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Effects of the removal of invasive Moso bamboo on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in subtropical forests WANG Ya-fang, LIU Zong-yue, ZHANG Bao-gang, YU Shu-quan, CAI Yan-jiang Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (5): 1233-1239.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202205.015 Abstract （825）      PDF（pc） （617KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Save Removal of invasive plant species is the first step to restoring the invaded ecosystems. The soil microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities were measured in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) pure forest (completely invasion), invasive P. edulis removal forest (secondary succession 5 years after clear cutting), and the evergreen broadleaved forest (no invasion) in Tianmu Mountain. The results showed that compared with P. edulis pure forest, invasive P. edulis removal significantly increased the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, as well as microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP), while significantly decreased microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). The activities of α-glucosidase (AG), β-glucosidase (BG), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and phenol oxidase (POX) in the forest with removal of invasive P. edulis were significantly higher than those in P. edulis pure forest, while invasive P. edulis removal did not change the activities of cellodisaccharide hydrolase (CBH), β-N-acetyl-glucosaminopeptidase (NAG), acid phosphatase (ACP) and peroxidase (PER). Furthermore, the activities of AG, BG and LAP were positively correlated with SOC and MBC, while the increase in POX activity was positively correlated with soil nitrate content. In addition, MBC, MBN and MBP, and activities of AG, BG, NAG, LAP and ACP in P. edulis removal forest forest were significantly higher than those in evergreen broadleaved forests. Taken together, the removal of invasive P. edulis could increase soil nutrient contents, microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activities, thus could be considered as an effective way to restore the invaded forests. Our results provide important theoretical basis for controlling P. edulis invasion in subtropical forests. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of plant residues on C:N:P of soil, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme in an alpine mea-dow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China XIAO Xiang-qian, ZHANG Hai-kuo, FENG Ya-si, WANG Ji-peng, LIANG Chen-fei, CHEN You-chao, ZHU Gao-di, CAI Yan-jiang Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (1): 58-66.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202301.008 Abstract （687）      PDF（pc） （1147KB）（90）       Knowledge map    Save Plant residues can affect C:N:P of soil, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme, but the effects are still unclear. We conducted a field experiment in an alpine meadow on the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to explore the effects of removing aboveground plant or roots and adding plant residues on the C:N:P of soil, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme. The results showed that removing aboveground plant biomass significantly decreased soil C:N (the change was -23.7%, the same below) and C:P (-14.7%), microbial biomass C:P and N:P, while significantly increased microbial biomass C:N, and enzyme C:N:P compared with meadow without human disturbance. Removing all plant biomass (aboveground and roots) significantly reduced soil C:N (-11.6%), C:P (-24.0%), N:P (-23.3%) and microbial biomass C:N in comparison to removing aboveground plant, while significantly improved microbial biomass N:P and enzyme N:P. Adding plant residues after removing aboveground plant significantly increased microbial biomass C:N and C:P, enzyme C:N compared with removing aboveground plant, while significantly decreased enzyme N:P. Compared with removing all the plant, adding plant residues after removing whole plant significantly reduced soil C:N (-16.4%), microbial biomass C:P, N:P and enzyme N:P, while significantly increased enzyme C:N. Our results suggest that removal of plants could have a strong effect on C:N:P of soil, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme, and C:N:P of microbial biomass and that extracellular enzyme woule be more sensitive to plant residues. Roots could play a key role in stabilizing C:N:P of soil, microbial biomass, and extracellular enzyme under plant residues addition. Adding plant residues could be a suitable solution for restoring alpine meadows under the circumstance of intact roots, which was conducive to soil C storage, but might not be suitable for alpine meadows with serious root damage, which would increase soil CO2 emission. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Pattern evolution and impact factor of Jiuduansha Wetland at the Yangtze Estuary during 1989-2020 SHI Yu-xiao, LI Yang, MENG Yi, ZHAO Zhi-yuan, ZHANG Ting-yu, WANG Dong, YUAN Lin Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (8): 2229-2236.