黄土高原南部春玉米地膜栽培的水肥效应与氮肥去向

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在黄土高原南部采用田间小区和微区试验,研究了春玉米地膜栽培下氮肥水分产量关系与氮肥去向.结果表明,相同施肥条件下地膜栽培(N₁₂₀C)比平作栽培(N₁₂₀UC)增产显著(46.7%),施用氮肥显著地发挥了地膜的增产潜力,处理N₁₂₀(尿素氮120kg·hm^-2)、N₁₈₀(尿素氮180kg·hm^-2)和N₁₂₀M(尿素氮120kg·hm-²⁺有机肥氮60kg·hm^-2),籽粒产量比对照CK(不施氮)分别增产41.8%、43.9%和34.7%.地膜栽培或施用氮肥都极大地改善了玉米水分生产效率(WUE)和降水利用率(RUE),试验中N₁₂₀C比N₁₂₀UC水分生产效率提高57.9%,降水利用效率提高54.5%;处理N₁₂₀、N₁₈₀和N₁₂₀M比CK处理WUE分别提高38.4%、47.4%和32.4%,RUE分别提高42.3%、43.9%和34.7%.由于供试有机肥是半腐解的牛粪,比尿素氮素供给迟缓,所以对玉米产量和WUE提高幅度小.试验水分测定反映出,玉米利用的水分73.0%～83.7%来自降雨,表明决定春玉米产量的关键水分是生育期降水.玉米地膜栽培对氮肥去向有微弱影响,相对于平作玉米,氮肥总的回收率差异不大,但氮肥利用率下降7.3个百分点,土壤残留率上升6.4个百分点.土壤当季残留氮主要集中在0～20cm,不会发生向深层大量的淋溶和累积.

Abstract: The relationships between nitrogen and yield and between water and yield, and the fate of nitrogen under plastic film mulching for spring maize were studied with field plots and microplots in the southern Loess Plateau. The results showed that plastic-film mulching(N₁₂₀ C) could increase maize yield by 46.7%,comparing with no-mulching(N₁₂₀ UC) in same rate of fertilizer. The maize yield potentiality of mulching might be played fully, comparing with CK (no nitrogen),treatments N₁₂₀ (urea nitrogen 120 kg·hm^-2), N₁₈₀ (urea nitrogen180 kg·hm^-2) and N₁₂₀ M(urea nitrogen120 kg·hm^-2 +organic manure nitrogen60 kg·hm^-2) could raise grain yield by 41.8%, 43.9% and 34.7%,respectively.Mulching planting raised water use efficiency (WUE) by 57.9 %, and raised rainfall use efficiency (RUE) by 54.5%. N₁₂₀, N₁₈₀ and N₁₂₀ Mimproved WUE by 38.4 %, 47.4% and 32.4%, respectively, and improved RUE by 42.3%, 43.9% and 34.7%, respectively. Because the organic manure applied was not fully rotted cattle dung, which supplied available nitrogen slowly than urea, it raised yield and WUEto a low extent. Meanwhile, the experiment showed that 73.0%～83.7% of water used by maize from rainfall, which indicated that the key water to determine maize yield was rainfall in spring maize growth period. Mulching planting for maize had little impact on the fate of nitrogen fertilizer.The total recovery of nitrogen had little difference, NUE decreased 7.3%,and residual Nin soil raised 6.4%,comparing with N₁₂₀ UC. Agreat part of the residual N was in0～20cm of soil,and no risk occurred for nitrogen leaching and accumulation to deeper soil layers in the first growth season.

中图分类号:

党廷辉, 郝明德, 郭胜利, 蔡贵信. 黄土高原南部春玉米地膜栽培的水肥效应与氮肥去向[J]. 应用生态学报, 2003, (11): 1901-1905.

DANG Tinghui, HAO Mingde, GUO Shengli, CAI Guixin . Effect of plastic-film mulch on water and nitrogen use by spring maize and on fate of applied nitrogen in the southern Loess Plateau[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, (11): 1901-1905.

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