Loading...
Welcome to Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology! Today is Share:

Table of Content

    18 September 2015, Volume 26 Issue 9
    Spatial heterogeneity of community structure of Picea crassifolia forest in Qilian Mountains, China.
    ZHAO Wei-jun1,2,3, LIU Xian-de1,2,3, JING Wen-mao1,2,3, XU Li-heng4, NIU Yun2,3, QI Peng2,5, ZHAO Yong-hong1
    2015, 26(9):  2591-2599. 
    Asbtract ( 1031 )   PDF (1682KB) ( 575 )  
    We selected the grid of 5 m × 5 m in a dynamic monitoring plot (340 m × 300 m) as the sampling unites and chose 5 structural characteristics (density, average crown breadth, coverage, conspicuousness and average height) to study the spatial heterogeneity of community structure of Picea crassifolia forest in Dayekou Basin of Qilian Mountains by the fractal geometry and geostatistics methods. The results showed that the order of spatial variation in these characteristics was: density > average crown breadth > conspicuousness > coverage > average height, with the variation coefficient ranging from 43.7% to 79.6%. Moran’s  I index indicated that the structural variables had different degrees of spatial autocorrelation, and the order of autocorrelation was density > average height> coverage > average crown breadth > conspicuousness, with the range of -0.047-0.382. The exponential semivariation model well fitted the spatial variability in different structural features, and the range was 24.6-68.1 m. The variables displayed moderate spatial autocorrelation except for coverage, while the other variables had strong spatial autocorrelation, and the fractal dimension of the variables was close to 2, indicating a low spatial dependence among variables. The variables presented a superposing characteristic of zonal and patchy structures except for density and coverage, while the other variables presented strong patchiness property. Density and coverage had a certain spatial dependence on average crown breadth, conspicuousness and average height. Density and coverage for the spatial heterogeneity of community structural of P. crassifolia forests were 10 m and 0.5 hm2, respectively.
    Threedimension temporal and spatial dynamics of soil water for the artificial vegetation in the center of Taklimakan desert under saline water dripirrigation.
    DING Xin-yuan1,2,3, ZHOU Zhi-bin1,2, XU Xin-wen1, LEI Jia-qiang1, LU Jing-jing1,2,3, MA Xue-xi1,3, FENG Xiao1,3
    2015, 26(9):  2600-2608. 
    Asbtract ( 1076 )   PDF (832KB) ( 390 )  
    Threedimension temporal and spatial dynamics of the soil water characteristics during four irrigating cycles of months from April to July for the artificial vegetation in the center of Taklimakan Desert under saline water dripirrigation had been analyzed by timely measuring the soil water content in horizontal and vertical distances 60 cm and 120 cm away from the irrigating drips, respectively. Periodic spatial and temporal variations of soil water content were observed. When the precipitation effect was not considered, there were no significant differences in the characteristics of soil water among the irrigation intervals in different months, while discrepancies were obvious in the temporal and spatial changes of soil moisture content under the conditions of rainfall and nonrainfall. When it referred to the temporal changes of soil water, it was a little higher in April but a bit lower in July, and the soil water content in June was the highest among four months because some remarkable events of precipitation happened in this month. However, as a whole, the content of soil moisture was reduced as months (from April to July) went on and it took a decreasing tendency along with days (1-15 d) following a power function. Meanwhile, the characteristics of soil water content displayed three changeable stages in an irrigation interval. When it referred to the spatial distributions of soil water, the average content of soil moisture was reduced along with the horizontal distance following a linear regression function, and varied with double peaks along with the vertical distance. In addition, the spatial distribution characteristics of the soil water were not influenced by the factors of precipitation and irrigating time but the physical properties of soil.
    Response of morphological characteristics of Populus euphratica nebkhas to groundwater in Birkum Desert, west of Taklimakan.
    ZHANG Zhan-he1, LAI Feng-bing1,2, CHEN Shu-jiang1
    2015, 26(9):  2609-2614. 
    Asbtract ( 855 )   PDF (1765KB) ( 377 )  
    By regarding the east of Birkum desert of the west of Taklimakan as research areas, the paper measured the basic morphological characteristics of Populus euphratica
    nebkhas through realtime kinematics, got the relevant data of groundwater by manual drilling, and analyzed the response of emorphological characteristics of P. euphratica nebkhas to groundwater. The results showed that the change range of morphological parameters of P. euphratica nebkhas was large. Groundwater infiltrated the research areas from west, south and southwest to northwest and the depth of groundwater ranged from 0.15 m to 83.2 m. Except for the maximums of the length and circumference, the other morphological parameters of P. euphratica nebkhas had a negative relation with the depth of groundwater. The  volume of P. euphratica nebkhas was mainly in the range of 63.54-91.24 m3.
    Stormflow hydrochemical characteristics at different time scales in a typical karst catchment of northwest Guangxi, China.
    LIU Chun1,2,3, YANG Jing1,2,4, NIE Yun-peng1,2, CHEN Hong-song1,2, FU Zhi-yong1,2
    2015, 26(9):  2615-2622. 
    Asbtract ( 844 )   PDF (1615KB) ( 365 )  
    Through in situ observation and indoor tests, the hydrochemical characteristics of a typical karst watershed at three different time scales (diurnal, single storm, and seasonal scales) from June 2013 to March 2014 were investigated, and their influencing factors were analyzed. The results showed that the diurnal variations of the hydrochemistry exhibited a regular changing pattern resulting from the shifting of the main vegetation physiological activity from photosynthesis in the day to respiration in the night. At single storm scale, however, the hydrochemical processes were mainly determined by the number of consecutive rainless days and rainfall intensity, while the diurnal scale effect was weakened. As to the seasonal scale, the overall hydrochemical processes showed quick responses to rainfall events although they responded more quickly in the rainy season than in the dry season. The temperature and the yearly rainfall distribution regime were the two main influencing factors at this scale.
    Characteristics of canopy stomatal conductance in plantations of three revegetation tree species and its sensitivity to environmental factors.
    HU Yan-ting, ZHAO Ping, NIU Jun-feng, SUN Zhen-wei, ZHU Li-wei
    2015, 26(9):  2623-2631. 
    Asbtract ( 1227 )   PDF (1054KB) ( 387 )  
    In plantations of three different re-vegetation tree species (Schima superba, Acacia auriculaeformis and Eucalyptus citriodora) in southern China, the stem sap flow of individuals at different DBH classes were monitored using Granier’s thermal dissipation probes. With synchronouslymeasured meteorological data, the canopy stomatal conductance (gc) was determined and the responses of gc to environmental variables were analyzed. We found that daytime mean gc in S. superba forest on average was significantly higher than those of A. auriculaeformis and E. citriodora plantations during a year (except in March). In the three plantations, gc was positively logarithmically correlated with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (P<0.001), with a higher sensitivity of gc to PAR during wet season than that of dry season. By contrast, a negative logarithmical correlation between gc and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was observed, with a higher sensitivity of gc to VPD during the wet season. Additionally, a higher partial correlation coefficient between gc and VPD was observed during wet season, indicating that VPD played a more important role in regulating the behavior of stomata during wet season. In general, the sensitivity of gc to VPD decreased with the decreases of soil water content, but more manifest decreases were found in S. superba and E. citriodora forests than in A. auriculaeformis plantation, while the descend degree in S. superba and E. citriodora forests were equal. Overall, our results demonstrated that the native species S. superba is more suitable for revegetation in southern China than the exotic species A. auriculaeformis and E. citriodora.
     
    Vertical distribution characteristics of N2O emission in tea garden and its adjacent woodland.
    FAN Li-chao, HAN Wen-yan, LI Xin, LI Zhi-xin
    2015, 26(9):  2632-2638. 