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202208.022 Abstract （579）      PDF（pc） （2933KB）（151）       Knowledge map    Save Affected by the changes of drainage basin and marine environment and human activities, estuarine wetland is fragile, sensitive, and complex in evolution. Jiuduansha Wetland is the largest estuarine shoal wetland in the Yangtze Estuary, and is undergoing rapid changes due to the reduction of sediment inputs and the invasion of alien species Spartina alterniflora. In this study, the changes of Jiuduansha Wetland from 1989 to 2020 were analyzed through remote sensing interpretation, field investigation, and topographic data analysis. The impacts of watershed sediment reduction and S. alterniflora invasion on Jiuduansha Wetland were analyzed based on the hydrological data of Datong station and the invasion history of S. alterniflora. The results showed that the total area of Jiuduansha Wetland (above -5 m) first increased and then decreased since 1991, reaching its maximum in 2005 (421.16 km2). The area of tidal flat wetland (above 0 m) and wetland vegetation increased continuously from 1989 to 2020, with 1.5 times and 47.1 times increases, respectively. The decreases of sediment supply led to a decrease in the total area of Jiuduansha Wetland (above -5 m) and a decrease growth rate of tidal flat wetland area above 0 m and vege-tation area. The invasive species S. alterniflora had expanded rapidly, occupied the space of native species, and became the dominant species in Jiuduansha Wetland since it was introduced in 1997. Sediment reduction and S. alterniflora invasion had led to the rapid changes of Jiuduansha Wetland structure. In order to avoid the degradation of ecological service, wetland protection and restoration should be taken to maintain the stability and health of Jiu-duansha Wetland. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Black microplastics in the environment: Origin, transport and risk of tire wear particles CHEN Yao, LIU Jin, ZHANG Ying-xin, LI Jia-yang, LI Gui-ju Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (8): 2260-2270.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202208.028 Abstract （572）      PDF（pc） （2297KB）（166）       Knowledge map    Save With the continuous growth of vehicle per capita in recent years, tire wear particles (TWP) produced by tire wear on roads have been widely found in various environmental media, whose environmental behavior and effects have attracted extensive attention. After being produced, these microsized and nanosized TWP will drift into the atmosphere or enter the surrounding soil, rivers, and even into the ocean with rain and runoff. The existence of TWP significantly affects the composition of organic materials in the environment. Meanwhile, the release of heavy metals and organic additives from TWP will be harmful to organisms and human health. We summarized the sources and characteristics of TWP, their migration and diffusion in water, atmosphere, and soil environment. By analyzing the environmental impacts and ecological risks of TWP pollution, we proposed the key questions urgently to be solved and prevention measures. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Urbanization and ecological effect in mid-southern Liaoning urban agglomeration, China ZHANG Dan-hua, WANG Yang, YAO Ning Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (9): 2521-2529.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202209.025 Abstract （556）      PDF（pc） （6898KB）（51）       Knowledge map    Save China has entered the stage of rapid urbanization since the 1990s, resulting in a series of environmental problems. Based on the nighttime light remote sensing data and land use data from 1995 to 2020, we extracted the compound night light index (CNLI) to measure the urbanization level of mid-southern Liaoning urban agglomeration, evaluated habitat quality by InVEST model. We examined the relationship between urbanization level and habitat quality in mid-southern Liaoning urban agglomeration by using the correlation analysis method and the geographic weighted regression model. The results showed that CNLI increased by 0.14 from 1995 to 2020. The urbanization level increased continuously, with a pattern of “low in the east and high in the west”. The habitat quality decreased by 0.005, showing a pattern of “high in the east and low in the west”. The ecological environment became worse. There was a significant negative spatial correlation between urbanization level and habitat quality in mid-southern Liaoning urban agglomeration. The negative impact of urbanization level on habitat quality gradually decreased. In order to alleviate habitat degradation caused by urbanization and realize the coordinated and sustainable development of regional social economy, it was urgent to take a series of measures, such as delimiting the ecological protection red line, improving the intensive use of land, delimiting the urban boundary, promoting the coordinated development of regional integration. