Abstract: ustainable development is the mainstream in contemporary paradigm of development. Ecological Science, as one of the theoretical basis of sustainable development, is becoming one of the hot topic in the scientific community. However,what is the appropriate niche that this old and new branch should be put in a developing country like China? what challenges and tasks it will face in the next century? The theoretical points for further discussion are presented on the paper,1.To aim at the international fronties of ecology and to take parst in the globae plan of ecological environment researches. 2.To make contributions to our country's sustainable development of economy and society.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer, rice straw, biological activity, soil function, heat stress.