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Table of Content
25 March 1998, Volume 9 Issue 2
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Articles
Energy characteristics of alder cypress mixed plantation ecosystem
Peng Peihao, Wang Jinxi, Hu Zhenyu, Gao Huadong
1998, 9(2): 113-118.
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Studies on the energy characterisitcs of 11 years old alder-cypress mixed plantation ecosystem in hilly area of central Sichuan Province show that the caloric value of plant varied with species, organs, distributive layers and seasons. The standing energy storage of the ecosystem was 237.53 ×10
10
J·hm
-2
, and the energy return in the form of litterfall was 7.55×10
10
J·hm
-2
·yr.
-1
, 70.29% of which was in the form of leaf fall. Net energy fixation was 26.73×10
10
J·hm
-2
·yr.
-1
, and energy conversing efficiency was 2.34%. It is suggested that the alder-cypress mixed plantation is an ecosystem with high energy fixation and high energy conversing efficiency.
Compensation and overcompensation effects of
Picea mongolica
seedlings damaged by defoliating insects
Zou Chunjing, Xu Wenduo
1998, 9(2): 119-122.
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In order to optimizationally control the defoliating insects in
Picea mongolica
forest, an artificially simulative defoliation experiment was carried out to study the interaction between plants and insects in the ecosystem. The results show that under certain defoliation rate, the seedlings of
P.mongolica
had the effects of compensation and overcompensation. The models of the effects were established based on a group of different macroscopic growth index, and correspondingly, the points of compensation and overcompensation were obtained.
Behaviors of nitrogen nutrition of
Pinus koraiensi
s and
Betula platyphylla
and their interspecific differentiation
Cui Xiaoyang
1998, 9(2): 123-127.
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Studies on the spatial, temporal, quantitative, and form aspects of nitrogen uptake by
Pinus koraiensi
s and
Betula platyphylla
showed that in pine-birch mixed forest, birch tree was characterized by typical shallow-roots, and its nutrient-seeking roots were largely distributed in topsoil; while pine tree was characterized by deep roots, and its nutrient seeking roots were obviously increased in deep soil. As for seasonal dynamics of Nuptake, birch showed an intensive uptake with a remarkable peak period, while pine shadowed by birch performed gently in the whole growing season without any significant peak period. In the quantitative aspect, birch consumed relatively larger amount of N, while pine only required relatively smaller amount of it and the Nuse efficiency was 34% higher than that of birch. As for the selective uptake of chemical Nforms, birch tended to select NO
3
-
-N, while pine preferred to NH
4
+
-N.
Effect of vanillin on the growth of Chinese fir (
Cunninghamia lanceolata
) seedlings
Ma Yueqiang, Liao Liping, Yang Yuejun, Wang Silong, Gao Hong, Chen Chuying
1998, 9(2): 128-132.
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The hydroponic study on the effect of different concentrations of vanillin on the growth of Chinese fir seedlings showed that 1mg·kg
-1
of vanillin significantly inhibited the radicle growth of seeds, reached only 70% of the control; at concentration of 10mg·kg
-1
, the total chlorophyll amount was decreased to 80%; when the concentration was above 20mg·kg
-1
, the growth of height and diameter at ground layer was inhibited; above 50mg·kg
-1
, the growth of branches and leaves of above-ground part as well as of the canopy was significantly affected; and above 100mg·kg
-1
, the growth of whole Chinese-fir seedling was significantly inhibited. It is suggested that vanillin is a kind of more poisonous allelopathic chemicals accumulated in soils continuously planted with Chinese fir, and is one of the important causes making a low survival rate of Chinese-fir seedlings.
Ecological characteristics of
Veronica hederifolia
in China
Guo Shuiliang, Li Yanghan
1998, 9(2): 133-138.