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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C, N, and P stoichiometry for leaf litter of 62 woody species in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest LI Aogui, CAI Shifeng, LUO Suzhen, WANG Xiaohong, CAO Lirong, WANG Xue, LIN Chengfang, CHEN Guangshui Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (5): 1153-1160.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202305.005 Abstract （526）      PDF（pc） （2137KB）（692）       Knowledge map    Save To understand leaf litter stoichiometry in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, we measured the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in leaf litters of 62 main woody species in a natural forest of C. kawakamii Nature Reserve in Sanming, Fujian Province. Differences in leaf litter stoichiometry were analyzed across leaf forms (evergreen, deciduous), life forms (tree, semi-tree or shrub), and main families. Additionally, the phylogenetic signal was measured by Blomberg's K to explore the correlation between family level differentiation time and litter stoichiometry. Our results showed that the contents of C, N and P in the litter of 62 woody species were 405.97-512.16, 4.45-27.11, and 0.21-2.53 g·kg-1, respectively. C/N, C/P and N/P were 18.6-106.2, 195.9-2146.8, and 3.5-68.9, respectively. Leaf litter P content of evergreen tree species was significantly lower than that of deciduous tree species, and C/P and N/P of evergreen tree species were significantly higher than those of deciduous tree species. There was no significant difference in C, N content and C/N between the two leaf forms. There was no significant difference in litter stoichiometry among trees, semi-trees and shrubs. Effects of phylogeny on C, N content and C/N in leaf litter was significant, but not on P content, C/P and N/P. Family differentiation time was negatively correlated with leaf litter N content, and positively correlated with C/N. Leaf litter of Fagaceae had high C and N contents, C/P and N/P, and low P content and C/N, with an opposite trend for Sapidaceae. Our findings indicated that litter in subtropical forest had high C, N content and N/P, but low P content, C/N, and C/P, compared with the global scale average value. Litter of tree species in older sequence of evolutionary development had lower N content but higher C/N. There was no difference of leaf litter stoichiometry among life forms. There were significant differences in P content, C/P, and N/P between different leaf forms, with a characteristic of convergence. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Root distribution characteristics of monoculture and mixture of Pinus tabuliformis and Robinia pseudoacacia plantation. GUO Yu, YAO Jiafeng, DONG Yuan, YAN Jue, YANG Nan, FENG Yonghan, WEI Xi, LIANG Wenjun Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (11): 2881-2888.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202311.008 Abstract （489）      PDF（pc） （2816KB）（0）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, we analyzed the vertical distribution characteristics of root biomass density, root length density, root surface area density in monoculture and mixture of Pinus tabuliformis and Robinia pseudoacacia plantations in Caijiachuan small watershed of Jixian County, Shanxi. We examined their relationships with soil physical and chemical properties in different stand types. The results showed that the total root biomass density of P. tabuliformis and R. pseudoacacia in mixture was more than 75% higher than that in monoculture. Root system of P. tabuli-formis mainly distributed in shallow layer (0-40 cm), while that of R. pseudoacacia was deeper (40-80 cm). Fine roots were predominant in different diameter classes. Length density and surface area density of fine roots were in the order of R. pseudoacacia in mixture > P. tabuliformis in mixture > R. pseudoacacia stand > P. tabuliformis stand. Root biomass density of fine roots was in the order of P. tabuliformis in mixture ＞ R. pseudoacacia in mixture ＞ P. tabuliformis stand ＞ R. pseudoacacia stand. In vertical profile, the total root and fine root biomass, root length and root surface area density of P. tabuliformis stand, R. pseudoacacia stand, P. tabuliformis in mixture and R. pseudoacacia in mixture showed a rule of decreasing with the increases of soil depth. Under different stand types, fine root length density, root biomass density and total root length density were positively correlated with soil total nitrogen, soil organic carbon, and soil water contents. Total root surface area density was significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon, soil water content, and soil total nitrogen. The distribution of roots in pure and mixed stands of P. tabuliformis and R. pseudoacacia showed different patterns. Compared with the pure stand, the mixed stand had higher root biomass, soil nutrient contents, and soil water content. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Theory, method and application advance of isotopic flux partitioning of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration CHEN Chang-hua, WANG Jing-yuan, WEI Jie, WEN Xue-fa Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (6): 1441-1450.