    Asbtract ( 774 )   PDF (540KB) ( 317 )  
    In this study, we determined the vertical distribution of N2O emission rates in tea soils and its adjacent woodland soils. The results showed that total nitrogen contents, N2O fluxes and cumulative emissions in the tea garden and woodland decreased with the increasing depth of the soil layer, and their average values were greater in tea garden than in woodland. Generally, pH, soil water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN),  NO3--N and NH4+-N contents had a downward trend with the increasing depth of soil layer. The WSON, MBN, NO3--N and NH4+-N contents from each soil layer were greater in tea garden than in woodland, but the pH value in tea garden was lower than that in woodland. The N2O emission rate was significantly positively related with TN, MBN and NH4+-N contents, but not with pH value. The N2O emission rate was significantly correlated with WSON content in woodland, but not in tea garden. The N2O emission rate was significantly correlated with NO3--N concentration in tea garden, but not in woodland. WSON/TN and N2ON/SMBN were averagely greater than in tea garden in woodland, and SMBN/TN was opposite. These results indicated that tea soil was not conducive to accumulate nitrogen pool, maintain soil quality and its sustainable use compared to woodland.
    Characteristics of soil pH and exchangeable acidity in red soil profile under different vegetation types.
    JI Gang1, XU Ming-gang1, WEN Shi-lin1,2, WANG Bo-ren1,2, ZHANG Lu1,2, LIU Li-sheng1,2
    2015, 26(9):  2639-2645. 
    Asbtract ( 863 )   PDF (566KB) ( 454 )  
    The characteristics of soil pH and exchangeable acidity in soil profile under different vegetation types were studied in hilly red soil regions of southern Hunan Province, China. The soil samples from red soil profiles within 0-100 cm depth at fertilized plots and unfertilized plots were collected and analyzed to understand the profile distribution of soil pH and exchangeable acidity. The results showed that, pH in 0-60 cm soil from the fertilized plots decreased as the following sequence: citrus orchard > Arachis hypogaea field > tea garden. As for exchangeable acidity content, the sequence was A. hypogaea field ≤ citrus orchard < tea garden. After tea tree and A. hypogaea were planted for long time, acidification occurred in surface soil (0-40 cm), compared with the deep soil (60-100 cm), and soil pH decreased by 0.55 and 0.17 respectively, but such changes did not occur in citrus orchard. Soil pH in 0-40 cm soil from the natural recovery vegetation unfertilized plots decreased as the following sequence: Imperata cylindrica land > Castanea mollissima garden > Pinus elliottii forest ≥ Loropetalum chinensis forest. As for exchangeable acidity content, the sequence was I. cylindrica land < C. mollissima garden < L. chinensis forest ≤ P. elliottii forest. Soil pH in surface soil (0-20 cm) from natural forest plots, secondary forest and Camellia oleifera forest were significantly lower than that from P. massoniana forest, decreased by 0.34 and 0.20 respectively. For exchangeable acidity content in 0-20 cm soil from natural forest plot, P. massoniana forest and secondary forest were significantly lower than C. oleifera forest. Compared with bare land, surface soil acidification in unfertilized plots except I. cylindrica land had been accelerated, and the natural secondary forest was the most serious among them, with surface soil pH decreasing by 0.52. However, the pH increased in deep soils from unfertilized plots except natural secondary forest, and I. cylindrica land was the most obvious among them, with soil pH increasing by 0.43. The effects of fertilization and vegetation type on pH and exchangeable acidity decreased with the increasing soil depth from all plots.
    Effects of Lmethionine on nitrification and N2O emission in subtropical forest soil.
    LIN Wei1,2, PEI Guang-ting1,2, MA Hong-liang1,2, GAO Ren1,2, YIN Yun-feng1,2, PENG Yuan-zhen1,2
    2015, 26(9):  2646-2654. 
    Asbtract ( 1109 )   PDF (668KB) ( 359 )  
    The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of Lmethionine on nitrification and nitrous oxide emission in a red soil under laboratory incubation experiments. A subtropical broadleaved forest soil sample was collected from Wanmulin natural reserve in Fujian Province, Southeast China. Five treatments were carried out with three replications, i.e., control (CK), Lmethionine addition (M), Lmethionine and NH4+-N addition (MA), Lmethionine and NO2--N addition (MN), Lmethionine and glucose addition (MC). The soil moisture was maintained at 60% WHC or 90% WHC. The results indicated that the soil NH4+-N content in the M treatment significantly increased by 0.8%-61.3%, while the soil NO3--N content reduced by 13.2%-40.7% compared with CK. Under 60% WHC condition, soil NO2--N content in the MC treatment was higher than in the M treatment, soil NO3--N content in the MA and MN treatments were greater than that in the M treatment, and greater in the MN treatment than in the MA treatment. The soil NO3--N content was lowest in the M treatment after incubation. These results suggested that Lmethionine could inhibit nitrosation process of autotrophic nitrification. To some extent, carbon addition as glucose with Lmethionine decreased the NH4+-N content, inhibited the autotrophic nitrification and their effects were dependent on water level. Under 90% WHC condition, carbon addition improved denitrification more obviously, but the decrease of NO3--N content was not sufficient to prove the inhibition of heteronitrification due to carbon addition in the presence of Lmethionine. The nitrous oxide emission from soil was increased by Lmethionine addition. Compared with 60% WHC condition, the nitrous oxide emission was higher under 90% WHC condition, and the pr
    Respiration from density fractions of two cultivated soils and its temperature sensitivity.
    CAI Jin-yun1, 2, SUN Wen-juan1, DING Fan3, HU Xun-yu1,2, CHEN Yue1,2, HUANG Yao1
    2015, 26(9):  2655-2562. 
    Asbtract ( 747 )   PDF (731KB) ( 497 )  
    To investigate respiration from density fractions of cultivated soils and its temperature sensitivity, laboratory incubations of upland and paddy soils were carried out for a period of 63 days at four temperature levels of 5, 15, 25 and 35 ℃. The upland and paddy soil samples were taken from Pingyi of Shandong Province and Taojiang of Hunan Province, respectively. CO2 efflux from light fraction (LF), heavy fraction (HF) and bulk soil (BS) was measured during the incubation. The  results indicated that bulk soil respiration was significantly higher than either light or heavy fraction respiration regardless of soil type. Respiration from HF was higher than that from LF in the upland soil. In the temperature range from 5 to 25 ℃, light and heavy fraction respiration in the paddy soil did not show significant difference,  while the HF exhibited higher respiration than the LF at 35 ℃. Over the 63day incubation with various temperatures, cumulative respiration from the LF, the HF and the BS accounted for 0.3%-2.8%, 0.4%-3.7% and 0.6%-7.0% of the original LF, HF and BS carbon in the upland soil, and 0.4%-3.0%, 0.3%-3.8% and 0.7%-5.3% of their original carbon in the paddy soil. The temperature sensitivity of the CO2 efflux from the LF, HF and BS, which was expressed as Q10 value, declined as the incubation proceeded. The Q10 values for the HF were generally higher than the values for the LF in the paddy soil, while the difference of Q10 values between the HF and the LF was divergent in the upland soil. In the temperature range from 5 to 25 ℃, the Q10 values for BS respiration were higher in the upland soil than in the paddy soil, but it was opposite in the temperature range from 25 to 35 ℃. Our results using the sitespecific soils suggested that the decomposition of organic carbon in the upland soil was faster and could be more sensitive to temperature change than in the paddy soil.
    Soil microorganisms, nutrients and enzyme activity of Larix kaempferi plantation under different ages in mountainous region of eastern Liaoning Province, China.
    NIU Xiao-yun, SUN Xiao-mei, CHEN Dong-sheng, ZHANG Shou-gong
    2015, 26(9):  2663-2672. 
    Asbtract ( 1040 )   PDF (1128KB) ( 471 )  
    We studied the community of soil microorganisms, enzyme activity and soil nutrients under 11-, 20-, 34-and 47-year-old Larix kaempferi plantations in mountainous region of eastern Liaoning Province to discuss the soil biological properties of L. kaempferi plantations of different stand ages and their relationships with soil nutrients. The results showed that the indexes reflecting soil microorganisms, enzyme activity and soil nutrients of L. kaempferi plantations were the highest under the 11 or 47 yearold stand and the lowest in the 20 or 34yearold stand. Soil productivity appeared in a decline trend with the increasing stand age, and the changes of soil microbial community structure and enzyme activity were responsive to soil degradation. The difference of fungi community was more noticeable than that of bacteria community among the plantations with different stand ages. The results of CCA showed soil nutrient and pH had no effect on seasonal difference of community structure, but had effects on community structure among different stand ages. The total N, organic carbon, C/N, available nitrogen, exchangeable Mg2+ and pH had greater effects on bacteria community, while available P, total K and pH had greater effect on fungi community among different age forests. The main TRFs of bacteria and fungi had higher correlation with N and P, and the fungi community had higher correlation with organic carbon and K than bacteria community. The microorganism community of the 11 and 47yearold stands had greater correlation with soil nutrients and enzyme activity than that of 20 and 34yearold stands. Consequently, soil organisms, in particular soil fungi, could be used to indicate soil degradation.
