Abstract: Limnological studies have long focused on the nine largest plateau lakes and ecological assessment of lake eutrophication in Yunnan. However, comprehensive surveys of small and me-dium-sized lakes and their response to multiple stressors are largely absent. Here, we combined multi-proxy sediment analyses and documentary data, aiming to identify the long-term pattern of diatom community changes under the influence of climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, and to quantify their driving strengths. The results showed that Xihu Lake was in a pre-impact state with little ecological variability before the 1950s. Thereafter, expansion of land use increased the nutrient input and altered the lake hydrology, resulting in a significant shift of dominant diatoms from Cocconeis placentula to Fragilaria spp. From 1997, accelerating nutrient enrichment and hydrological changes led to the replacement of benthic diatoms by planktonic ones, resulting in a consistent loss of macrophytes and a decrease of ecological stability. Therefore, the types and strength of catchment development should be fully evaluated for effective protection of small and medium-sized alpine lakes in the context of global warming.