土壤大孔隙及其研究方法

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 阐述了土壤大孔隙的定义、孔径划分类型及其成因,比较了各种研究方法的适用性和局限性.土壤大孔隙是可以提供优先水流路径的孔隙,其孔径大小为＞0.03mm.大孔隙形状具有多样性,既有形状不规则的裂隙和裂缝,也有近似圆柱状的管道.土壤动物对土壤的挖掘作用,植物根系在土壤中的穿插作用,冻融和干湿交替过程及化学过程是产生大孔隙的主要原因.大孔隙的研究方法可分为直接观测法和间接描述法,并各有其适用性和局限性.土壤大孔隙研究的最终目的是调控它,为减少地下水污染、控制养分和水分的流失提供一条新途径.

中图分类号:

S154.4

刘伟, 区自清, 应佩峰. 土壤大孔隙及其研究方法[J]. 应用生态学报, 2001, (3): 465-468.

LIU Wei, OU Ziqing, YING Peifeng . Soil macropore and its studying methodology[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2001, (3): 465-468.

参考文献

[1] Anderson JL, Bouma J. 1977. Water movement through pedal soils:I. Saturated flow. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 43:16～22
[2] Anderson SH, Gantzer C, Boone JM et al. 1988. Rapid nondestructive bulk density and soil-water content determination by computed tomography. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 53:35～40
[3] Beasley RS. 1976. Contribution of surface flow from the upper slopes of forested watersheds to channel flow. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 40:955～957
[4] Beven K, Germann P. 1982. Macropores and water flow in soils. Water Resour Res, 18(5):1311～1325
[5] Beven K. 1980. The Gendon Underwood Field Drainage Experiment.Wallingford. UK:Instl Hydrol. 65,30
[6] Beven K. 1981. Micro-, meso-, macroporosity and channeling flow phenomena in soils. Soil Sc Soc Am J, 45:1245
[7] Blake G, Schlichting E and Zimmerman U. 1973. Water recharge in a soil with shrinkage cracks. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc, 37:669～672
[8] Bouma J, Dekker LW. 1978. A case study on infiltration into dry clay soil:I. My clay soil:I. Mervations. Geoderma, 20:27～40
[9] Bouma J, Jongerius A, Boersma O et al. 1977. The function of different types of macropores during saturated flow through four swelling soil horizons. Soil Sci Soc Am J,41:945～950
[10] Bouma J, Wosten JHM. 1979. Flow patterns during extended saturated flow in two undisturbed swilling clay soil with different macrostructures. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 43:16～22
[11] Bouma J, Wosten JHM. 1984. Characterizing ponded infiltration in a dry cracked clay soil. J Hydrol, 69:297～304
[12] Bouma J. 1981. Soil morphology and preferential flow along macropores. Agric Water Manage, 3:235～250
[13] Brewer R. 1964. Fabric and Mineral Analysis of Soils. New York:John Wiley.
[14] Bullock P, Thomasson AJ. 1979. Rothamsted studies of soil structure.Ⅱ. Measurement and characterization of macroporesity by image analysis and comparison with data from water retention measurements. J Soil Sci, 30:391～414
[15] Crestana S, Mascarenhas S, Pozzi-Mucelli RS. 1985. Static and dynamic three-dimensional studies of water in soil using computed tomographic scanning. Soil Sci, 140:326～332
[16] Czapar GF, Horton R, Fawcett RS. 1992. Herbicide and tracer movement in soil columns containing an artificial macropore. J Environ Qual, 21:110～115
[17] Edwards WM, Shipitalo MJ, Owens LB et al. 1993. Factors affecting preferential flow of water and atrazine through earthworm burrows under continuous no-till com. J Environ Qual, 22:453～457
[18] Ehlers W. 1975. Observations on earthworm channels and infiltration on tilled and untilled loess soil. Soil Sci, 119(2):242～249
[19] Gaiser RN. 1952. Root channels and roots in forest soils. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc, 16(1):62～65
[20] German DF, Beven K. 1985. Kimematic wave approximation to infiltration into soils with sorbing macropores. Water Resour Res, 21:990～994
[21] Germann P, Beven K. 1981. Water flow in soil macropore I. An experimental approach. J Soil Sci, 32:1～13
[22] Germann PF, Edwards WM, Owens LB. 1984. Profiles of bromide and increased soil moisture after infiltration into soils with macropores. Soil Sci Soc Am J,48:237～244
[23] Graff A, Makeschin F. 1979. Der einfluss der fauna anf die stoffverlagerung sowie die homogenitaet und die durchlaessigkeit yon boeden.Z Pflanz enernah r Bodenk, 142:476～491
[24] Green RD, Askew GP. 1965. Observations on the biological development of macropores in soils of Tomney Marsh. J Soil Sci, 16(2):342～349
[25] Hall DGM, Reeve MJ, Thornasson AJ et al. 1977. Water Retention,Porosity and Density of Field Soils. No. 9. Harpenden:Soil Surv Tech Monogr.