    Runoff and sediment yielding processes on red soil engineering accumulation containing gravels by a simulated rainfall experiment.
    SHI Qian-hua1, WANG Wen-long1,2, GUO Ming-ming1, BAI Yun3, DENG Li-qiang4, LI Jian-ming1,5, LI Yao-lin6
    2015, 26(9):  2673-2680. 
    Asbtract ( 778 )   PDF (847KB) ( 339 )  
    Engineering accumulation formed in production and construction projects is characterized by unique structure and complex material composition. Characteristics of soil erosion on the engineering accumulation significantly differ from those on farmland. An artificially simulated rainfall experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of rainfall intensity on the processes of runoff and sediment yielding on the engineering accumulation of different gravel contents (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) in red soil regions. Results showed that the initial time of runoff generation decreased with increases in rainfall intensity and gravel content, the decreased amplitudes being about 48.5%-77.9% and 4.2%-34.2%, respectively. The initial time was found to be a power function of rainfall intensity. Both runoff velocity and runoff rate manifested a trend of first rising and then in a steady state with runoff duration. Rainfall intensity was found to be the main factor influencing runoff velocity and runoff rate, whereas the influence of gravel content was not significant. About 10% of gravel content was determined to be a critical value in the influence of gravel content on runoff volume. For the underlying surface of 10% gravel content, the runoff volume was least at rainfall intensity of 1.0 mm·min-1 and maximum at rainfall intensity of greater than 1.0 mm·min-1. The runoff volume increased 10%-60% with increase in rainfall intensity. Sediment concentration showed a sharp decline in first 6 min and then in a stable state in rest of time. Influence of rainfall intensity on sediment concentration decreased as gravel content increased. Gravels could reduce sediment yield significantly at rainfall intensity of greater than 1.0 mm·min-1. Sediment yield was found to be a linear function of rainfall intensity and gravel content.
    Effects of increasing field temperature on growth, development and yield of spring wheat in semiarid area.
    ZHANG Kai1,2, WANG Run-yuan1, WANG He-ling1, ZHAO Hong1, ZHAO Fu-nian1, YANG Fu-lin1, LEI Jun3
    2015, 26(9):  2681-2688. 
    Asbtract ( 824 )   PDF (797KB) ( 421 )  
    A field infrared temperatureincreasing simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of air temperature increases (0, 1 and 2 ℃) on growth, development and yield of spring wheat at the Dingxi Arid Meteorology and Ecological Environment Experimental Station of the Institute of Arid Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration. The results showed that the growth period of spring wheat was shortened by 7-11 d when the temperature increased by 1-2 ℃. The plant height and leaf area index increased at early growth stage, decreased after entering the jointing stage, and warming 2 ℃ had a higher effect than warming 1 ℃. Warming treatment induced an obvious decrease in chlorophyll content, especially from late grain filling stage to milk ripe stage. Compared with the control, increasing temperature by 1-2 ℃ decreased the spring wheat yield by 25.4%-45.5%, mainly due to obvious decreases in number of grains and grain mass per panicle. Water consumption of 0-100 cm soil horizons increased with the increase of temperature, while the variation tendency of water consumption of 100-160 cm soil horizons was not obvious.
     
    Estimating the impacts of future climate change on water requirement and water deficit of winter wheat in Henan Province, China.
    JI Xing-jie1,2, CHENG Lin1,3, FANG Wen-song1,3
    2015, 26(9):  2689-2699. 
    Asbtract ( 946 )   PDF (4023KB) ( 390 )  
    Based on the analysis of water requirement and water deficit during development stage of winter wheat in recent 30 years (1981-2010) in Henan Province, the effective precipitation was calculated using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation method, the water requirement (ETc) was estimated by using FAO PenmanMonteith equation and crop coefficient method recommended by FAO, combined with the climate change scenario A2 (concentration on the economic envelopment) and B2 (concentration on the sustainable development) of Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), the spatial and temporal characteristics of impacts of future climate change on effective precipitation, water requirement and water deficit of winter wheat were estimated. The climatic impact factors of ETc and WD also were analyzed. The results showed that under A2 and B2 scenarios, there would be a significant increase in anomaly percentage of effective precipitation, water requirement and water deficit of winter wheat during the whole growing period compared with the average value from 1981 to 2010. Effective precipitation increased the most in 2030s under A2 and B2 scenarios by 33.5% and 39.2%, respectively. Water requirement increased the most in 2010s under A2 and B2 scenarios by 22.5% and 17.5%, respectively, and showed a significant downward trend with time. Water deficit increased the most under A2 scenario in 2010s by 23.6% and under B2 scenario in 2020s by 13.0%. Partial correlation analysis indicated that solar radiation was the main cause for the variation of ETc and WD in future under A2 and B2 scenarios. The spatial distributions of effective precipitation, water requirement and water deficit of winter wheat during the whole growing period were spatially heterogeneous because of the difference in geographical and climatic environments. A possible tendency of water resource deficiency may exist in Henan Province in the future.
    Effects of day and night temperature difference on growth, development, yield and fruit quality of tomatoes.
    LI Li, LI Jia, GAO Qing, CHEN Jin-xing
    2015, 26(9):  2700-2706. 
    Asbtract ( 2018 )   PDF (685KB) ( 492 )  
    The effects of day and night temperature difference (DIF) on tomato’s growth were studied in three precisely controlled units in phytotron. Set DIF as 6 ℃ (25/19 ℃), 8 ℃ (26/18 ℃), 10 ℃ (27/17 ℃) respectively, with the same diurnal mean temperature as 22 ℃. The results showed that, different tomato varieties needed different suitable DIF at different growth stages. Before flouring, compared with DIF 6 ℃, DIF 8 ℃ could significantly improve the growth and development of the wild currant tomato LA1781, increasing the plant height by 23.1%, fastening leaf development by 1-2 leaves, advancing flowers by 7 d. DIF 10 ℃ had similar effects with DIF 8 ℃ on LA1781. As to the cultured ordinary tomatoes LA2397 and LA0490, DIF 6 ℃ made the seedlings grow well, DIF 8 ℃ had no significant improved effects on seedlings, DIF 10 ℃ depressed the seedling’s growth and flouring, decreasing the plant height by 12.0%-18.3%, lowering the leaf development by 2-3 leaves, delaying flouring by 2-4 d. But DIF 10 ℃ increased the dry aboveground mass  of these three varieties by 25.2%-44.2%. After flouring, compared with DIF 6 ℃, DIF 10 ℃ could significantly improve the yield and fruit quality of LA1781, increasing fruit number by 34.7%, yield per plant by 92.1%, single fruit mass by 40.0%, soluble sugar content by 16.3%, lycopene content by 95.6%.
    Compared with DIF 6 ℃, LA2397 and LA0490 had higher yields and better fruit quality under DIF 8 ℃, and lycopene content increased more than twice as that under DIF 6 ℃. Under DIF 10 ℃, yields of LA2397 and LA0490 slightly decreased (5.0%), soluble sugar contents of fruit decreased, but fruit size and lycopene content increased. The results showed that, DIF should not be very great in the seedling period of tomatoes, and a moderate DIF in flower and fruit periods could improve the yield and fruit quality, but a too high DIF would result in poor growth and yield reduction.
    Effects of cultivation patterns on the radiation use and grain yield of winter wheat.
    WANG Yue-chao1,2, LI Chuan-xing1,2, DAI Xing-long1,2, ZHOU Xiao-yan3, ZHANG Yu1,2, LI Hua-ying1,2, HE Ming-rong1,2
    2015, 26(9):  2707-2713. 