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202206.007 Abstract （478）      PDF（pc） （916KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save Photosynthesis and respiration are two important components of net ecosystem exchange (NEE). NEE can be directly observed by eddy covariance (EC) technique, and statistically separated into ecosystem assimilation and respiration based on the statistical flux partitioning of temperature response function or light-response curves. However, these methods would result in auto-correlation between assimilation and respiration, and overestimate daytime respiration. Recently-developed isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy permits high-resolution measurement of atmospheric CO2 and its stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) under field conditions, and achieves diurnal and seasonal partitioning of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration by matching with NEE measurements from EC. We expounded the fundamental theories and assumptions of isotopic flux partitioning of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration, elaborated the development and application advance of techniques in isotopic flux measurement, summarized the advance of isotopic flux partitioning to provide new insight into the assimilation and respiration processes, and prospected the uncertainty of isotopic flux partitioning theory and the necessity of comparative researches of various methods. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Understory plant diversity and soil physicochemical properties of Pinus tabuliformis artificial water conservation forests in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir, China GAO Jun, YANG Jian-ying, SHI Chang-qing, GONG Bo, LIU Zi-jing Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (9): 2305-2313.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202209.001 Abstract （465）      PDF（pc） （1370KB）（82）       Knowledge map    Save We examined the characteristics of understory plant diversity and physicochemical properties and analyzed the correlation between understory plant diversity and soil factors across four Pinus tabuliformis artificial water conservation forests (P. tabuliformis × Larix gmelinii plantation, P. tabuliformis × Quercus mongolica plantation, P. tabuliformis × Armeniaca sibirica plantation, and P. tabuliformis plantation) in Fengning County, upstream of Miyun reservoir. The results showed that the composition and structure of understory community of the four forests were significantly different. The understory community in the P. tabuliformis × A. sibirica plantation was the richest in species composition, with Spiraea salicifolia, Ostryopsis davidiana, and Carex lanceolata as the main dominant species. In terms of species richness, Simpson index, Shannon diversity index, and Pielou index, plant diversity in the P. tabuliformis × A. sibirica plantation was the highest. Species diversity in the shrub layer and the herb layer was the highest in the P. tabuliformis × Q. mongolica plantation and the P. tabuliformis × Q. mongolica plantation, respectively. All physical and chemical indicators except total phosphorus differed significantly among the four forests. Soil physical and chemical properties of the P. tabuliformis × A. sibirica plantation were the best overall, and that in the P. tabuliformis × Q. mongolica plantation was the worst. Soil capillary porosity, pH, and organic matter were the main factors affecting species diversity in the shrub layer, while soil pH and capillary moisture capacity were the main factors affecting plant species diversity in the herb layer. The construction of P. tabuliformis × A. sibirica plantation was more conducive to increasing the diversity of understory plants and promoting soil improvement. Soil pH, organic matter, capillary porosity, and capillary moisture capacity were the dominant soil factors affecting the diversity of understory plants in the study area. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on calculation method and impact factors of carbon sequestration capacity in urban ecosystems SHI Tiemao, WANG Di, TANG Yu, LI Peiying, CHU Yaqi Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (2): 555-565.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.002 Abstract （463）      PDF（pc） （1510KB）（139）       Knowledge map    Save Achieving carbon neutrality is an urgent, complex and arduous task in China. How to effectively exert carbon sequestration and improve carbon sequestration capacity of urban ecosystems should be solved. Compared with other terrestrial ecosystem types, frequent anthropogenic activities lead to more abundant carbon sink elements of urban ecosystems and more complex factors affecting their carbon sequestration capacity. Based on researches at multiple spatial and temporal scales, we analyzed key factors affecting the carbon sequestration capacity of urban ecosystems from different perspectives. We illuminated the composition and characteristics of carbon sinks