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    15 February 2002, Volume 13 Issue 2
    Transporting models of reactive X-3B red dye in water-soil-crop continuums
    ZHOU Qixing
    2002, (2):  129-132. 
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    Reactive X-3B red dye entering into environment is a typical persistent organic pollutant(POPs).Transport of the dye from water to soil and from soil to crop compartment is a continuous ecological process.According to the cognitionm,the quantitative depiction of the process using mathematical models was theoetically discussed.Some of the mathematical models were also verified using burozem-soybean,cinnamon soil-wheat,krasnozem-radish,aquorizem-rice systems.In particular,transference of the dye from water compartment to soil compartment by way of adsorbent mechanisms was accorded with the Langmuir model,and movement of the dye from soil compartment to crop compartment on the basis of root-absorbing mechanisms could be expressed using logarithmic crop-soil accumulation factor(CSAF) models.
    Comparative study on ecotoxicological indexes of crops exposure to reactive X-3B red dye
    CHENG Yun, ZHOU Qixing, SONG Yufang, XU Huaxia, WANG Xin, REN Liping, LIU Wan
    2002, (2):  133-136. 
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    Ecotoxicological indexes of wheat,Chinese cabbage and rice exposed to reactive X-3B red dye were studied using the experimental method of crop seed exposure.The results showed that reactions of the three crops to reactive X-3B red dye were different from each other.Based on the inhibition of seed gemination,the half effect concentration(IC50)of wheat,Chinese cabbage and rice was 8965,7010 and 7514mg稬-1.Based on the inhibition of root elongation,the IC50 of wheat,Chinese cabbage and rice was 6534,5882 and 4570mg稬-1.When seedlings were cultured for seven days after the gemination of seeds and the remaining seeds or husks were discarded,fresh and dry growing biomass of the three crops exposed to the dye was both decreased with the increasing the concentration of reactive X-3B red dye.However,the decrease rate of fresh biomass was higher than that of dry biomass.Biomass index of wheat was most sensitive to reactive X-3B red dye,followed by rice,and Chinese cabbage was most inertia when the crops were exposed to reactive X-3B red dye with the high concentration of 4500 and 5000mg稬-1.As far as the tolerance of wheat,Chinese cabbage and rice to reactive X-3B red dye was concerned,wheat had the strongest tolerance,on the contrary rice had the wakestone.
    Effects of copper on rhizobia-Acacia auriculaeformis symbiotic association
    NIE Xiangping, LAN Chongyu, ZHANG Zhiquan, SHU Wensheng, HUANG Minghong
    2002, (2):  137-140. 
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    The effects of different levels of Cu2+ were studied individually on the growth of two Rhizobium strains and host plant growth,nodulation(%) and nitrogen fixation activity in A.auriculaeformis under solution culture conditions so as to explore a probability of utilization of the genus Acacia in revegetation of Cu2+-contaminated land.The results shows that Rhizobium sp.(Acacia auriculaeformis)had more stronger tolerance to Cu2+ iron than Rhizobium sp(Lespedeza formosa).The values of EC50 respectively achieved 0.129mmol for Rhizobium sp.and 0.151mmol for the N2-fixation activity.When the concentration of Cu2+ was over 0.50 mmol,N2-fixation activity had been inhabited thoroughly.Although the formation of nodules of Acacia auriculaeformis could continued,the growth of host plant had been inhibited with the appearance such as stunting,chlorosis. Between the noinodulating but adding nitrogen treat group and the inodulating without any nitrogen resource treat group, when Cu2+<0.125mmol, the latter group showed better growth for A. auriculaeformis. There were higher contents of Cu in the underground tissues than in aboveground tissues.
    Chlorobenze-stressing injury of the germination of soybean seed
    LIU Wan, SUN Tieheng, ZHOU Qixing, LI Peijun, XU Huaxia, YANG Guifen, ZHANG Hairong, QI Peng
    2002, (2):  141-144. 