    Asbtract ( 891 )   PDF (565KB) ( 407 )  
    Taking winter wheat cultivar ‘Tainong 18’ as test material, this paper set three treatments, local farmer’s traditional cultivation pattern (FP), super high yield pattern (SH) and high yield high efficiency pattern (HH) to investigate the effects of cultivation patterns on the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), PAR use efficiency (RUE), dry matter (DM) accumulation, harvest index (HI), grain yield and fertilizers’ partial factor productivity (PFP) in 2012-2013. The results showed that IPAR, RUE and DM accumulation of the total growth stage and grain yield under SH pattern were significantly higher than those under FP pattern. IPAR of the total growth stage under HH pattern was lower than that under FP pattern, but RUE, DM accumulation and HI were significantly higher than that under FP pattern, so grain yield was higher than that under FP pattern. The grain yields under HH pattern were respectively decreased by 3.8% and 2.8% under high and low fertility levels compared that under SH pattern, while the PFP of N, P and K under HH pattern were averagely 26.4%, 68.5% and 92.6% higher than those under SH pattern, respectively. In conclusion, HH pattern, with the characteristics of ‘reducing fertilizer’, ‘increasing planting density’ and ‘delaying sowing date’, was the recommended cultivation pattern under the condition similar to this experiment balancing the grain yield, radiation use and fertilizer use.
    Effects of nitrogen application rates and straw returning on nutrient balance and grain yield of late sowing wheat in ricewheat rotation.
    ZHANG Shan1,2, SHI Zu-liang1, YANG Si-jun1, GU Ke-jun1, DAI Ting-bo2, WANG Fei3, LI Xiang3, SUN Ren-hua
    2015, 26(9):  2714-2720. 
    Asbtract ( 873 )   PDF (450KB) ( 342 )  
    Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of nitrogen application rates and straw returning on grain yield, nutrient accumulation, nutrient release from straw and nutrient balance in late sowing wheat. The results showed that straw returning together with appropriate application of nitrogen fertilizer improved the grain yield. Dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation increased significantly as the nitrogen application rate increased. At the same nitrogen application rate (270 kg N·hm-2), the dry matter, phosphorus and potassium accumulation of the treatment with straw returning were higher than that without straw returning, but the nitrogen accumulation was lower. Higherrate nitrogen application promoted straw decomposition and nutrient release, and decreased the proportion of the nutrient released from straw after jointing. The dry matter, phosphorus and potassium release from straw showed a reverse ‘N’ type change with the wheat growing, while nitrogen release showed a ‘V’ type change. The nutrient surplus increased significantly with the nitrogen application rate. At the nitrogen application rate for the highest grain yield, nitrogen and potassium were surplus significantly, and phosphorus input could keep balance. It could be concluded that as to late sowing wheat with straw returning, applying nitrogen at 257
    kg·hm-2 and reducing potassium fertilizer application could improve grain yield and reduce nutrients loss.
    Regional differences of inputs of organic matter and chemical fertilizer in South Central China.
    LIU Huan-yao1,2, WU Jin-shui1, ZHOU Jiao-gen1, XIAO He-ai1, ZHOU Ping1
    2015, 26(9):  2721-2727. 
    Asbtract ( 1083 )   PDF (1010KB) ( 320 )  
    This article analyzed the inputs of organic matter and chemical fertilizer in the cropland of South Central China, i.e., Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong and Guangxi, and then calculated the budgets of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), based on the data from field investigations and peasant household surveys in the four provinces. The results showed that total amounts of organic matter inputs in the four provinces was ranked as follow: 8993 kg·hm-2 in Guangxi, 6390 kg·hm-2 in Hunan, 5012 kg·hm-2 in Hubei, 4630 kg·hm-2 in Guangdong, and average NPK inputs in the four provinces were ranked as follow: 777.5 kg·hm-2 in Guangxi, 501.6 kg·hm-2 in Hunan, 486.4 kg·hm-2 in Hubei, 340.4 kg·hm-2 in Guangdong. The N and P input surpluses were greatest in Guangxi (67.2% and 99.0% as for N and P, respectively), followed by Hunan (33.2% and 50.8%), Hubei (11.8% and 11.0%), and Guangdong (7.8% and 30.0%). However, K input was deficient in Hunan, Hubei, and Guangdong (6.6%, 18.7% and 12.4%), but surplus in Guangxi (19.5%).
     
    Effects of LED qualities on quality and antioxidation capacity of eggplant fruits.
    LI Ya-hua1, CHEN Long2, GAO Rong-guang1, YANG Feng-juan1,3, WANG Xiu-feng1,3, WEI Min1, SHI Qing-hua1,3, MI Qing-huan4
    2015, 26(9):  2728-2734. 
    Asbtract ( 1222 )   PDF (724KB) ( 467 )  
    The effects of red light, blue light, red+blue light and white light (control) generated by LED on the quality and antioxidation capacity of fruit and yield of ‘Brita’ eggplants were studied. The results showed that under blue LED, the soluble protein, free amino acids contents of eggplant pulps and the anthocyanin content of eggplant peels were significantly higher by 15.1%, 27.2% and 73.6% than control respectively, but flavonoid and phenolic contents of pulps and the yield were significantly lower than those of the other treatments. Under red LED, the eggplant peels flavonoid was remarkably increased, but vitamin C (Vc) and soluble protein contents were considerably decreased. Under red+blue LED, the soluble sugar of pulps and phenolic, red pigment, yellow pigment contents, total antioxidation capacity (TAC) of peels and the yield were significantly higher than those of the other treatments, in which, the TAC of peels and the yield increased by 43.5% and 43.4% compared with control, respectively. Vc, flavonoid and phenolic contents and TAC of eggplant pulps were the highest under white LED. There was significant positive correlation between the phenol content of peels and Vc content of pulps with TAC. Under the protected cultivation condition, an appropriate amount of blue or red LED could improve the quality of eggplant fruit, and red+blue LED was more beneficial to promote the quality of eggplant peels and the yield.
     
    Alleviation of salt stress during maize seed germination by presoaking with exogenous sugar.
    ZHAO Ying1, YANG Ke-jun1,2, LI Zuo-tong1,2, ZHAO Chang-jiang1,2, XU Jing-yu1,2, HU Xue-wei1, SHI Xin-xin1, MA Li-feng1
    2015, 26(9):  2735-2742. 
    Asbtract ( 918 )   PDF (922KB) ( 359 )  
    The maize variety Kenyu 6 was used to study the effects of exogenous glucose (Glc) and sucrose (Suc) on salt tolerance of maize seeds at germination stage under 150 mmol·L-1 NaCl treatment. Results showed that under salt stress condition, 0.5 mmol·L-1 exogenous Glc and Suc presoaking could promote seed germination and early seedling growth. Compared with the salt treatment, Glc presoaking increased the shoot length, radicle length and corresponding dry mass up to 1.5, 1.3, 2.1 and 1.8 times, and those of the Suc presoaking treatment increased up to 1.7, 1.3. 2.7 and 1.9 times, respectively. Exogenous Glc and Suc presoaking resulted in decreased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content of maize shoot under salt stress, which were lowered by 24.9% and 20.6% respectively. Exogenous Glc and Suc presoaking could increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR) and induce glucose6phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity of maize shoot under salt stress. Compared with the salt treatment, Glc presoaking increased the activity of SOD, APX, GPX, GR and G6PDH by 66.2%, 62.9%, 32.0%, 38.5% and 50.5%, and those of the Suc presoaking increased by 67.5%, 59.8%, 30.0%, 38.5% and 50.4%, respectively. Glc and Suc presoaking also significantly increased the contents of ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH), ASA/DHA and GSH/GSSG. The G6PDH activity was found closely related with the strong antioxidation capacity induced by exogenous sugars. In addition, Glc and Suc presoaking enhanced K+/Na+ in maize shoot by 1.3 and 1.4 times of water soaking salt treatment, respectively. These results indicated that exogenous Glc and Suc presoaking could improve antioxidation capacity of maize seeds and maintain the in vivo K+/Na+ ion balance to alleviate the inhibitory effect of salt stress on maize seed germination.
    Effects of brackish water irrigation on soil enzyme activity, soil CO2 flux and organic matter decomposition.
    ZHANG Qian-qian, WANG Fei, LIU Tao, CHU Gui-xin
    2015, 26(9):  2743-2750. 