of urban ecosystems, summarized the methods and characteristics of carbon sequestration capacity of urban ecosystems, and revealed the impact factors of carbon sequestration capacity of different carbon sink elements and the comprehensive impact factors of carbon sinks of urban ecosystems under the influence of human activities. With the continuous improved understanding of carbon sinks of urban ecosystems, it is necessary to further improve the accounting method of carbon sequestration capacity of artificial carbon sink systems, explore the key impact factors of comprehensive carbon sequestration capacity, change the research method from global to spatially weighted, discover the spatial coupling relationship between artificial and natural carbon sink systems, find out the optimal artificial-natural spatial configuration to achieve carbon sequestration capacity enhancement, break the limitations of increasing carbon sink of urban ecosystems, and finally contribute to the achievement of the urban carbon neutrality goal. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Intra-annual radial growth of Abies georgei and Larix potaninii and its responses to environmental factors in the Baima Snow Mountain, Northwest Yunnan, China. ZHANG Hui, FU Pei-li, LIN You-xing, GE Sang, YANG Jian-qiang, GE-RONG Qu-zha, FAN Ze-xin Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (11): 2881-2888.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.004 Abstract （457）      PDF（pc） （3005KB）（102）       Knowledge map    Save Using high-resolution dendrometers, we monitored the intra-annual stem radial variations of Abies georgei and Larix potaninii in the subalpine coniferous forest in Baima Snow Mountain, Northwest Yunnan Province. The seasonal dynamics of stem radial growth of both species and their responses to environmental factors were analyzed. The results showed that the stem radial growth of A. georgei and L. potaninii mainly occurred during April to August, with the maximum growth rate in June. Compared with A. georgei, L. potaninii showed an earlier start but later cessation of stem radial growth, resulting in longer growth duration. Annual radial growth and maximum radial growth rates of L. potaninii were slightly higher than those of A. georgei. Daily growth rate of A. georgei was positively correlated with precipitation, but negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit and air temperature. Daily growth rate of L. potaninii was positively correlated with precipitation, but negatively correlated with soil volume water content and vapor pressure deficit. Radial growth of A. georgei and L. potaninii was limited by water availability, with L. potaninii being more sensitive to moisture. Under the background of global warming, the increase of plant transpiration and soil evaporation might further aggravate soil water loss and reduce water availability for plants, which would make A. georgei and L. potaninii more vulnerable to drought stress. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characteristics of climate change and its impacts on water resources in Qilian Mountains, China WANG You-heng, LI Dan-hua, LU Guo-yang, JIANG You-yan, HUANG Peng-cheng Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (10): 2805-2812.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202210.024 Abstract （436）      PDF（pc） （3212KB）（53）       Knowledge map    Save Qilian Mountains, is an important ecological function area, an important ecological security barrier, the river runoff region in Northwest China, as well as a sensitive area to global climate change and fragile area of ecological environment. The ecological environment in this area played an important role in the economic development of Northwest China. Based on the observation data of temperature and precipitation in Qilian Mountains, MOD10A2 snow products and the flow data of Shiyang River, Heihe River and Shule River, we systematically analyzed the characteristics of climate change from 1961 to 2020, and the impacts of climate change on water resources under the scenario of climate warming. The results showed that, from 1961 to 2020, the annual average temperature increased significantly, with the rate reaching 0.39 ℃·(10 a)-1. The warming rate was the highest in the western part of Qilian Mountains, followed by the middle and eastern regions. The warming trend was the strongest in winter and the lowest in spring. The average temperature changed abruptly in 1997. The annual average precipitation increased with flucturation, with a rate of 10 mm·(10 a)-1, which increased most obviously in the middle of Qilian Mountains. After 2004, it entered a rainy period, with a warm and humid trend. The precipitation in the four seasons showed an increasing trend and the increase of precipitation in summer contributed the most to the annual precipitation. Annual precipitation was dominated by interannual scale change, and the contribution rate of 2.8-year was approximately 64.3%. The snow cover of Qilian Mountains was obviously affected by temperature and snowfall, which was negatively correlated with summer temperature and positively correlated with snowfall. From 2016 to 2020, the temperature increase had slowed down in Qilian Mountains, the snowfall had increased, and the snow cover tended to increase. After 2000, the temperature and precipitation increased more obviously, the meltwater from glacier and snow increased, the mountainous runoff of Shiyang River, Heihe River and Shule River had an increasing trend. Our findings are of great significance to the construction of ecological civilization and coping with climate change in Qilian Mountains. