Secondary metabolites of Phaeocystis:A review

Abstract

Abstract: Phaeocystis,belonging to the marine microalga genus (Prymnesiophyceae),is a eurythermy and euryhalinity species which has a worldwide distribution.As one of the primary producers of marine environment, Phaeocystis produces alarge amount of organic secondary metabolites such as carbohydrates,dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP)/dimethylsuphoni-opropionate (DMS),carbon disulphide and toxins that have significant effects on the marine and air environment.The complicated factors and mechanism of the synthesis of these productions are still being argued.This paper summarized the advances of relative studies.

Key words: Yuanjiang savanna valley, Leaf anatomical features, Leaf nutrient concentrations

CLC Number:

Q175

PENG Xichun, YANG Weidong, LIU Jiesheng, PENG Zhiying . Secondary metabolites of Phaeocystis:A review[J]. cje, 2005, (3): 321-326.

References

[1]王朝晖,尹伊伟,陈善文,等.2002.丙烯酸及丙烯酯对水生生物的急性毒性[J].暨南大学学报(自然科学版),23(5):75～80.
[2]齐雨藻,沈萍萍,王艳.2001.棕囊藻的分类与生活史[J].热带亚热带植物学报,9(2):174～184.
[3]何家苑,施之新,张银华,等.1999.一种棕囊藻的形态特征与毒素分析[J].海洋与湖沼,30(2):41～48.
[4]杨和福.1998.紫外辐射对南极棕囊藻细胞DMSP合成和DMS释放率的影响[J].海洋学报,20(5):101～109.
[5]沈萍萍,王艳,齐雨藻,等.2000.球形棕囊藻的生长特性及生活史研究[J].水生生物学报,24(6):635～643.
[6]陈菊芳,徐宁,江天久,等.1999.中国赤潮新记录种--球形棕囊藻[J].暨南大学学报(自然科学版),20(3):124～129.
[7]林伟,周名江.2001.有毒藻产毒过程中海洋细菌的作用[J]海洋科学,25(3):34～38.
[8]潘卉,宋立荣,刘永定.2001.水华蓝藻毒特性的PCR检测法[J].水生生物学报,25(2):159～165.
[9]Aanesen RT, et al. 1998. Light-induced toxic properties of the marine alga Phaeocystis pouchetiii towards cod larvae [J]. Aq.Tox. ,40:109～ 121.
[10]Bernard WR, et al. 1984. Dimethylsulphide and Phaeocystis pouchetii in the southeastern Bering Sea [J].Cont. Shelf Res.,3:103～ll3.
[11]Baumann MEM, et al. 1994. The taxonomic identity of the cosmopolitan prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis :A morphological and ecophysiological approach [ J ]. J . Mar. Syst . , 5: 5～ 22.
[12]Chambers ST, et al. 1987. Dimethylthetin can substitute for glycine betaine as an osmoprotectant molecule for Esherichia coli [ J ]. J.Bact., 169:4845～4847.
[13]Colmer TD, et al. 1996. Interactive effects of salinity, nitrogen and sulphur on the organic solutes in Spartina alterniflora leaf blades[J].J. Exp. Bot., 47:369～375.
[14]EilertsenHC, Raa J.1995. Toxins in sea-water produced by a common phytoplankter: Phaeocystis pouchetii [J ]. J. Mar. Biotechnol. ,3:115～119.
[15]Estep KW, et al. 1990. Predation by copepods upon natural populations of Phaeocystis pouchetii as a function of the physiological state of the prey [J]. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 67:235～249.
[16]Gordon VW, et al.2000.DMSP and DMS dynamics and microzooplankton grazing in the Labrador Sea: Application of the dilution technique [J ]. Deep-Sea Res. I, 47: 2243 ～ 2264.
[17]Guillard RRL, Hellebust JA. 1971. Growth and the productionof extracellular substances by two strains of Phaeocystis pouchetii[J]. J. Phycol., 7: 330 ～ 338.
[18]Hansen E, et al 2003. Anti-mitotic activity towards sea urchin embryos in extracts from the marine haptophycean Phaeocystis pouchetii (Harlot) Lagerheim collected along the coast of northern Norway [J]. Toxicology, 41:803～812.
[19]Hoagland KD, et al. 1993. Diatom extracellular polymeric substances: function, fine structure, chemistry, and physiology [ J ].J . Phycol . , 29: 537 ～ 566.
[20]Janse I, et al. 1996a. Carbohydrates during spring blooms of Phaeocystis globosa in the North Sea: a specific fingerprint [J ]. Aqua. Microbiol. Ecol., 10: 97 ～ 103.
[21]Janse I, et al. 1996b. The storage glucan of Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) cells [ J ]. J. Phycol., 32: 382 ～ 387.