    Asbtract ( 1118 )   PDF (618KB) ( 299 )  
    Brackish water irrigation utilization is an important way to alleviate water resource shortage in arid region. A fieldplot experiment was set up to study the impact of the salinity level  (0.31, 3.0 or 5.0 g·L-1 NaCl) of irrigated water on activities of soil  catalase, invertase, β-glucosidase, cellulase and polyphenoloxidase in drip irrigation condition, and the responses of soil CO2 flux and organic matter decomposition were also determined by soil carbon dioxide flux instrument (LI-8100) and nylon net bag method. The results showed that in contrast with fresh water irrigation treatment (CK), the activities of invertase, β-glucosidase and cellulase in the brackish water (3.0 g·L-1) irrigation treatment declined by 31.7%-32.4%, 29.7%-31.6%, 20.8%-24.3%, respectively, while soil polyphenoloxidase activity was obviously enhanced with increasing the salinity level of irrigated water. Compared to CK, polyphenoloxidase activity increased by 2.4% and 20.5%, respectively, in the brackish water and saline water irrigation treatments. Both soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial quotient decreased with increasing the salinity level, whereas, microbial metabolic quotient showed an increasing tendency with increasing the salinity level. Soil CO2 fluxes in the different treatments were in the order of CK (0.31 g·L-1)>brackish water irrigation (3.0 g·L-1)≥ saline water irrigation (5.0 g·L-1). Moreover, CO2 flux from plastic film mulched soil was always much higher than that from no plastic film mulched soil, regardless the salinity of irrigated water. Compared with CK, soil CO2 fluxes in the saline water and brackish water treatments decreased by 29.8% and 28.2% respectively in the boll opening period. The decomposition of either cotton straw or alfalfa straw in the different treatments was in the sequence of CK (0.31 g·L-1)>brackish water irrigation (3.0 g·L-1)>saline water treatment (5.0 g·L-1). The organic matter decomposition rate in the plastic film mulched soil was significantly higher than that in the no plastic film mulched soil. 125 days after incubation, the recovery rates of cotton straw and alfalfa straw were 39.7% and 46.5% with saline water irrigation, 36.3% and 36.5% with brackish water irrigation, and 30.5% and 35.4% with CK, respectively. In conclusion, brackish water drip irrigation had a significant adverse effect on soil enzyme activities, which decreased soil microbial biomass, soil CO2 flux and soil organic matter decomposition, and subsequently deteriorated the soil biological characteristics in oasis farmland.
    Effects of brassinolide on the antioxidant system and photosynthesis of cucumber seedlings under suboptimal temperature, light and salt environment.
    WU Xiu, LU Xiao-min
    2015, 26(9):  2751-2757. 
    Asbtract ( 985 )   PDF (607KB) ( 237 )  
    The effects of 24epibrassinolide (EBR) on antioxidant system and photosynthesis of cucumber seedlings were studied under suboptimal temperature, light and salt environment. Compared with the control, the leaf H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation and cell membrane permeability significantly increased, and the leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) and dry matter accumulation decreased by 39.3%, 40.0%, 21.2%, 47.2% and 35.9% in the suboptimal environment, respectively. Applying EBR could further improve the antioxidant enzyme activity, reduce the H2O2 content and membrane permeability of seedlings, alleviate the drop range of Pn, gs and Tr, improve the growth of seedlings and increase the dry matter accumulation by 25.9%. Therefore, EBR treatment could keep higher photosynthetic performance to effectively promote cucumber seedlings growth through adjusting the protective enzyme activity and reducing membrane lipid peroxide level under suboptimal temperature, light and salt environment.
    Assessment on the changing conditions of ecosystems in key ecological function zones in China.
    HUANG Lin1, CAO Wei1, WU Dan2, GONG Guo-li3, ZHAO Guo-song1
    2015, 26(9):  2758-2766. 
    Asbtract ( 990 )   PDF (2141KB) ( 413 )  
    In this paper, the dynamics of ecosystem macrostructure, qualities and core services during 2000 and 2010 were analyzed for the key ecological function zones of China, which were classified into four types of water conservation, soil conservation, wind prevention and sand fixation, and biodiversity maintenance. In the water conservation ecological function zones, the areas of forest and grassland ecosystems were decreased whereas water bodies and wetland were increased in the past 11 years, and the water conservation volume of forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems increased by 2.9%. This region needs to reverse the decreasing trends of forest and grassland ecosystems. In the soil conservation ecological function zones, the area of farmland ecosystem was decreased, and the areas of forest, grassland, water bodies and wetland ecosystems were increased. The total amount of the soil erosion was reduced by 28.2%, however, the soil conservation amount of ecosystems increased by 38.1%. In the wind prevention and sand fixation ecological function zones, the areas of grassland, water bodies and wetland ecosystems were decreased, but forest and farmland ecosystems were increased. The unit amount of the soil wind erosion was reduced and the sand fixation amount of ecosystems increased lightly. In this kind of region that is located in arid and semiarid areas, ecological conservation needs to reduce farmland area and give priority to the protection of the original ecological system. In the biodiversity maintenance ecological function zones, the areas of grassland and desert ecosystems were decreased and other types were increased. The human disturbances showed a weakly upward trend and needs to be reduced. The key ecological function zones should be aimed at the core services and the protecting objects, to assess quantitatively on the effectiveness of ecosystem conservation and improvement.
    Development mechanism of concentrated poverty areas under the sustainable livelihood: The example of the developmentrestricted ecological district of Ningxia, Northwest China.
    ZHONG Jun-tao1, MI Wen-bao2, FAN Xin-gang3, YANG Mei-ling2
    2015, 26(9):  2767-2776. 
    Asbtract ( 614 )   PDF (861KB) ( 311 )  
    Livelihood capital has a close relationship with the income and expenditure of farmers’ households. For example, the survival strategies of farmers’ households are determined by it and it also influences regional development mechanisms and models. Under the analysis framework of sustainable livelihoods, this study evaluated farmers’ livelihood capital, income, and expenditure, based on a participatory rural appraisal and a statistical method, in the developmentrestricted ecological district of Ningxia, decomposed into the nationality, terrain, and type of farmers’ household. Further, by using an index of non-farm business households, the correlations between the livelihood capital and income with the expenditure of farmers’ households and the index of non-farm business households were quantified to understand the mechanism of regional development. The results showed that livelihood capital was generally low in the study area. In particular, the livelihood capital of Hui nationality households was slightly higher than that of Han nationality households, that of river valley households was higher than that of mountain households, and that of combined occupation households and non-farm business households was significantly higher than that of agricultural households. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the net annual income of farmers’ households and the nonagricultural index, human capital, physical capital, and financial capital, while a significant negative correlation existed between net annual income and natural capital. These findings suggested that efforts were required to enhance the capacity of the nonagricultural index and the human, material, and other capital in the study area. They also served as a guideline for the circulation of peasants’ means of production in order to accelerate the polarization of natural capital.
    Ecological suitability assessment and optimization of urban land expansion space in Guiyang City.
    QIU Cong-hao1, LI Yang-bing1, FENG Yuan-song2
    2015, 26(9):  2777-2784. 
    Asbtract ( 775 )   PDF (2387KB) ( 335 )  
    Based on the case study of Guiyang City, the minimum cumulative resistance model integrating construction land source, ecological rigid constraints and ecological function type resistance factor, was built by use of costdistance analysis of urban spatial expansion resistance value through ArcGIS 9.3 software in this paper. Then, the ecological resistance of city spatial expansion of Guiyang from 2010 was simulated dynamically and the ecological suitability classification of city spatial expansion was assessed. According to the conflict between the newly increased city construction land in 2014 and its ecological suitability, the unreasonable city land spatial allocation was discussed also. The results showed that the ecological suitability zonation and the city expansion in the study area were basically consistent during 2010-2014, but the conflict between the new city construction and its land ecological suitability was more serious. The ecological conflict area accounted for 58.2% of the new city construction sites, 35.4% of which happened in the ecological control area, 13.9% in the limited development area and 8.9% in the prohibition development area. The intensification of ecological land use conflict would impair the ecological service function and ecological safety, so this paper put forward the city spatial expansion optimal path to preserve the ecological land and improve the construction land space pattern of Guiyang City so as to ensure its ecological safety.