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Temporal and spatial variations of net primary productivity (NPP) and its climate driving effect in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China from 2000 to 2020 LIU Jie, JI Yu-he, ZHOU Guang-sheng, ZHOU Li, LYU Xiao-min, ZHOU Meng-zi Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (6): 1533-1538.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202206.025 Abstract （404）      PDF（pc） （4934KB）（100）       Knowledge map    Save Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a “climate change laboratory” for China and the world. Driven by climate change, net primary productivity (NPP) in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has significant variations. Using the data of normalized difference vegetation index, digital elevation, annual precipitation, and annual temperature, we explored the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of NPP and its correlation with climate factors on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau from 2000 to 2020. The results showed that NPP of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau increased significantly from 2000 to 2020, with an increase rate of 1.67 g C·m-2·a-1. The NPP was significantly positively correlated with temperature and precipitation. The climate trend of warming and wetting was an important driving force to promote the significant increase of NPP. The increases of NPP would continue if the climate become warmer and wetter. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Shrub layer structure and species diversity of warm temperate deciduous broadleaved forests of the Qinling Mountains Huangguan plot in China GUO Xiang-yao, LUO Ying, YIN Qiu-long, YANG Zhi-chun, JIA Shi-hong, HAO Zhan-qing Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (8): 2017-2026.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202208.009 Abstract （404）      PDF（pc） （4195KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save Shrub is an important part of forest ecosystem. Exploring the species composition, structure and spatial distribution of shrub layer can lay an important foundation for further clarifying the mechanisms underlying species coexistence, biodiversity maintenance and community succession. In this study, species composition, spatial distribution, and species diversity of shrub layer were analyzed in 25 hm2 of Huangguan forest plot. A total of 20716 individual shrubs (with 10463 branches) were recorded in the plot, belonging to 54 species, 45 genera, 28 families. The status of dominant species in the shrub layer was not obvious, with all the importance values being less than 10. The diameter structure of shrub layer vegetation was inverted ‘J' type. Shrubs showed aggregated distribution in the plot, with obvious altitude differences in spatial distribution. The diameter structure and spatial distribution of the nine shrub species with the largest abundance in the plot were consistent with the overall situation of shrub layer. With increasing altitude, the Shannon diversity index (H) and Simpson dominance index (D) did not change significantly, while the Pielou evenness index (E) decreased. Those indices decreased with the increases of the abundance of dominant species in tree layer, and E increased with the increase of the number of dominant species in sub-tree layer. The indices of H, D, E were significantly negatively correlated with soil total phosphorus (TP). The H index was significantly positively correlated with soil pH, and the E index was significantly positively correlated with soil total potassium. The shrub layer was rich in species, stable in community structure and well regenerated. The species diversity of shrub layer was mainly affected by the number of dominant species in the tree layer, soil pH, and TP. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Ecosystem principles and main issues in regional ecological restoration and environmental governance in China YU Guirui, HAO Tianxiang, YANG Meng Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (2): 289-304.