[26] Isensee AR, Helling CS, Gish TJ et al. 1988. Grounwater residues of atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine under no-tillage practices. Chemosphere, 17:165～174
[27] Jia L-Q(贾良清)(区自清).1995. Mathematic model of contamination transference rules in soil-plant system Ⅱ. Macropore and preferential flow. Devel Res Netw Natur Resour Environ Ecol (资源生态环境网络研究动态),6(2):16～19 (in Chinese)
[28] Jones JAA. 1971. Soil piping and stream channel initiation. Water Resour Res, 7:602～610
[29] Jongerius A. 1957. Morphometric investigations on soil structure. Versl Landbk Onerz, 63:12
[30] Koh-Ichi Tikunaga. 1988. X-ray stereoradiographs using new contrast media on soil macropores. Soil Sci, 146(3):199～207
[31] Lewis DT. 1977. Subgroup designation of three udolls in southeastem Nebrasks. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 41:940～945
[32] Luxmoore RJ, Jardine PM, Wilson GV et al. 1990. Physical and chemical controls of preferred path flow through a forested hillslope. Geoderma, 46:139～154
[33] Luxmoore RJ. 1981. Micro-, meso-, and macroporosity of soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J,45:671～672
[34] Moore ID, Burch GJ, Wallbrink PJ. 1986. Preferential flow and hydraulic conductivity of forest soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 50:876～881
[35] Mosley MP. 1979. Streamflow generation in a forested watershed, New Zealand. Water Resour Res, 15(4):795～806
[36] Mosley MP. 1982. Subsurface flow velocities through selected forest soils, South Island, New Zealand. J Hydrol, 35:65～92
[37] Murphy CP, Banfield CF. 1978. Pore space variability in a subsurface horizon of tow soils. J Soil Sci, 29:156～166
[38] Omoti U, Wild A. 1979. Use of fluorescent dyes to mark the pathways of solute movement through soils under leaching conditions, 2. Field experiments. Soil Sci, 128(2):98～104
[39] Ou Z-Q(区自清),Jia L-Q(贾良清), Jin H-Y(金海燕) et al. 1999.Macropores and preferential flow and their effects on pollutant migration in soils. Acta Pedol Sin (土壤学报),36(3):341～347(in Chinese)
[40] Ou Z-Q, Jia L-Q, Jin H-Y et al. 1999. Formation of soil macropores and preferential migration of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in soils. Chemosphere, 38(9):1985～1996
[41] Parker JC. 1984. Analysis of solute transport in column tracer studies.Soil Sci Soc Am J, 48:719～724
[42] Penman HL, Schofield RK. 1941. Drainage and evaporation from fallow soil at Rothamsted. J Agric Sci, 31:74～109
[43] Petrovic AM, Siebert JE, Rieke PE. 1982. Soil bulk density analysis in three dimensions by computed tomographic scanning. Soil Sci Soc Am J,46:445～450
[44] Radulovich R, Solorzarzano E, Sollins P. 1989. Soil macropore size distribution from water breakthrough curves. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 53:556～559
[45] Reeves MJ. 1980. Recharge of the English Chalk, A possible mechanism. Eng Geol, 14:231～240
[46] Singh P, Rarneshwar KS, Thompson ML. 1991. Measurement and characterization of rnacropores by using AUTOCAD and automatic image analysis. J Environ Qual, 20:289～294
[47] Skopp J. 1981. Comment on "micro-, meso, and macroposity of soil”.Soil Sci. Soc Am J, 45:1246
[48] Smettem KRJ, Collis-Gerrge N. 1985. Statistical characterization of soil biopores using a soil peel method.Geoderma, 36:27～36
[49] Teotia S, Duley FL, McCalla TM. 1950. Effect of stubble mulching on number and activity of earthworms. Res Bull 165, Lincoln, Nebr:College of Agriculture, University of Nebraska.
[50] Vermeul VR, Istok JD, Flint AL et al. 1993. An improved method for quantifying soil macroporosity. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 57:809～816
[51] Walker PJC, Trudgill ST. 1983. Quantimet image analysis of soil pore geometry:comparison with tracer breakthrough curves. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 8:465～472
[52] Warner GS, Nieber JL, More ID et al. 1989. Characerizing macropores in soil by computed tomography. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 53:653～660
[53] Watson KW, Luxmoore RJ. 1986. Estimating macroporosity in a forested watershed by use of a tension infiltrometer. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 50:578～582
[54] Zaslavsky D, Kassif G. 1965. Theoretical formulation of piping mechanism in cohesive soils. Geotechnique, 15(3):305～316