     
    Suitability of spatial pattern of camping sites in Langxiang Natural Reserve, Northeast China, based on GIS technology.
    YUAN Wei1,2, ZHANG Jie1, TAN Ji-qiang3, ZHOU Bo4, KANG Rui-cun5, WANG Ai-hong6, LIU Wei2, ZHANG Lu2
    2015, 26(9):  2785-2793. 
    Asbtract ( 860 )   PDF (1942KB) ( 354 )  
    It is an effective way for natural reserves to enhance selfsupportive ability and realize sustainable development by developing ecotourism. Taking the experimental zone of Langxiang Natural Reserve in Heilongjiang Province as research object, the forest subcompartment as research unit, and spatial pattern of environmental suitability of camping sites as research content, an evaluation index system taking natural environment, geographical security, infrastructure and traffic as project levels was built. Delphi and AHP methods were used to determine index weights. A spatial distribution map of camping environmental suitability in Langxiang Natural Reserve was drawn using the GIS spatial information processing technology based on “3S” measurement and the survey data. The results showed that the highest score for quantification of environmental suitability was 90, while the lowest score was 78, and the average value was 83.66 in the 1067 forest sub-compartments for test. The area of forest subcompartments which were suitable for camping was 1094.44 hm2, being 12.2% of the experimental zone. The forest sub-compartments which had high environmental suitability in the research area were distributed uniformly and centralized with low degree of fragmentation. It was suggested that the contiguous forest sub-compartments with high scores of environmental suitability could be integrated for camping tourism. Due to the high level of environmental suitability for camping, the experimental zone of Langxiang Natural Reserve is suitable for developing camping tourism. Based on “3S” technology, the land use conditions of ecotourism environment of a natural reserve could be evaluated quickly and quantitatively by mathematical model.
    Effects of plateau zokor disturbance and restoration years on soil nutrients and microbial functional diversity in alpine meadow.
    HU Lei, ADE Lu-ji, ZI Hong-biao, WANG Chang-ting
    2015, 26(9):  2794-2802. 
    Asbtract ( 760 )   PDF (899KB) ( 338 )  
    To explore the dynamic process of restoration succession in degraded alpine meadow that had been disturbed by plateau zokors in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, we examined soil nutrients and microbial functional diversity using conventional laboratory analysis and the Biolog-ECO microplate method. Our study showed that: 1) The zokors disturbance significantly reduced soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and phosphorus contents, but had no significant effects on soil total phosphorus and potassium contents; 2) Soil microbial carbon utilization efficiency, values of Shannon, Pielou and McIntosh indexes increased with alpine meadow restoration years; 3) Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that carbohydrates and amino acids were the main carbon sources for maintaining soil microbial community; 4) Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that soil pH, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and total potassium were the main factors influencing the metabolic rate of soil microbial community and microbial functional diversity. In summary, variations in soil microbial functional diversity at different recovery stages reflected the microbial response to aboveground vegetation, soil microbial composition and soil nutrients.
    Change of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community in response to elevational gradients on the Tibetan Plateau, China.
    CAI Xiao-bu, PENG Yue-lin
    2015, 26(9):  2803-2810. 
    Asbtract ( 937 )   PDF (834KB) ( 472 )  
    The community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and mycorrhizal infection in the main herbaceous plants were studied along the elevational gradients on the Tibetan Plateau, and AMF community was characterized based on spore morphology. Community of AMF at lower elevations (2200-3400 m) in southeast Tibetan Plateau included 11 genera, covering 31 species, whereas AMF at intermediate elevations (3400-3900 m) in central Tibet included 11 genera, covering 20 species, and that at higher elevations (4300-5300 m) in northern Tibet included 6 genera, covering 14 species. With the increase of elevation, both spore density (r=0.978, P<0.01) and species abundance (r=0.462, P>0.05) tended to increase. The proportion of dominant species and endemic species increased substantially, while the Shannon index (r=-0.945, P<0.01) decreased significantly. There was no significant difference in Sorensen index (0.526-0.592) among different altitudes. Mycorrhizal infection at intermediate elevations was significantly higher than that at lower elevations or higher elevations, while the latter two did not differ significantly. Within an altitude range, elevation had significant influence on AMF community and mycorrhizal infection, and the effect differed among the three elevational sites. The results demonstrated that AMF community on the Tibetan Plateau tends to be habitat specific. The water and thermal environment as well as soil environment are the driving forces for shaping AMF community assemblages.
    Rhizospheria bacteria of Poplus euphratica improve resistance of wood plants to heavy metals.
    CHEN Wen1, OUYANG Li-ming1, KONG Pei-jun1, YANG Ze-yu1, WU Wei1, ZHU Dong-lin1, ZHANG Li-li2
    2015, 26(9):  2811-2816. 
    Asbtract ( 1038 )   PDF (1048KB) ( 491 )  
    Populus euphratica is a special kind of woody plant, which lives in desert area of northwestern China and is strongly resistant to multiple abiotic stresses. However, the knowledge about the ecology and physiological roles of microbes associated with P. euphratica is still not enough. In this paper, we isolated 72 strains resistant to heavy metals from rhizospheric soil of wild P. euphratica forest in Shaya County of Xinjiang. There were 50 strains conveying resistance to one of four heavy metals (Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+or Zn2+), and 9 strains were resistant to at least three kinds of these heavy metals. Five of the multiheavy metal resistant bacteria were inoculated to bamboo willow and the growth inhibition of plant under stresses of Cu2+ or Zn2+ was found to be alleviated to different extent. Among the 5 strains, Pseudomonas sp. Z30 and Cupriavidus sp. N8 significantly improved the growth of plant under stresses of both zinc and copper when compared to the uninoculated controls. The results showed the diversity of heavy metal resistant bacteria associated with P. euphratica which lived in a nonheavy metal polluted area and some of the multiheavy metal resistant bacteria may greatly improve the growth of host plant under heavy metal stress. The PGPB associated with P. euphratica has potential application in the xylophytemicrobe remediation of environmental heavy metal pollution.
     
    Diversity of uncultured actinomycetes in saline-alkali soil from Jiuquan area of Hexi Corridor.
    LI Hai-yun, NIU Shi-quan, KONG Wei-bao, YAN Wei-ru, GENG Hui, HAN Cai-hong, DA Wen-yan, ZHANG Ai-mei, ZHU Xue-tai
    2015, 26(9):  2817-2823. 
    Asbtract ( 774 )   PDF (1758KB) ( 323 )  
    In order to more accurately understand community structure and diversity of actinomycetes in saline-alkali soil from Jiuquan area of Hexi Corridor, the community structure and diversity from three kinds of soil samples (primary, secondary saline alkali soil and farmland soil) were analyzed using uncultured methods. The results showed that the 16S rDNA clone library of actinomycetales from the primary saline-alkali soil belonged to 19 OTUs, Micrococcineae, Propionibacterineae, Corynebacterineae, Frankineae, Pseudonocardineae and unknown groups of Actinomycetales; the 16S r DNA clone library of actinomycetales from the secondary saline-alkali soil belonged to 14 OTUs, Micrococcineae, Propionibacterineae, Corynebacterineae, Frankineae, Pseudonocardineae and unknown groups of Actinomycetales; the 16S rDNA clone library of farmland soil belonged to 7 OTUs, Micrococcineae, Propionibacterineae, Corynebacterineae, Frankineae, Pseudonocardineae and unknown groups of Actinomycetales; Micrococcineae was the common population in the three soils, and also was the dominant population in primary saline alkali soil and farmland soil. The diversity index and rarefaction curves analysis showed that actinomycetes species richness was in order of primary saline-alkali soil > secondary saline-alkali soil > farmland soil. The dilution curves of primary salinealkali soil and secondary saline-alkali soil were not leveled off, which indicated the actinomycetes diversity in saline-alkali soil was more enriched than the actual. The rich and diverse actinomycetes resources in saline-alkali soil from Jiuquan area of Hexi Corridor provide important data on the actinomycetes ecology distribution research, exploitation and utilization in saline-alkali soil.
    Systematically induced effects of Tetranychus cinnabarinus infestation on chemical defense in Zea mays inbred lines.
    ZHU Yu-xi1, YANG Qun-fang1, HUANG Yu-bi1,2, LI Qing1
    2015, 26(9):  2824-2828. 