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Ivy-leaved speedwell (
Veronica hederifolia
), an important weed in crop fields throughout Mediterranean countries, was transferred into China in 1980's. This paper dealt with its individual's physiological and ecological characteristics and its population niche. In well aerated soil, the percentage of its seed germination was higher and 10～20% of soil water content was favorable to germination. Soil pHshowed a little effect on germination, but lower temperature promoted it. Ivy leaved speedwell had a similar photosynthesis characteristic with
V.persica
, and its respiratory intensity was lower than that of other weeds in the same genus. Its actual niche breadth in non crop field habitats in Nanjing suburbs was narrower than that of
V.persica
and
V.didyma
. The actual niche overlaps show that
V.hederifolia
had a similar ecological demand with
V.persica
and
V.didyma
.
Effect of illumination on nitrogen status in soil plant system
Zeng Xibo, Qing Changle, Xie Deti, Hou Guangjiong
1998, 9(2): 139-144.
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In a pot experiment, the effect of illumination intensity on soil nitrogen status and lettuce yield was studied. The results indicated that the change of illumination intensity can affect the growth of plant, the status of soil nitrogen (NH
4
+
-N,NO
3
-
-N), and the Nuptake by plants. Within the range of tested intensity, the Nuptake and plant yield were increased with increasing illumination intensity, but the content of soil nitrogen (NH
4
+
-N,NO
3
-
-N) was maintained at a relatively low level.
Genetic diversity at isozyme level in seed bank of
Glycine soja
—— A preliminary study
Li Jun, Qian Bo, Zheng Shizhang, Ye Peihong
1998, 9(2): 145-149.
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Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technigue, this paper analyzed four isozymes in the seed bank of
Glycine soja
, and the temporal and spatial dynamics of genetic diversity at isozyme level were studied. Isozymatic analysis, cluster analysis and X
2
-test revealed that genetic diversity based on the four isozymes existed in the seed bank of
G.Soja
, and that the diversity mainly originated from environmental difference caused by time. The diversity in the same layer showed a significant difference with time. The seeds scattered in different deep showed different change in their genetic diversity. The variations of isozymes within layers became more and more distinct with time, and the average heterozygosity of seed bank in the same layer appears the same pattern. The results suggest that time takes more significant effect on genetic diversity at isozyme level in the seed bank than space does.
Effect of no-tillage on energy flow in cotton agroecosystem
Ge Feng, Xie Baoyu, Ding Yanqin
1998, 9(2): 150-154.
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Comparative studies on the effect of conventional and no tillage methods on soil microbes, insect pests, natural enemies, cotton plants and energy flow in cotton agroecosystems show that the biomass and respiration rate of soil microbes were respectively 1.32 times and 1.63 times higher in no tillage than in conventional cotton agroecosystem. In no-tillage cotton agroecosystem, the productivity of seedling aphid (
Aphis gossyppi
), autumn aphid, 2nd and 4th generation cotton bollworm (
Helicopavar armigera
) populations was increased, but the productivity of summer aphid and 3rd generation cotton bollworm populations and the productivity and prey utilization efficiency of natural enemy populations were decreased. No-tillage could enhance the light utilization efficiency and gross production, with an additional benefit of reduced energy expense in cotton agroecosystem.
Temporal and spatial distribution of soil erosion on red soil slope field under different land use patterns
Yang Wude, Wang Zhaoqian
1998, 9(2): 155-158.
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Anew method of Fixed Soil Core Eu Tracer was founded to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of soil erosion on red soil slope field under different land use patterns. The results show that the new method is applicable for red soil slope fields, on which, sheet and thin-gully erosion are the main erosion forms. The temporal distribution of erosion was consistent with that of yearly rainfall, and the processing rainstorm period was the peak period of soil erosion in the whole year. On compound slope field, the soil erosion displayed strong, week and depositional on steep, gentle and concave slopes, respectively. At same slope degree and length, the soil erosion rate was decreased with the order of young chestnut garden>bamboo field>sparse masson pine forest land>tea garden.
Effect of environmental condition on Mn deficiency of different wheat varieties
Lu Shihua, Zhang Yunlong, Liu Xuejun, Zhang Fusuo
1998, 9(2): 159-162.