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.030 Abstract （382）      PDF（pc） （4901KB）（91）       Knowledge map    Save Modern ecology is an analytical method and philosophical concept to solve major resource, environmental and ecological issues encountered during global sustainable development. In the long-term development processes, ecology constantly absorbed and integrated knowledge from related disciplines, forms a system of modern ecology and ecosystem science that closely related to climate system, biological system and socio-economic system, and raises ecosystem principles that directly support the practices of regional ecological restoration and environmental governance. The national needs in the new stage have given ecology a new mission. It is urgently needed to summarize and condense the principles of macro-ecosystems and apply them to regional ecological restoration and environmental governance with the aim to promote the high-quality development of society and economy. Against the background of the multiple severe challenges faced by global sustainable development, we comprehensively elaborated the logics and scientific mission of ecosystem science, organized the principle system of ecosystem science related to ecological restoration and environmental governance, and discussed major academic problems in regional ecological restoration and environmental governance of China. Finally, we emphasized that China has several regional macro-ecosystems of global significances. Conducting theoretical and practical research on macro-ecosystem is not only an urgent need for the construction of ecological civilization, but also the forefront of ecosystem science research, which is expected to make new contributions to theory development of ecology, and global ecological and environmental governance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Methodology and application of precipitation isoscapes of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes WANG Shengjie, WANG Liwei, ZHANG Mingjun Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (2): 566-576.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.016 Abstract （367）      PDF（pc） （580KB）（48）       Knowledge map    Save The precipitation isoscapes of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes combine isotope tracing technology with spatial perspective, which are useful to examine the source and sink of water in different regions, to understand the isotope fractionation in atmospheric, hydrological and ecological processes, and to reveal the pattern, process, and regime of water cycle on the earth's surface. We reviewed the development of database and methodo-logy for precipitation isoscape mapping, summarized the application fields of precipitation isoscape, and put forward the key research directions in the future. At present, the main methods in mapping precipitation isoscapes include spatial interpolation, dynamic simulation, and artificial intelligence. In particular, the first two methods have been widely used. The applications of precipitation isoscapes can be classified into four fields including atmospheric water cycle, watershed hydrological process, animal and plant traceability, and water resources management. The future works should focus on the compilation of observed isotope data as well as the data evaluation of spatiotemporal representativeness, and pay more attention to develop the long-term products and quantitatively assess the spatial connection among various water types. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on insect single sensillum recording. TANG Jia-cai, WEI Cheng-mei, ZHAO Jing, YAN Nai-sheng, DONG Wen-xia Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (11): 3146-3158.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.010 Abstract （364）      PDF（pc） （810KB）（168）       Knowledge map    Save Single sensillum recording is an insect extracellular electrophysiological technique, which can measure the electrophysiological responses of a single sensillum to stimuli in insects. It can help explore the electrophysiologi-cal response mechanism of insect olfactory and taste receptors to different semiochemicals. Combined with other techniques, it can be used to understand the molecular genetic mechanisms of olfactory responses, as well as to develop behavior regulators and volatile organic compound biosensors. In this review, we proposed the basic structure and the principle of single sensillum recording, and summarized its applications in insect studies, aiming to provide the foundation for understanding the mechanisms and applications in insect perception of semiochemicals. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research advances in ecological risk of antibiotic resistance genes CAI Tian-gui, ZHANG Long, ZHANG Jin-dong Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (5): 1435-1440.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202205.030 Abstract （353）      PDF（pc） （964KB）（174）       Knowledge map    Save Antibiotics have played an important role in the prevention and treatment of human and animal diseases as well as the improvement of animal products. However, the mass products and application of antibiotics, especially the abuse in animal industry and clinical medicine, led to the widespread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment. They spread widely through conjugation, transposition, and transformation with the help of movable elements such as plasmid, transposon and integrons, resulting in the continuous enhancement of microbial medicinal properties and posing a serious threat to human health and ecological security. At present, great attention has been paid to the impacts of ARGs on human health, but limited research on the ecological risk of ARGs in the environment. Here, the status quo and ecological risks of ARGs pollution were summarized, and the future research priorities in this field were prospected. We hope it could pave the way for further studies and give references for the ecological control and prevention of ARGs pollution. