Abstract: In cold temperate regions, seeds of conifers are an important food source for manyanimals because of high oil and protein concentrations. There are mainly two kinds of predationpatterns for conifer seed predators, that is, pre-dispersal predation and post-dispersal predation. The process of animal prey on seeds is an important way for the regeneration of tree species. Seeds that evade predators form corresponding defensive strategies, with seed size, nutrition, fiber content, secondary metabolites and so on being generally strategies for seed protection against predators. These defensive strategies will affect the seed predator’s population dynamics and feeding behavior, and may also lead the seed predator to adapt to the seed defense. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the predation mode of seed predator on seeds of conifers in order to better understand the animal feeding behavior in coniferous forest. Meanwhile, studying the conifer seed defense and seed predator’s adaptive strategy will help understand the relationship between plants and animals.

Key words: phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, stoichiometry characteristics, biological soil crusts, nutrient limitation