氮素盈余量,维持氮素平衡。2017—2019年在W₁N₁₅₀处理基础上增加了灌溉量和施氮量,冬小麦产量和氮素携出量不会显著增加。2017—2018年和2018—2019年,与W₂N₃₀₀相比,W₁N₁₅₀同时期植株氮素含量分别提高0.1%～25.5%和14.0%～31.6%,籽粒氮素含量分别提高0.1%和4.6%。氮素利用效率、氮素收获指数、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学效率平均提高95.3%、4.2%、81.7%和33.0%,氮素盈余量分别减少97.2%和95.1%,有效减少了土壤硝态氮的淋失。综合各项指标,越冬期灌溉600 m³·hm^-2配合施氮量150 kg·hm^-2的限水减氮组合能够保证关中平原冬小麦高产、高效和环境友好发展。

关键词: 冬小麦, 减氮, 限水灌溉, 氮素利用率, 氮平衡

Abstract: Effects of water limiting and nitrogen reduction on yield, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen apparent balance of wheat were investigated to explore whether it would be feasible to restrict water and reduce nitrogen in wheat production of the Guanzhong Plain and thus to provide scientific supports for yield-stable, high-efficiency, and environment-friendly developments in the irrigated production of winter wheat. Following a split-plot design with two water regimes as the main plots and four N addition rates as sub-plot factors, a field experiment (2017-2019) was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi. The two water regimes were conventionally irrigating at the rate of 60 mm during the overwinter period and at the jointing stage, respectively (W₂, a conventional practice) and irrigating at a rate of 60 mm during the overwintering period (W₁, a restrictive irrigation practice). The four nitrogen addition rates were 300 kg·hm^-2(N₃₀₀, a conventional N rate), 225 kg·hm^-2 (N₂₂₅, a nitrogen rate of 25% less than the convention), 150 kg·hm^-2(N₁₅₀, a nitrogen rate 50% of less than the convention), and 0 kg·hm^-2(N₀, no nitrogen applied). The decreased irrigation rate and nitrogen rate significantly increased nitrogen content in the plants and grains, yield, N output, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen recovery efficiency, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency, reduced nitrate leaching and N surpluses, and maintained nitrogen balance. With both W₁ and N₁₅₀ adopted, the increased irrigation rate and nitrogen rate did not affect yield and N output of winter wheat in 2017-2019. Plant nitrogen content with both W₁ and N₁₅₀ adopted increased by 0.1%-25.5% and 14.0%-31.6% and the grain nitrogen content increased by 0.1% and 4.6%, compared with those with both W₂ and N₃₀₀ adopted in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen recovery efficiency, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were averagely increased by 95.3%, 4.2%, 81.7% and 33.0% respectively. The N surplus was decreased by 97.2% and 95.1%, which effectively alleviated soil nitrate leaching. Considering all the indicators, irrigating at 600 m³·hm^-2 during the overwintering period plus applying nitrogen at 150 kg·hm^-2 could achieve high yield, high efficiency, and environment friendly development of winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi.

Key words: winter wheat, reduced nitrogen application, limited irrigation, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen balance

郭曾辉, 刘朋召, 雒文鹤, 王瑞, 李军. 限水减氮对关中平原冬小麦氮素利用和氮素表观平衡的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2021, 32(12): 4359-4369.

GUO Zeng-hui, LIU Peng-zhao, LUO Wen-he, WANG Rui, LI Jun. Effects of water limiting and nitrogen reduction on nitrogen use and apparent balance of winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2021, 32(12): 4359-4369.

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