[22]Karsten U, et al. 1992. Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP)accumulation in green macroalgae from polar to temperate regions:Interactive effects of light versus salinity and light versus temperature [J ]. Polar Biol., 12: 603～ 607.
[23]Karsten U, et al. 1996. Dimethylsufoniopropionate production in phototrophic organisms and its physiological function as a cryoprotectant [ A]. In: Kiene RP, eds. Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMSP and Related Sulfonium Compounds [ C ].New York:Plenum Press, 143～153.
[24]Khalil MAK, et al. 1993. Atmospheric methyl bromide: Trends and global mass balance [J ]. J. Geophys. Res., 98 (D2): 2887 ～2896.
[25]Kiene RP, et al. 2000. New and important roles for DMSP in marine microbial communities [J ]. J. Sea Res., 43: 209 ～ 224.
[26]Kirst GO. 1996. Osmotic adjustment in phytoplankton and macroalgae: The use of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) [ A]. In: Kiene RP, eds. Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMSP and Related Sulfonium Compounds [C]. New York: Plenum Press, 121 ～ 129.
[27]Kuang WW, et al. 1998. Differential screening and suppression subtractive hybridization identified genes differentially expressed in an estrogen receptor-positive breast carinoma cell line [J].Nucleic Acid Res., 26(4): 116.
[28]Lancelot C, et al. 1987. Phaeocystis blooms and nutrient enrichment in the continental coastal zones of the North Sea [J]. A.Bio., 16:38～46.
[29]Lawrence MG. 1993. An empirical analysis of the strength of the phytoplankton-dimethylsulfide-cloud-climate feedback cycle [J].J. Geophys. Res., 98:20663 ～20673.
[30]Liss PS, et al. 1994. Dimethyl sulphide and Phaeocystis: A review [J] . J. Mar. Syst. ,5:41～53.
[31]Matrai PA, et al. 1995. Light-dependence of carbon and sulfur production by polar clones of the genus Phaeocystis [ J ]. Mar.Biol., 124(1): 157 ～ 167.
[32]Medlin LK, et al. 1994. Genetic differentiation among three colonyformimg species of Phaeocystis :Further evidence for the phylogeny of the Prymnesiophyta [ J ]. Phycologia, 33:199 ～ 212.
[33]Noordkamp DJB, et al. 2000. Acrylate in Phaeocystis colonies does not affect the surrounding bacteria [J].J. Sea Res.,43(3～4) :287～ 296.
[34]Osinga R, et al. 1996. Production and fate of Phaeocystis, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl-sulfoniopropionate in pelagic mesocosms:The role of sedimentation [J]. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 131:275～286.
[35]Painter TJ. 1983. Algal polysaccharides [ C ]. In: Aspinall GO,eds. The Polysaccharides Vol. 2. [ A ]. New York: Academic Press, 196～285.
[36]Parkhill JP, Cembella AD. 1999. Effect of salinity, light and inorganic nitrogen on growth an d toxigenicity of the marine dinoflangellate Alexandrium tamarense from northeastern Canada[J]. J. Plankton Res., 21(5) :939～955.
[37]Philip TO, Gary JJ. 1998. Relationship between microcystin production and cell division rate in nitrogen-limited microcystis aeruginosa cultures [ J ]. Limnol. Oceanog., 43 ( 7 ): 1604 ～1614.
[38]Plumley FG. 1997. Marine algal toxins: Biochemistry, genetics,and molecular biology [ J ]. Limnol. Oceanog., 42 ( 5 ): 1252 ～1264.
[39]Rousscau V, et al. 1994. The life cycle of Phaeocystis (Prymnesiophyceae) :Evidence and hypotheses [J]. J. Mar. Syst., 5:23～29.
[40]Sako Y, et al. 1995. Studies on stability and heredity of PSP toxin composition in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium[ A]. Lassus P, eds. Harmful Marine Algal Blooms [ C]. Paris, France:Lavoisier, 345 ～ 350.
