Origin and Evolution of the VA Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

Abstract

Abstract: Origin and evolution of the VA mycorrhizal symbiosis were discussed in the article. It was considered that VA mycorrhizal symbiosis was a biological character with ancient origin based on VA mycorrhizal fossil materials, VA mycorrhizal states of angiosperms and pteridophytes and the researches of molecular biology on VA mycorrhizal fungi. VA mycorrhizal symbiosis played very important role in origin and evolution of the land plants. A lot of research work need to be done on evolution of VA mycorrhizal symbiosis, co-evolution and specialization of the VA mycorrhizal fungi and host plants.

Key words: ecological security, toxicity reduction evaluation, industrial wastewater, wastewater reuse.

Zhao Zhiwei. Origin and Evolution of the VA Mycorrhizal Symbiosis[J]. cje, 1998, (3): 37-41.

References

[1] Ahmajian,V.and Jacobs,J.B.A lgal-fungal re lat ionships in lichens:recognit ion,synt hesis and developm ent.In:A lgae Symbiosis(ed.by G of f L. J.)Cambridge:Cambridge U niversity Press, 1983,147-172.
[2] At las,R.and Bart ha,R.M icrobial Ecology:Fun dament als and Applicat ion.M assachuset ts:A ddi son-W esley Pub.Co.Inc.1981,375-377.
[3] Cooke,R.C.and W hipps,J.M.The evolut ion of modes of nut rition in f ungi parasit ic on t errest rial plant s.Biol ogical Rev iew s,1980,55:341-362.
[4] Fox,L.R.and M orrow,P.A.Specialization: species propert y or local phenomenon.S cience, 1981,211:887-892.
[5] Gemma,J.N.et al.M ycoorhizae in Haw aiian pteridophytes:occurrence and evolut ionary signif i cance.A mer.J.Bot.,1992,79:843-852.
[6] Hayman,D.S.The physiology of vesicular-ar buscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis.Can.J. Bot.,1982,61:944-963.
[7] K noll,A.H.T he early evolution of eukaryot es:a geological perspect ive.Sci ence,1992,256:622- 627.
[8] K oske,R.E.et al.M ycorrhizae in Haw aiian an giosperms:a survey w it h implicat ion for t he origin of native flora.A mer.J.Bot.,1992,79:853- 862.
[9] Lew is,D.H.Concepts in f ungal nut rit ion and the origin of biotrophy.Biologi cal Rev iew s,1973,48: 261-278.
[10] M alloch,D.W.et al.Ecology and evolutionary sig nificance of mycorrhizal symbioses in vascular plant s(a review).Proc.N atl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A., 1980,77:2112-2117.
[11] M olina,R.T he role of mycorrhizal symbioses in t he healt h of giant redw oods and other forest e cosyst ems.In:Proceedings of t he Symposium on G iant S equoias:Their Place in t he ecosyst em and Societ y,June 23-25,1992,V isalia,California. 1992.78-81.
[12] M orton,J.B.et al.Discovery,measurement, and interpretation of diversit y in arbuscular en domycorrhizal f ungi(G lomales,Zygomycet es). Can.J Bot.,1995,73:S32-45.
[13] M orton,J.B.and Benny,G.L.R evised classif ica t ion of arbuscular mycorrhizal f ungi(Zygomycet es):a new order,Glomales,tw o new suborders, G lomineae and Gigasporineae,and t w o new f ami lies,A caulosporaceae and G igasporaceae,wit h an emendat ion of G lomaceae.Mycotaxon,1990,37: 471-491.
[14] M ort on,J.B.S pecies and clones of arbuscular myc orrhizal f ungi(Glomales,Zygomycetes):t heir role in marco-an d microevolutionary processes.My cotaxon,1990,37:493-515.
[15] M osse,B.A dvances in the study of vesicular-ar buscular mycorrhiza.A nnu.Rev.Phyt opat hol. 1973,11:171-196.
[16] Pet erson,R.L.and Farquhar,M.L.M ycorrhizas -int egrat ed development betw een root s and fungi, M ycologi a,1994,86(3):311-326.
[17] Pirozynsk i,K.A.and M alloch,D.W.The origin of land plant s:a mat ter of mycot rophism.Bi osystem, 1975,6:153-164.
[18] Quispel,A.A crit ical evaluat ion of the prospect s f or nit rogen f ixat ion w ith non-legumes.Pl ant and Soi l,1991,137:1-11.
[19] Q uispel,A.T he mutual relations betw een algae and fungi in lichens.R ec uei l T rav au x Botani que N eerla ndaise,1943,40:413-541.
[20] San ders,I.R.et al.i T he genet ic diversity of arbus cular mycorrhizal fungi in nat ural ecosyst ems:A key to underst anding t he ecology and funct ioning of t he mycorrhizal symbiosis.N ew phytol.,1996, 133:123-134.
[21] S imon,L.et al.Origin and diversif icat ion of en domycorrhizal f ungi and coincidence w it h vascular land plants.N atur e,1993,363:67-69.
[22] Sm it h,D.C.and Douglas,A.E.The biology of Symbiosis.London:Edw ard A rnold Press Co. 1987,231-248.
[23] St ubblef ield,S.P.and Taylor,T.N.Recent ad vances in palaeomycology.N ew Phytol.,1988, 108:3-25.
[24] St ubblefield,S.P.et al.Fossil mycorrhizae:a case for symbiosis.Scie nce,1987,237:59-60.
[25] Tacon,L.F.and Selosse,M.A.The mycorrh izal symbiosis in t he evolut ion and t he colonization of continent s by life.Act a Bota ni ca G alli ca,1994, 141:405-419.
[26] Taylor,T.N.et al.Fossil arbuscular mycorrhizae from t he early Devonian.M ycologi a,1995,87(4):560-573.
[27] Trappe,J.M.The meaning of mycorrhizae to plant ecology.In:M ycorrhizae for G reen A sia-Pro ceedings of t he First A sian Conf erence on M ycor rhizae(ed.by M ahadevan A.,R aman N.and N at arajan K.),1988,M adras,India,347-349.
[28] T rappe,J.M.Phylogenet ic and ecologic aspects of mycot rophy in t he angiosperms f rom an evolut ion ary standpoint.In:Ecophysiology of V A M ycor rhizal Plant s(ed.by S afir G.R.),Florida:CR C Press,1987,5-26.