Abstract: Brown-eared pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) is an endemic and first-class protected bird in China, which only distributes separately in North China. In order to understand the genetic diversity of C. mantchuricum populations and the phylogenetic relationships between the C. mantchuricum populations and between the individuals, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were adopted to determine the sequence of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 20 browneared pheasants from the Pangquangou Nature Reserve and Taiyuan Zoo in Shanxi Province of China, respectively. In comparing with the known structure of mitochondrial DNA control region of the other pheasants, the structure of the mitochondrial DNA control region of brown-eared pheasant was analyzed, and the hyper-variable region III, medium conservative region II, and conservative region I were identified. The phylogenetic trees were constructed with neighborjoining (NJ) method and maximumparsimony (MP) method. The genetic distances of the individuals between the two populations were from 0 to 0.009, with a mean value of 0.002. The genetic flow between the two populations (N_m) was 4.67. Overall, the structure of the mitochondrial DNA control region of the brown-eared pheasant was similar to that of the other pheasants. The genetic distances between the two populations and between the individuals were smaller, and the genetic relationships were closer. This study could provide scientific evidence for the reasonable management of captive brown-eared pheasant and for the eventual reintroduction of the captive brown-eared pheasant to the wild.