    Asbtract ( 787 )   PDF (351KB) ( 334 )  
    In the present study, we investigated the systematically induced production of defenserelated compounds, including DIMBOA, total phenol, trypsin inhibitors (TI) and chymotrypsin inhibitor (CI), by Tetranychus cinnabarinus infestation in Zea mays. The first leaves of two corn inbred line seedlings, the mitetolerant line ‘H1014168’ and the mitesensitive line ‘H1014591’, were sucked by T. cinnabarinus adult female for seven days, and then the contents of DIMBOA, total phenol, TI and CI were measured in the second leaf and in the roots, respectively. Results showed that as compared to the unsucked control, all contents of DIMBOA, total phenol, TI and CI induced by T. cinnabarinus sucking were significantly higher in the second leaf of both inbred lines as well as in the roots of the mitetolerant ‘H1014168’. However, in the roots of ‘H1014591’, these defense compounds had different trends, where there was a higher induction of TI and a lower level of total phenol than that of the healthy control, while had almost no difference in DIMBOA and CI. These findings suggested that the infestation of T. cinnabarinus could systematically induce accumulation of defenserelated compounds, and this effect was stronger in the mitetolerant inbred line than in the mitesensitive inbred line.
    Effect of grass barrier-combined filter strips on the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration under concentrated flow of varying densities.
    DU Qin, WANG Jin-ye, LI Hai-fang
    2015, 26(9):  2829-2834. 
    Asbtract ( 743 )   PDF (485KB) ( 259 )  
    Vegetative barrier-combined filter strips are defined as grass barriers set up before filter strips. They could make concentrated water flow disperse, which exerts the function of grass barriers (i.e., existence of grass barriers improves the performance of filter strips in the purification of pollutants). In this regards, grass barriers are generally considered to be effective in the purification of pollutants when the density of concentrated flow is low, whereas little was known about this effect with an increasing density of concentrated flow. In this study, we constructed Miscanthus floridulus barrier before Vitex negundo filter strip with three densities of concentrated flow (low: one concentrated flow channel; middle: three channels; high: five channels). The aim of work was to identify the effect of M. floridulus combined V. negundo filter strips in reducing nitrogen and phosphorus concentration under three concentrated water flow levels. Our results showed that the combined filter strips had a higher performance in the reduction in the total N, NH4+-N, NO3--N and total P compared to those in the V. negundo (P<0.05), regardless of the water flow level. There was no significant difference in the reduction of total N, NH4+-N, NO3--N and total P among three water flow levels (P>0.05). We concluded that M. floridulus combined V. negundo filter strips could improve the reduction of nutrients, which couldn’t be influenced by varying density of concentrated flow level.
    Distribution and species composition of hyporheic macroinvertebrates in a mountain stream.
    ZHANG Yue-wei1,2,3, YUAN Xing-zhong1,2,3, LIU Hong3, REN Hai-qing1,2,3, DENG Wei1,2,3, WANG Xiao-feng1,2,3
    2015, 26(9):  2835-2842. 
    Asbtract ( 713 )   PDF (980KB) ( 341 )  
    Hyporheic macroinvertebrates are an important component of stream ecosystem. The composition and distribution of the hyporheic macroinvertebrates were investigated using artificial substrates in the upper reaches of Heishuitan River in August, December 2013 and April 2014. The results indicated that a total of 27 microinvertbrate species were identified in all three seasons. In summer, 22 species were identified, accounting for 81.8% of aquatic insects. 16 species were identified both in winter and spring, accounting for 75.0% and 62.5% of aquatic insects, respectively. The density of macroinvertebrate assemblage was significantly lower in summer than in winter and spring, and was the highest in spring. The biomass of macroinvertebrate assemblage was significantly higher in winter than in summer and spring, and was the lowest in summer. Species richness, Shannon index and Pielou index all had no significant difference among the three seasons. The density and richness of macroinvertebrates decreased with bed depth, and the maximum invertebrate density was found within the top 20 cm of the stream bed. Collectorfilterer and collectorgatherer were the dominant functional feeding group in all three seasons. The community structure and temporalspatial distribution of macroinvertebrates were determined by interactions and life history strategy of macroinvertebrates, and physicalchemical factors of hyporheic zone.
    Macrobenthic community structure and bioassessment for water quality of Banqiao Reservoir in Huaihe River basin.
    SUN Wei-sheng, GU Qian-hong, DONG Jing, CHENG Qing-qing, LI Xue-jun, ZHANG Man
    2015, 26(9):  2843-2851. 
    Asbtract ( 1452 )   PDF (813KB) ( 341 )  
    In order to demonstrate macrobenthic community structure dynamics and conduct a biological evaluation of water quality in Banqiao Reservoir, we collected seasonal samples from January to November 2014 across 15 sampling sites. A total of 17 species belonging to five families, four classes, and 3 phyla were identified, including 8 chironomidae, 4 oligochaeta and 5 mollusc. Bellamya aeruginosa, Corbicula fluminea, Branchiura sowerbyi, Pelopia sp. and Glyptotendipes sp. were the important species in Banqiao Reservoir. The total density, biomass and biodiversity of macrobenthos showed significant spatial and temporal differences. ANOSIM analysis indicated that the macrobenthic community structure also differed significantly among regions and seasons, and the main contributing species were Glyptotendipes sp., Pelopia sp. and B. sowerbyi. The abundancebiomass comparison curves (ABC curves) indicated that the current macrobenthic community in Banqiao Reservoir was stable. Combined with the biodiversity index, biological pollution index (BPI) and Hilsenhoff biotic index (BI), it was suggested that Banqiao Reservoir suffered slight pollution.
    Spatial pattern of fish assemblage and the relationship with environmental factors in Yellow River Estuary and its adjacent waters in summer.
    ZHAI Lu, XU Bin-duo, JI Yu-peng, REN Yi-ping
    2015, 26(9):  2852-2858. 
    Asbtract ( 824 )   PDF (627KB) ( 335 )  
    The fish community structure and its relationship with the environment in the Yellow River Estuary and its adjacent waters were studied using the data collected from bottom trawl surveys in summer (June, July, August), 2013. A total of 44 fish species were sampled in the survey, belonging to 40 genera, 25 families, and 11 orders, and mainly composed of warm temperate and demersal fishes. Cluster analysis showed that fish assemblage in Yellow River Estuary in summer could be divided into three groups. ANOSIM (analysis of similarity) indicated that the fish species composition in Yellow River Estuary and its adjacent waters varied significantly among different groups in summer. The SIMPER (similarity of percentage) analysis revealed that Chaeturichthys stigmatias, Clupanodon punctatus, Cynoglossus joyneri and Engraulis japonica were the main species in each group and the primary discriminating species between groups for the fish assemblage in each month. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that the main environmental factors affecting the spatial patterns of fish assemblage in summer were salinity, bottom water temperature and depth.
    Zooplankton community structure in relation to influencing factors in different parts of Hangzhou Bay in autumn.
    ZHANG Dong-rong1,2, XU Zhao-li1, XU Jia-yi1, CHEN Jia-jie1
    2015, 26(9):  2859-2866. 
    Asbtract ( 802 )   PDF (774KB) ( 343 )  
    Based on the data collected from three oceanographic surveys in the east area of north (30.68°—30.83° N,121.67°—121.87° E), the east area of south (29.95°—30.24° N,121.60°—121.85° E), and the west area of north (30.58°—30.77° N,121.31°—121.56° E) Hangzhou Bay during the autumn of 2009, 2011 and 2012, we analyzed the species composition, ecological groups and the similarity of zooplankton community, as well as influencing factors. The results indicated that a total of 14 species belonging to 6 groups were identified in the west area of north Hangzhou Bay. Tortanus vermiculus was the predominant species. The zooplankton assembles were mainly influenced by the runoff strength of the Qiantang River. The zooplankton fauna was mainly composed of the subtropical estuarine brackishwater species, accounting for 79.8% in the total abundance. A total of 19 species belonging to 6 groups were identified in the east area of north Hangzhou Bay. The composition of zooplankton community was mainly influenced by the Changjiang diluted water and offshore water of the East China Sea. It was mainly composed of warmtemperature and subtropical nearshore lowsalinity species, accounting for 43.5% and 31.1% in the total abundance, respectively. In the east area of south Hangzhou Bay, a total of 25 species belonging to 7 groups were identified. The composition of zooplankton community was mainly influenced by the offshore water of the East China Sea. The dominate ecogroup types were subtropical nearshore lowsalinity and subtropical nearshore species, accounting for 72.3% and 18.3% in the total abundance, respectively. And the ecological groups of species with the highest abundance was Labidocera sinilobata, accounting for 65.3% in the total abundance. By hierarchical cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) method, it was found that the zooplankton communities in the three parts of Hangzhou Bay were significantly different, which were closely associated with the impacts of different water masses from these parts.
