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    25 December 1997, Volume 8 Issue s1
    Articles
    Ecological environment pattern in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna
    Wu Zhaolu, Peng Mingchun, Yang Zhengbin, Liu Linyun
    1997, 8(s1):  1-7. 
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    Studies on the ecological environment pattern (EEP) in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna with the application of ARC/INFO(VIEW) GISshowed that the EEPwas not a totality of all ecological factors, but produced by two major ecological factors, annual temperature and annual rainfall, and a visible indicator of natural vegetation. Three ecotope types with 20 ecotope individuals were identified, which were tropical seasonal rainforest ecotope type (with an area of 237.53 km2 or 21% of total area), tropical mountainous rainforest ecotope type (126.93 km2, or 11%), and subtropical monsoon evergreen broad leaved forest (764.88 km2, or 68%). Amountain EEPsystem was developed, including eco district, landscape type and ecotope components. The EEPstudy revealed that approximately 59% of the tropical rain forests protected legally were not in the core area, which provided the necessity to alter the functional zones of the reserve.
    Distribution of vegetations in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna and their ecological characteristics
    Ou Xiaokun, Jin Zhenzhou, Peng Mingchun, Fang Bo, Fang Junmin
    1997, 8(s1):  8-19. 
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    Apreliminary study on the species composition, ecological characteristics and present distribution of vegetations in Mengyang area, the largest part of Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, shows that there are 7 vegetation types, 15 formations, 24 community types in this area.The vegetation map was made by using GISsoftware (ARC/INFO), and the area and distribution pattern of each community was obtained.The subtropical monsoon evergreen broad leaved forest occupies the largest part, with an area of 41.26% of the whole, and the tropical rain forest occupies less than 10% of the whole area.According to the topography, altitude, climate characters and present distribution of the vegetation,and based on the landscape type map, an original vegetation map under natural conditions was obtained,which could provid a theory for the vegetation restoration, especially for the tropical rain forest and its habitat, and for the development of the Nature Reserve.
    Settlement patterns in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna Ⅰ.Basic characteristics
    Wu Zhaolu, Peng Mingchun, Liu Linyun, Yang Zhengbin
    1997, 8(s1):  20-24. 
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    In this paper, the settlement patterns in the Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna in 1950 and 1995 were studied.The residential areas were all distributed assembly, although the house styles differed from ethical groups.The amount of residential areas was increased by 3.6 times, from 16 in 1950 to 56 in 1995, and the distance among residential areas was shortened by 1/2. The distribution altitude of residential areas was decreased, 83% of residential areas in 1995 being distributed in valleys below 1100 m above sea level, which accounts for 44% of the total area.Compared with those in 1950, the residential areas in 1995 were concentrated to streams or main highways in the seasonal rain forests.
    Settlement patterns in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna Ⅱ. Causes and Effects
    Wu Zhaolu, Peng Mingchun, Liu Linyun, Dong Yonghua
    1997, 8(s1):  25-31. 
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    Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) and Participatory Rural Appraisal(PRA) methods were applied to study the settlement patterns and their changes at different historical stages. The formation and the change of settlement patterns in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna were resulted from the intergrate interaction between ecological environment and social development. The heterogeneous ecological environment was considered as the important cause steering the population of residential areas and the orientation of change in settlement patterns. The early indigenous people inhabited at high mountains to avoid malaria and other germs spread in lower altitude valleys. When local diseases were under control with the social development, they moved into valleys with abundant available natural resources, resulting in the change in settlement patterns and the possibility of sustainable development. Cultivated fields in mountains were abandoned and recovered by forests. Serious conflicts between people and protected wildlife and between rain forest degradation and grain production emerged, when more immigrants moved into valleys. To solve these conflicts, more attentions should be paid to the immigrant control and the harmony of development and conservation at scale of residential area.
    Impact of land use on natural landscapes in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna
    Wu Zhaolu
    1997, 8(s1):  32-37. 
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    Studies on the impact of land use on natural landscapes in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna by the application of GIS ARC/INFO and ARC/VIEWshowed that the land use resulted in the highest heterogeneity of the ecotope type of seasonal rainforest(Heterogeneity H 2.1759 and Dominance D 1.2831), and the lowest heterogeneity of the monsoon evergreen broad leaved forest (H 1.2531 and DHD) of the whole reserve was 0.1287, while that of the seasonal rainforest was 0.8809.Land use made 12.36% or 10895 hm2 of monsoon evergreen broad leaved forest damaged, which was the dominated vegetation in the reserve, accounting for 78% of total area. It also made 19% or 2557 hm2 of the tropical rainforest, the key protected object, damaged. The cultivated land was characterized by its numerous small patches (accounting for 25.86% of the total patches) and small area (accounting for 2.2% of the total area).Alarge area of disturbance was induced by human activities in the reserve, which made shrubs distributed in reserve, accompanying the cultivated land.It is suggested that the spreading of the cultivated land must be controlled by improving the land use styles in order to conserve the reserve well.