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Pot experiments in greenhouse and screen house were conducted to investigate the effect of environmental conditions on Mn deficiency of winter wheat (
Tritum aestivum
) and the endurance of three wheat varieties to Mn deficiency. It was observed that the wheat grown in greenhouse appeared serious Mn deficient sysmptom, but that transferred from screen house to greenhouse only showed slight Mn deficient symptom, due to its absorbing much Mn
2+
originated from rainfall and waterlogging, indicating that rainfall is one of the important environmental factors affecting the Mn nutrition of wheat. The variety 3317 had a higher endurance of Mn deficiency and could absorb more Mn than the other two varieties. It is also found that Maimai weed had a strong capability of absorbing Mn, which is a major competitor with wheat to the Mn absorption in soil rhizosphere.
Dynamics of denitrification potential in a Danish forest soil
Yu Kewei, Chen Guanxiong, Sten Struwe, Annelise Kjøller
1998, 9(2): 163-167.
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The denitrification potential of a Danish forest soil is studied by the combination of acetylene and chloramphenicol inhibition techniques, and the effect of temperature on its related reduction enzyme activities is investigated.The activities and synthesis of reduction enzymes are inhibited by oxygen. It takes some time to consume the O
2
left in an anaerobic incubation to release this inhibition.When protein synthesis is not inhibited by antibiotic, nitrate reductase is synthesized slightly, while N
2
Oreductase is significantly induced, which is of significance to study the N
2
O absorbing capacity of soil. Nitrite is not considerably accumulated in all treatments, indicating that the activity of nitrite reductase is higher than nitrate reductase. Denitrification is stimulated by adding glucose, while the synthesis of enzymes and the releasing of electron competitions in the reduction processes are probably promoted as well. There shows a strong anaerobic respiration in the sampled soil, which is stimulated by Csource addition. The activation energy for denitrification is lower than that for anaerobic respiration, therefore, the Q
10
value for denitrification is lower, and the ratio between CO
2
and N
2
Oevolution is higher with temperature.
Effect of inhibitors and their combination on the behavior and fate of urea
15
N in wheat soil system
Shi Yi, Xu Xingkai, Zhou Likai, Oswald Van Cleemput
1998, 9(2): 168-170.
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With the applications of labeled
15
N-Nurea plus hydroquinone, dicyandiamide and their combination, a pot experiment with spring wheat was conducted. The result shows that at the end of growing season, the plant recovery, the remainder in soil and the loss occupied 17.65～23.69 %, 43.72～56.32% and 19.99～36.77% of applied urea N, respectively. In comparison with applying urea alone, a combined application of hydroquinone and dicyandiamide induced a 16.78% higher total recovery and 5.96% higher plant recovery. The application of urea had a greatest contribution to the Ncontent of wheat grain, being43.3～62.0% of the
15
N Nuptake of whole plant.
Influence of water management in winter crop season on CH
4
emission during rice growing season
Cai Zucong, Xu Hua, Lu Weisheng, Liao Zongwen, Zhang Jianguo, Wei Chaofu, Xie Deti
1998, 9(2): 171-175.
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Field measurements conducted in the farms of Southwest Agricultural University and South China Agricultural University showed that long term flooding was the main factor causing high CH
4
emission during the rice growing period in Southwest China. The longer the soil was dried before flooding, the less the CH
4
emission during the rice growing period. But the effect was available only for one rice crop season. The mean CH
4
emission over rice growing period was reduced by 63～72% by draining traditional winter-flooded rice fields and planting winter wheat. If the drainage and irrigation system could be improved significantly and the crop rotation of one flooded rice and one upland winter crop could be introduced instead of one rice crop in the area of the traditional winter-flooded soils, the soil production could be raised and total CH
4
emission from rice fields could be reduced significantly.
Effect of different nitrogen fertilizers on N
2
O emission from soil
Hou Aixin, Chen Guanxiong, O. Van Cleemput
1998, 9(2): 176-180.