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatial-temporal variation of vegetation water use efficiency and its relationship with climate factors over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China CUI Xi-lin, HE Yun-ling, LI Zong-shan Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2022, 33 (6): 1525-1532.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202206.024 Abstract （344）      PDF（pc） （4575KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Save Water use efficiency (WUE) is an effective index to study the coupling of land carbon and water cycle. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the most important ecological security barrier in China. Understanding the characteristics and mechanism of WUE is important for the carbon cycle and water resources rational utilization in the plateau. Based on MODIS data of gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET), we analyzed the spatial-temporal variations of WUE over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the effects of climate factors. The results showed that WUE in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau had an upward trend under the combined action of GPP and ET during 2001-2020. The southeast and northeast of the Plateau had the highest WUE value, while the central part had the lowest WUE value. WUE of grassland, marsh and alpine vegetation showed an increasing trend, while that of shrub land, broadleaved forest and coniferous forest showed a decreasing trend. There was a significant positive correlation between WUE and annual air temperature, and the sensitivity increased with the increases of air temperature. The relationship between WUE and annual precipitation was non-linear. When precipitation was less than 700 mm, the sensitivity of WUE to precipitation decreased with the increases of precipitation. When precipitation was more than 700 mm, the sensitivity of precipitation increased with the increases of precipitation. However, WUE was negatively correlated with precipitation in more than 75% of regions, and was affected by precipitation in a larger area. In the future, warm and humid climate would lead to a decrease in WUE. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of canopy density on understory plant diversity in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on the Loess Plateau of China WANG Yirui, WANG Yanhui, DUAN Wenbiao, LI Pingping, YU Pengtao, ZHEN Li, LI Zhixin, SHANG Huijun Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology    2023, 34 (2): 305-314.   DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202302.008 Abstract （336）      PDF（pc） （1680KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Save To solve the problems of understory plant shortage and biodiversity reduction caused by high tree density of Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on the Loess Plateau in northwest China, we analyzed the data collected by field survey and from literatures. We used the upper boundary line method to examine the impacts of canopy density on understory plant diversity. Based on field survey at the Guanshan Forest Farm of Jingchuan County of Gansu Pro-vince, the species number of understory plants in R. pseudoacacia plantations was higher than that in natural grassland (91 vs. 78). The dominant species varied with canopy density, which was completely different from that of natural grassland. A comprehensive analysis of both literature data and field survey data showed that, when mean annual precipitation (MAP) <550 mm or >550 mm, the increases in canopy density first led to a stable understory plant coverage and then a sharp or slight decrease, and understory plant biomass showed a sharp and continuous decrease or a slight increase and then decrease. Understory plant species richness and other diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou indices) first increase and then decrease, with bigger variation range under lower MAP. In all, the characteristics (coverage, biomass and species diversity, etc.) of understory plant community in R. pseudoacacia plantations were strongly affected by canopy density, with higher sensitivity under lower MAP. There was a general threshold range of canopy density of 0.45-0.6. When canopy density was above or below this thre-shold range, it would lead to a rapid decrease of the most characteristics of understory plant community. Therefore, keeping canopy density within the rational range of 0.45-0.6 in the management of R. pseudoacacia plantations is the key to make all the above-mentioned understory plant characteristics at relatively high level. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）