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    Effects of various doses of 1,2,4-trichlorobenze on seed germination and seedling growth of soybean were studied.The results indicated that 50~200 μg·g-1 of 1,2,4-trichlorobenze had no effect on the percentage of seed germination,but delayed the rate of seedling growth.The seed germination was stopped by 300μg·g-1 of 1,2,4-trichlorobenze.The most activity of SODtook place on the 4th day after sowing of soybean seed in the normal condition,then tended to be in a certain level with a little alteration.Under the various dose stress of 1,2,4-trichlorobenze,the activity of SODin soybean hypocotyl was decreased,while MDAand protein contents as well as diameter of hypocotyls increased.Seedlings growth,fresh weight(FW),dry weight(DW)were inhibited,while the ratio of FW/DWdidn't change.Damage-level of wheat seedlings was increased with increasing1,2,4-trichlorobenze concentrations.Roots were more sensitive to 1,2,4-trichlorobenze-stress than hypocotyls.
    Accumulation and biodegradation of anthracene by Chlorella protothecoides under different trophic conditions
    YAN Xue, YANG Yongqing, LI Yongke, SHENG Guoxing, YAN Guoan
    2002, (2):  145-150. 
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    The bioaccumulation and degradation of anthracene by the green alage(Chlorella prothecoides)under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were studied.About 29% and 20% of anthracene(original concentration1.0mg·L-1)were degraded by light and by Chlorella protothecoides under the autotrophic condition,respectively.About 33.53% of anthracene (original concentration2.5mg·L-1)were degraded by C. protothecoides under the heterotrophic condition.The resistance and degradation ability of C. protothecoides under the heterotrophic condition was higher than that under the autotrophic conditions.More than80% of residual anthracene was accumulated by algal cell under the two conditions.The bioaccumulation factor were 9064 and 1899,under the autotrophic and heterotropnic conditions,respectively.The net accumulation of anthracene,however,was much higher under the heterotropnic condition (202.29μg)than that under the autotrophic condition (69.687μg).
    Transporting models of reactive X-3B red dye in water-soil-crop continuums
    ZHOU Qixing
    2002, (2):  129-132. 
    Asbtract ( 845 )   PDF (889KB) ( 340 )  
    Reactive X-3B red dye entering into environment is a typical persistent organic pollutant(POPs).Transport of the dye from water to soil and from soil to crop compartment is a continuous ecological process.According to the cognitionm,the quantitative depiction of the process using mathematical models was theoetically discussed.Some of the mathematical models were also verified using burozem-soybean,cinnamon soil-wheat,krasnozem-radish,aquorizem-rice systems.In particular,transference of the dye from water compartment to soil compartment by way of adsorbent mechanisms was accorded with the Langmuir model,and movement of the dye from soil compartment to crop compartment on the basis of root-absorbing mechanisms could be expressed using logarithmic crop-soil accumulation factor(CSAF) models.
    Comparative study on ecotoxicological indexes of crops exposure to reactive X-3B red dye
    CHENG Yun, ZHOU Qixing, SONG Yufang, XU Huaxia, WANG Xin, REN Liping, LIU Wan
    2002, (2):  133-136. 
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    Ecotoxicological indexes of wheat,Chinese cabbage and rice exposed to reactive X-3B red dye were studied using the experimental method of crop seed exposure.The results showed that reactions of the three crops to reactive X-3B red dye were different from each other.Based on the inhibition of seed gemination,the half effect concentration(IC50)of wheat,Chinese cabbage and rice was 8965,7010 and 7514mg稬-1.Based on the inhibition of root elongation,the IC50 of wheat,Chinese cabbage and rice was 6534,5882 and 4570mg稬-1.When seedlings were cultured for seven days after the gemination of seeds and the remaining seeds or husks were discarded,fresh and dry growing biomass of the three crops exposed to the dye was both decreased with the increasing the concentration of reactive X-3B red dye.However,the decrease rate of fresh biomass was higher than that of dry biomass.Biomass index of wheat was most sensitive to reactive X-3B red dye,followed by rice,and Chinese cabbage was most inertia when the crops were exposed to reactive X-3B red dye with the high concentration of 4500 and 5000mg稬-1.As far as the tolerance of wheat,Chinese cabbage and rice to reactive X-3B red dye was concerned,wheat had the strongest tolerance,on the contrary rice had the wakestone.