    Assessment of resource situation of Collichthys lucidus in coastal waters of the Yangtze estuary.
    HU Yan1,2, ZHANG Tao1, YANG Gang1, ZHAO Feng1, HOU Jun-li1, ZHANG Long-zhen1, ZHUANG Ping1
    2015, 26(9):  2867-2873. 
    Asbtract ( 1140 )   PDF (753KB) ( 337 )  
    In order to assess the resource status of Collichthys lucidus in coastal waters of Yangtze estuary, the growth and population parameters were studied by the length frequency distribution method based on the bottom trawl investigation data from 2012 to 2013. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were calculated by using the ELEFAN module in FiSAT Ⅱ software while the natural mortality rate (M) was estimated via Pauly’s empirical equation. Besides, the BevertonHolt dynamic model was developed to predict the variation trend of C. lucidus resource in coastal waters of Yangtze estuary. The results showed that in 2012-2013, a total of 4201 samples of C. lucidus with body lengths ranging from 18 to 155 mm were collected from the coastal waters of Yangtze estuary. The growth parameter (K) and limit length (L) were 1.1 and 162.75 mm while the total mortality rate (Z), the natural mortality rate (M) and the fishing mortality rate (F) were 4.040, 1.683 and 2.357, respectively. Moreover, the current exploitation (E) of C. lucidus in coastal waters of Yangtze estuary was 0.583 per year, which was larger than Fopt(0.5). Corresponding to the average stock of 576.02 t, the resource amount of C. lucidus reached up to 1.33×108 individuals. These indicated that C. lucidus has been overfished in Yangtze estuary area.
    A study on feeding ecology and migration patterns of Dosidicus gigas off Peru using stable isotope analysis.
    GONG Yi1, CHEN Xin-jun1,2,3, LI Yun-kai1,2,3, HAN Meng-jie1
    2015, 26(9):  2874-2880. 
    Asbtract ( 709 )   PDF (616KB) ( 313 )  
    As a pelagic cephalopod and one of the main target species of Chinese distant water fishery, jumbo squids (Dosidicus gigas) play a major role in the marine ecosystems of the eastern Pacific. Understanding the feeding ecology and migration patterns of jumbo squids is of importance for better utilizing the resources. The isotopic signatures of gladius have been proved to be a powerful tool to reveal high resolution and ontogenic variations in individual foraging strategies of squids, which is an archival tissue with no elemental turnover after formation. In this study, the growth equation of gladius proostracum was established based on the age information determined by statolith. Gladius was cut successionally by the growth curve of gladius proostracum, the stable isotopic values of the gladius profiles were determined, and the feeding ecology and migration patterns of jumbo squids during its growth process were investigated. Results showed that the jumbo squids began to migrate after 180 days of postnatal, and their trophic levels tended to decrease throughout the life span. These results demonstrated the feasibility of using continuous sampling hard tissue to study the feeding ecology and habitat transfer of jumbo squids.
    Regional and global estimates of carbon stocks and carbon sequestration capacity in forest ecosystems: A review.
    LIU Wei-wei1,2, WANG Xiao-ke1, LU Fei1, OUYANG Zhi-yun1
    2015, 26(9):  2881-2890. 
    Asbtract ( 2063 )   PDF (681KB) ( 914 )  
    As a dominant part of terrestrial ecosystems, forest ecosystem plays an important role in absorbing atmospheric CO2 and global climate change mitigation. From the aspects of zonal climate and geographical distribution, the present carbon stocks and carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystem were comprehensively examined based on the review of the latest literatures. The influences of land use change on forest carbon sequestration were analyzed, and factors that leading to the uncertainty of carbon sequestration assessment in forest ecosystem were also discussed. It was estimated that the current forest carbon stock was in the range of 652 to 927 Pg C and the carbon sequestration capacity was approximately 4.02 Pg C·a-1. In terms of zonal climate, the carbon stock and carbon sequestration capacity of tropical forest were the maximum, about 471 Pg C and 1.02-1.3 Pg C·a-1 respectively; then the carbon stock of boreal forest was about 272 Pg C, while its carbon sequestration capacity was the minimum, approximately 0.5 Pg C·a-1; for temperate forest, the carbon stock was minimal, around 113 to 159 Pg C and its carbon sequestration capacity was 0.8 Pg C·a-1. From the aspect of geographical distribution, the carbon stock of forest ecosystem in South America was the largest (187.7-290 Pg C), then followed by European (162.6 Pg C), North America (106.7 Pg C), Africa (98.2 Pg C) and Asia (74.5 Pg C), and Oceania (21.7 Pg C). In addition, carbon sequestration capacity of regional forest ecosystem was summed up as listed below: Tropical South America forest was the maximum (1276 Tg C·a-1), then were Tropical Africa (753 Tg C·a-1), North America (248 Tg C·a-1) and European (239 Tg C·a-1), and East Asia (98.8-136.5 Tg C·a-1) was minimum. To further reduce the uncertainty in the estimations of the carbon stock and carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystem, comprehensive application of longterm observation, inventories, remote sensing and modeling method should be required.
    A review on carbon and water interactions of forest ecosystem and its impact factors.
    SONG Chun-lin1,2, SUN Xiang-yang1, WANG Gen-xu1
    2015, 26(9):  2891-2902. 
    Asbtract ( 1279 )   PDF (711KB) ( 559 )  
    Interaction between carbon and water in forest ecosystem is a coupling process in terrestrial ecosystem, which is an indispensable aspect for the study of forest carbon pool, ecohydrological processes and the responses to global change. In the context of global change, the interaction and coupling of carbon and water in forest ecosystem has attracted much attention among scientists. In this paper, we reviewed the process mechanism of forest carbon and water relationships based on previous studies, which consisted of advance in forest water use efficiency, carbon and water interactions at different scales, scaling, and model simulation. We summed up the factors affecting forest water and carbon interaction, including water condition, carbon dioxide enrichment, warming, nitrogen deposition, ozone concentration variation, solar radiation, and altitudinal gradients. Finally, we discussed the problems in the previous studies, and prospected the possible future research fields, among which we thought the inherent dynamics mechanism and scaling of forest carbon and water interactions should be enhanced.
    Research progress on techniques for artificial propagation of corals.
    WANG Shu-hong1,3 , HONG Wen-ting1, CHEN Ji-xin2, CHEN Yun1,3, WANG Yi-lei1, ZHANG Zi-ping4, WENG Zhao-hong1, XIE Yang-jie1
    2015, 26(9):  2903-2912. 
    Asbtract ( 1015 )   PDF (597KB) ( 599 )  
    The natural coral reef resources degrade rapidly because of climate change, environmental pollution and exploitation of aquarium species. Artificial propagation is an effective way to facilitate the reduction of wild harvesting, reef restoration, preservation of biodiversity. This paper reviewed the technique and research progresses focused on coral artificial propagation. We compared the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction as well as in situ and ex situ propagation. Moreover, we summarized the important roles of irradiation, flow rate, nutrients, feed and other factors in coral propagation within recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Irradiation is the key to successful ex situ coral culture and different species show different needs of radiation intensity and light spectrum. Therefore, artificial lighting in RAS, as well as power and maintenance costs, are very important for ex situ coral aquaculture. In addition, corals are very sensitive to NH4+, NO3-, NO2- as well as phosphate in RAS, and many physical, chemical and biological methods are acquired to maintain low nutrients condition. Although RAS has progressed a lot in terms of irradiation, flow rate and nutrient control, future studies also should focus on sexual reproduction, genetic modification and disease control.