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Incubation experiments were made to study the effects of ammonium bicarbonate(AB), urea and modified ammonium bicarbonate(MAB) on N
2
O emission from soil and NO
3
-
formation in soil (under low(12%), normal(22%) and high (32%) soil moisture conditions). The results showed that the inorganic nitrogen fertilizers applied in fields were the important source of atmospheric N
2
O. In most situations, MABnot only greatly delayed the occurrence of N
2
O emission peak, but also reduced the amount of N
2
O emission significantly (P<0.01), compared with ABand urea. In comparison with ABand urea, the amounts of N
2
O emission were reduced by 80.23 and 88.41% (low moisture, 12%),40.00 and 27.59% (normal moisture, 22%) and little reduction and 45.88% (high moisture, 32%), respectively, during a period of 5 month incubation when MAB was applied. It is indicated that MAB was a promising Nfertilizer from the aspect of reducing N
2
O emission from agroecosystem. The results also implied that applying MAB instead of AB which is used widely in China at present, might reduce the NO
3
-
pollution of the underground water.
Impact of mixed damage of
Nilaparvata lugens
and
Sogatella furcifera
on vegetative growth of rice plants
Wang Rongfu, Cheng Xianian, Zou Yunding
1998, 9(2): 181-185.
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Studies on the impact of feeding damage of mixed populations of
Nilaparvata lugens
and
Sogatella furcifera
on vegetative growth of rice plants show that the dry weight of the adults of two planthoppers and the leaf area of rice plants and their shoot dry weight were decreased with increasing nymph density, and the range of the variations was related with interspecific proportion in quantity. The ratio of dry weight to leaf area of rice plants was increased with increasing damage. Avery significant linear relationship was observed between the total dry weight of the mixed populations(X) and the loss of shoot dry weight of rice plants(Y) in three treatments (1:3,2:2,3:1) of quantitative proportion of
N.lugens
to
S.furcifera
, which is Y=67.17+30.43X, Y=172.48+36.51X and Y=87.59+37.67X, and relevant b values were 30.43, 36.51 and 37.67, respectively.
Diversity of soil animals community in
Leymus chinensis
grassland
Yin Xiuqin, Li Jiandong
1998, 9(2): 186-188.
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Studies on the diversity of soil animal community in different habitats of
Leymus chinensis
grassland show that the better the habitat condition, the higher the diversity index of soil animals and the richer the species. The diversity of soil animal community was positively related with the contents of soil organic matter and total N, and negatively related with soil pHvalue, but not significantly related with the contents of soil water and total P. It was decreased with increasing soil depth, and had an obvious surface aggregation.
Near relation characterization of
Beauveria bassiana
strains isolated from different hosts and geographic origins
Wang Chengshu, Li Zengzhi, Fan Meizhen, Han Baoyu
1998, 9(2): 189-194.
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The culture characteristics, sporulation, half germination time, rapid dis-and re-hydration viability, ultraviolet radiation viability and bathing viability of 19 different source strains of
Beauveria bassiana
were observed or determined. With coding of culture characteristics, the correlation coefficient half-matrixes of strains were calculated according to the 8 acquired indexes. The results indicate that the near relation of different strains was mainly determined by the distance among original geographic distributions, and secondly by the hosts. The correlation of different strains from the same or close area had a significant difference, but that from different hosts did not have it.
Pathogenic effect of
Beauveria bassiana
infected on
Dendrolimus punctatus
under different temperature and humidity
Lin Huafeng, Fan Meizhen, Li Zengzhi, Hu Cui
1998, 9(2): 195-200.
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By means of fluorescence microscopic and electron scanning microscopic techniques, the conidium germination, infection process and pathogenic effect of
Beauveria bassiana
on the larvae of
Dendrolimus punctatus
were observed and tested under conditions of 33 combinations of temperature and humidity. The results show that the relationship between germination velocity(V) of the conidia and temperature(T) was determined as V=(T-4.25)/27.2, where 4.25℃ was the initial temperature, and 27.2 was the effective accumulated temperature in a day for conidium germination. Humidity was the main restrictive factor for the germination and infection of conidia, and temperature and humidity had compensatory and comprehensive effects. Pathogenic effect could occur remarkably under the condition of above 10℃ and 95% relative humidity.
Effect of phosphate buffer on membrane lipid peroxidation of plants and its relation to sulphurous acid harm
Han Yang, Liu Rongkun
1998, 9(2): 201-205.