[41]Scarratt MG, Moore RM. 1998. Production of methyl bromide and methyl chloride in laboratory cultures of marine phytoplankton Ⅱ [J]. Mar. Chem.,59:263～272.
[42]Scarratt MG, Moore RM. 1996. Production of methyl bromide and methyl chloride in laboratory cultures of marine phytoplankton[ ]. Mar. Chem., 54:263～272.
[43]Simonsen S, et al. 1997. Toxicity tests in eight species of Chrysochromulina (Haptophyta) [J]. Can. J. Bot., 75:129 ～136.
[44]Smith WOJ, et al. 1991. Importance of Phaeocystis blooms on the high-latitude ocean carbon cycle [J]. Nature, 352:541 ～516.
[45]Stabell, OB, et al. 1999. Toxic peculiarities of the marine alga Phaeocystis pouchetti detected by in vivo and in vitro bioassay methods[J]. Aq. Tox., 44: 279 ～ 288.
[46]Stefels J, et al. 1996. Intriguing functionality of the production and conversion of DMSP in Phaeocystis sp[A]. In: Kiene RP,eds. Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMSP and Related Sulfonium Compounds [C]. New York: Plenum Press, 305～315.
[47]Stefels J. 2000. Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants [J]. J. Sea Res., 43:183～ 197.
[48]Stefels J, Dijkhuizen L. 1996. Characteristics of DMSP-lyase in Phaeocystis sp. (Prymnesiophycaae) [ J ]. Mar. Ecol. Prog.Ser., 131:307～313.
[49]Stefels J, Van Boekel WHM. 1993. Production of DMS from dissolved DMSP in axenic cultures of the marine phytoplankton species Phaeocystis sp. [J]. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 97:11 ～ 18.
[50]Summers PS, et al. 1985. Biosynthesis of dimethyl sulfide and dimethylpropiothetin by Hymenomonas carterae in relation to sulfur source and salinity variations [J]. Limnol. Oceanog., 30:59 ～ 70.
[51]Taroncher-Oldenburg G, et al. 1997. Toxin variability during the cell cycle of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense [ J]. Limnol . Oceanog . , 42:1178～ 1188.
[52]Taroncher-Oldenburg G, Anderson DM. 2000. Identification and characterization of three differentially expressed genes, encoding S-adenosylhomo-cysteine hydrolase, methionine aminopeptidase,and a histone-like protein, in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense [J ]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66 ( 5 ): 2105 ～2112.
[53]Turner SM, et al. 1989. lnterlaborstory calibration and sample analysis of dimethylsulphide in water [J]. Mar. Chem., 29:47～62.
[54]Van Beokel WHM, et al 1992. Phaeocystis colony mucus components and the importance of calcium ions for colony stability[J].Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 87: 301 ～ 305.
[55]Van Rijssel M, Gieskes WWC. 2002. Temperature, light, and the dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) content of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae) [ J ]. J. Sea Res., 48:17 ～ 27.
[56]Van Rijssel M, et al. 2000. An inventory of factors that effect polysaccharide production by Phaeocystis globosa [J]. J. Sea Res., 43: 297 ～ 306.
[57]Van Rijssel M, et al. 1997. Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) colonies: Hollow structures built with small amounts of polysaccharides [J ]. Eur. J. Phycol., 32:185～ 192.
[58]Wolfe GV, et al. 1997. Grazing-activated chemical defense in a unicellular marine alga [J]. Nature, 387:894～897.
[59]Woll EW, Mulvaney R. 1991. Reactions on sulfuric acid aerosol and on polar stratospheric clouds in the Antarctic stratosphere[J]. Geophy. Res. Lett. , 18:1007～ 1010.
[60]Xie H, et al. 1999. Carbon disulphide production in laboratory cultures of marine phytoplankton [J ]. Atmosph. Environ., 33:3445 ～ 3453.
[61]Yang H, Kirst GO. 1997. Effect of UV-radiation on DMSP content and DMS formation of Phaeocystis antarctica [J]. Polar Biol., 18(6) :402～409.