    Land use models in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna
    Wu Zhaolu
    1997, 8(s1):  38-43. 
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    Three major land use models including ecological tourism, farm planting garden and rural agriculture are identified, based on the information about existing land use ways obtained by the Rapid Rural Appraisal and Participatory Rural Appraisal methods. The complex rural agriculture is further divided into four models, namely, traditional model, grain crops model, multiple management model, and production selling cooperation model. The different land use models are resulted from the interaction between the heterogeneous distribution of natural environment and the diversity of cultural traditions. Models from rural traditional agriculture to ecological tourism are the different development stages of land-use in the special ecological environments. The shift of land use model decreases cultivated land, increases land productivity, promotes biodiversity conservation and sustainable development, and profits the development of excellent traditions as well.
    An assessment on the spatial structure and present land use in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna
    Yang Shuhua, Peng Mingchun
    1997, 8(s1):  44-49. 
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    The map of present land use in Mengyang Nature Reserve was drawn by GISmethod. Five indices i.e., abundance, diversity, dominance, fragmentation and isolation were chosen to evaluate the present situation of land use and spatial structure. Monsoon evergreen broad leaved forest is the major land use type, and protected seasonal rainforest is rare. The diversity and fragmentation of spatial structure increase with the disturbance intensity. The isolation value of natural landscape is in direct ratio to the intensity of human activity, while that of disturbed landscape is on the contrary. It is suggested that the division of present function zones is not satisfactory, and should be adjusted.
    A preliminary study on the intraspecific and interspecific competitions of canopy populations in tropical rain forest in Xishuanbanna
    Su Wenhua
    1997, 8(s1):  50-54. 
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    With Hegyi's competition index model, the intraspecific and interspecific competitive intensity and the population and individual competitive disturbance of canopy populations in Pometia tomentosa community, one of the tropical seasonal rain forests in Xishuangbanna, were analyzed. The interspecific competition is more intensive than the intraspecific competition. Acanopy population competes with many of other canopy populations. Most tree populations in canopy layer are interfered by and with other populations. The competition intensity of individuals decreases with increasing height of objective trees. Most individuals in lower layers are suppressed. None of tree populations is superior in competition. The mature individuals are only superior in competition. The populations whose seedlings and juveniles are alive under the suppressed condition may maintain their stability in the community over a long period of time.
    Present distribution and suitable site selection of Amomun villosum in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna
    Wang Baorong, Su Wenhua, Yan Haizhong, Huang Jianguo
    1997, 8(s1):  55-59. 
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    Field investigations shows that Amomun villosum was mainly planted in ravine seasonal rain forest, and some in semi evergreen monsoon rain forest and monsoon evergreen broad leaved forest.In order to develop the national economy of mountain area and decrease the disturbance to tropical mountain forest, two criteria, altitude and Amomun production per unit, were selected to classify the sites for Amomun plantation. The most suitable site was at the altitude of 800~1100 m,with a production over 15 kg per 0.0667 hm2, unsuitable sites was at the altitude over 1300 m, with a production below 1.9 kg per 0.0667 hm2, and the suitable sites had a production of 2.0~14.9 kg per 0.0667 hm2 .More attention should be paid to the management of national forests which were most suitable to the Amomuns plantation.
    A preliminary study on the ecological types of Amomum in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna
    Wang Baorong, Dang Chenglin
    1997, 8(s1):  60-64. 
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    Based on the field investigation in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna, the morphological characteristics of cultivated Amomum villosum and wild A. villosum var. xanthioides were comparatively studied. It is claimed that A. villosum var. xanthioides is a wild type widely distributed in southern Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong of China and the neighboring mountain countries. The diversity among its individuals plant is quite significant. Amomum villosum is a cultivated type with low diversity and cultivated in southwestern Guangdong which was selected from A. villosum var. xanthioides through a long period of cultivation. The difference between these two types are believed to be the polytypism of population. The diversity of A. villosum var. xanthioides provides a basis for the selection of new strains.
    Characteristics of protected plant species in Xishuangbanna
    Ou Xiaokun
    1997, 8(s1):  65-70. 
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    The statistic analysis indicated that there were 101 protected plant species in Xishuangbanna,among which, 60 were state protected and 41 were province protected.Their quantitative and distribution characters were analyzed, and proposals for their efficient protection in the area were also provided.
    Influence of planting Amomum on tropical ravine rain forest community
    Su Wenhua, Wang Baorong, Yan Haizhong
    1997, 8(s1):  71-74. 