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Three kinds of plant treated with sulphurous acid were used to study the protective function of phosphate buffer in respect of membrane lipid peroxidation. The result shows that after the plants were sprayed with phosphate buffer, they had an obvious protective function to the harm caused by sulphurous acid. The phosphate buffer could stabilize the cell membrane structure, decrease the content of MDA, and increase the degree of chlorophyll-protein binding. It also had a coordinated effect on SODactivity with sulphurous acid at low concentration. The protective effect of phosphate buffer was different with plant species. In the same polluted environment, the plants with high MDAconcentration and low chlorophyll binding degree had greater protective function, and the effect order of tested plants was
Ginkgo biloba
>
Forsythia suspensa
>
Triticum aestivum
.
Influence of lanthanum amino acid complexes on
Chaetoceros muller
Xin Fuyan, Yuan Youxian, Qu Keming
1998, 9(2): 206-208.
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The study on the effect of lanthanum-proline and lanthanum-phenylalanine complexes on
Chaetoceros muller
i showed that these two complexes could distinctly enhance its cell reproduction and chlorophyll synthesis.When the concentrations of lanthanum-proline and lanthanum-phenylalanine was 1～15mg·L
-1
,the cell numbers on the sixth day were increased by 13.2～19.2% and 12.6～21.5%,and the concentrations of chlorophyll by 25.2～33.9% and 26.2～45.1%,respectively(P<0.05), with an optimum concentration of 5 mg·L
-1
.The effect of lanthanum-proline and lanthanum-phenylalanine on
C.mulleri
was the same as that of lanthanum, but their optimum concentrations were reduced obviously.
Microbial treatment of groundwater contaminated by petroleuman——an application study
Zhao Yinwei, Wang Shiming, Zhang Jianfa
1998, 9(2): 209-212.
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The microbial treatment of petroleum-contaminated groundwater was carried out in Zhipo, China. Ten strains of degradation bacteria were isolated from petroleum contaminated land. The experimental result showed that the degradation efficiency of single strain ranged from 20 to 50%; and that of mixed strains MZ9402 was 71.4%. In a simulation reactor contained with petroleum contaminated groundwater, the degradation efficiency of MZ9402 was up to 53.1% when the concentration of injected bacteria was 10
6
individuals·ml
-1
. Field scale experiments showed that when the concentration of injected bacteria MZ9402 was 10
9
individuals·ml
-1
, a more stable microbial zone could be formed in the waterflow section after 11 days, and 35% of the petroleum could be degraded. According to the tentative identification. no mutation was occurred for the injected MZ9402 strains.
Ecological scale in insect pests research and control
Hou Maolin, Sheng Chengfa
1998, 9(2): 213-216.
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Scale is becoming an important concept in ecology and a focus in ecological research. However, it is not the case in insect pests research and control. Based on the concept of scale and hierarchy theory, the authors analyzed the methodologies, contents and key problems to be specially solved in insect pests research on different levels of scale, and the implications of research results on pest control. Through the analyses of the occurrence and injury characteristics of insect pests, their population kinetics, succession of agro-ecosystem structure, socialization of pest control and development in pest control technologies, the authors pointed out the trend and necessity of the enlargement of temporal and spatial scales in pest control strategies.
Ecological principles of landscape classification and assessment
Xiao Duning, Zhong Linsheng
1998, 9(2): 217-221.
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Based on the analysis of landscape definitions, the principles of landscape classification were expounded in this article. The authors pointed out that different landscape have different characteristics and research contents, and the values of landscape's uniqueness, diversity, function, coziness and aesthetics were discussed. In addition, the paper introduced the concept and practice of landscape conservation.
Strains selection of
Spirulina
suitable for mass production
Yin Chuntao, Gong Xiaomin, Hu Hongjun, Li Yeguang, Geng Yahong
1998, 9(2): 222-224.
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According to the natural conditions of the Xianning production base in Huhei Province and the demand for mass production,a good strain of
Spirulina
(Sp)NS-90020 was selected.Besides its fast growth rate, the strain can grow normally within a wide temperature range (10～40℃). Its filterable effeciency, and the contents of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid are 94.95%,63.37%d.w. and 2.99%d.w., respectively.These characteristics have been proved to be stable in mass production for more than three years. The strain can be cultured continuously in the whole year, and its average protein content is stably above 60%d.w..