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    By comparing the community characteristics between primeval rain forest and planted A momum, the influence of A momum planted in ravine rain forest on the species composition, structure, physiognomy and dynamics of the forest, and its juvenile growth were studied.Planting A momum in the rain forest destroyed the biodiversity of the forest, and made 70~90% of its species and above 98% of its individuals disappeared. All shrubs and herbs almost disappeared, and 60~70% of tree species and 50~80% of their individuals were lost. Planting A momum made the community structure simple and the layers obvious. The community after A momum planting keeps the physiognomy of the rain forest, but is an unstable secondary forest, and not a rain forest.
    Impact of planting Amomun on key protected plants in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna and its countermeasures
    Wang Baorong, Su Wenhua, Yan Haizhong, Huang Jianguo
    1997, 8(s1):  75-81. 
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    Acomparative study on the plant species in 25m×100 m plot of typical ravine rain forest and a 6 m×400 m plot of A momun plantation indicates that A momun plantation had a clear impact on the structure of rain forest. The B,C,D, and Elayers of the forest were destroyed, and 8 national protected species, i.e., Cyclobalanopsis rex and Paramichelia baillonii in layer A, Myristica yunnanensis,Horsfieldia pandurifolia, Mangifera sylvatica, and Mangnolia rostrata in layer B, Cycas yunnanensis in layer D, and Tacea chantrieri in layer Ewere disappeared. In addition, another 7 provincial protected plants could also be disappeared. The strategy for rain forest conservation is to strictly conserve the core zone on statutory requirements. The conservation of relatively centralized area of protected plants should be managed in collaboration with local villagers, and the protected plants should be kept to sunshade for planting A momun.
    Ecological analysis of civilization and green culture
    Zhou Hong
    1997, 8(s1):  82-88. 
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    Green culture, the coevolution of human and nature, consists of sustainable agriculture and forestry and all other green industries not to harme the environment. Based on the investigations of cultural ecology in Xishuangbanna and from the viewpoint of green culture, the practical activities, daily customs, and traditional religious culture of minority nationalities were analyzed to find the ethnic source and traditions for the sustainable development and natural resources conservation.
    Application of Participatory Rural Appraisal(PPA) method in the study of species and landscape variations
    Wu Zhaolu
    1997, 8(s1):  89-94. 
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    The participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method was applied to study the variations of species and landscape in Mengyang Nature Reserve of Xishuangbanna, which shows that under human disturbance, the tree species with lower resistance were gradually decreased and disappeared, and replaced by the species with higher resistance, resulting in a replacement of dominated vegetation. Hunting, especially the hunting of residents from the surroundings, is the direct cause of the disappearance of big size wild animals in the reserve.The indigenous people, being familiar with the habits, characteristics and habitats of wildlife, are the better information sources for the study of wildlife. Variations in landscape are closely related to economic development. Some landscapes become worse for the economic development, while others are improved due to the participatory conservation by the indigenous people.The disadvantages of the application of PRAmethod in the study of species and landscape variations are also discussed.
    Establishment of geographic information system in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve and reserve management
    Ou Xiaokun, Peng Mingchun, Yan Haizhong, Yang Zhengbin, Xiong Yunxiang
    1997, 8(s1):  95-98. 
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    This paper introduces the theoretic scheme, objectives and basic functions of the geographical information system(GIS) in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve. GISprovided the base and possibility for the effective management of the reserve. With this system, the present state of resources use, the status of planting A momun and its management strategy, and the population of the wild elephant and its distribution in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve were studied.
    Impact of Amomum production on Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve
    Wang Baorong, Su Wenhua, Yan Haizhong, Huang Jianguo
    1997, 8(s1):  99-102. 
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    Field investigations show that Amomum villosum is mainly planted in the ravine seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve, resulting in the simplification of the vertical structure of some rain forests and the disappearance of some trees and nearly all understory trees, bushes and herbs. It is claimed that to protect the core area, Amomums should only be cultivated in some sites of the experimental area.The conservation of relatively centralized and susceptible area of the protected plants in experimental area should be managed in collaboration with local villagers.The management benefited to the improvement of the reserve should be applied in ravine area which is most suitable for developing Amomum in the core zone.The high Amomum production closely related to environment conservation is helpful to promote the participation of indigenous people in the nature conservation.
    Biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in Xishuangbanna
    Wu Zhaolu
    1997, 8(s1):  103-103. 
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    Xishuangbanna,the region where remains the vast virg int ropical forests in China,receives great at tentions from home and abroad.Studies from 1930s to 1990s in dicatedt hat Xishuang banna is characterized by its transit ional position from tropics to subtropics.Its special eco-environment and biocomponents are not only import ant in biolog ical evolut ion,but also essential for local economic development.