    Effects of copper on rhizobia-Acacia auriculaeformis symbiotic association
    NIE Xiangping, LAN Chongyu, ZHANG Zhiquan, SHU Wensheng, HUANG Minghong
    2002, (2):  137-140. 
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    The effects of different levels of Cu2+ were studied individually on the growth of two Rhizobium strains and host plant growth,nodulation(%) and nitrogen fixation activity in A.auriculaeformis under solution culture conditions so as to explore a probability of utilization of the genus Acacia in revegetation of Cu2+-contaminated land.The results shows that Rhizobium sp.(Acacia auriculaeformis)had more stronger tolerance to Cu2+ iron than Rhizobium sp(Lespedeza formosa).The values of EC50 respectively achieved 0.129mmol for Rhizobium sp.and 0.151mmol for the N2-fixation activity.When the concentration of Cu2+ was over 0.50 mmol,N2-fixation activity had been inhabited thoroughly.Although the formation of nodules of Acacia auriculaeformis could continued,the growth of host plant had been inhibited with the appearance such as stunting,chlorosis. Between the noinodulating but adding nitrogen treat group and the inodulating without any nitrogen resource treat group, when Cu2+<0.125mmol, the latter group showed better growth for A. auriculaeformis. There were higher contents of Cu in the underground tissues than in aboveground tissues.
    Chlorobenze-stressing injury of the germination of soybean seed
    LIU Wan, SUN Tieheng, ZHOU Qixing, LI Peijun, XU Huaxia, YANG Guifen, ZHANG Hairong, QI Peng
    2002, (2):  141-144. 
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    Effects of various doses of 1,2,4-trichlorobenze on seed germination and seedling growth of soybean were studied.The results indicated that 50~200 μg·g-1 of 1,2,4-trichlorobenze had no effect on the percentage of seed germination,but delayed the rate of seedling growth.The seed germination was stopped by 300μg·g-1 of 1,2,4-trichlorobenze.The most activity of SODtook place on the 4th day after sowing of soybean seed in the normal condition,then tended to be in a certain level with a little alteration.Under the various dose stress of 1,2,4-trichlorobenze,the activity of SODin soybean hypocotyl was decreased,while MDAand protein contents as well as diameter of hypocotyls increased.Seedlings growth,fresh weight(FW),dry weight(DW)were inhibited,while the ratio of FW/DWdidn't change.Damage-level of wheat seedlings was increased with increasing1,2,4-trichlorobenze concentrations.Roots were more sensitive to 1,2,4-trichlorobenze-stress than hypocotyls.
    Accumulation and biodegradation of anthracene by Chlorella protothecoides under different trophic conditions
    YAN Xue, YANG Yongqing, LI Yongke, SHENG Guoxing, YAN Guoan
    2002, (2):  145-150. 
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    The bioaccumulation and degradation of anthracene by the green alage(Chlorella prothecoides)under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions were studied.About 29% and 20% of anthracene(original concentration1.0mg·L-1)were degraded by light and by Chlorella protothecoides under the autotrophic condition,respectively.About 33.53% of anthracene (original concentration2.5mg·L-1)were degraded by C. protothecoides under the heterotrophic condition.The resistance and degradation ability of C. protothecoides under the heterotrophic condition was higher than that under the autotrophic conditions.More than80% of residual anthracene was accumulated by algal cell under the two conditions.The bioaccumulation factor were 9064 and 1899,under the autotrophic and heterotropnic conditions,respectively.The net accumulation of anthracene,however,was much higher under the heterotropnic condition (202.29μg)than that under the autotrophic condition (69.687μg).
    Effects of sulphur dioxide on the relationship between symbionts in lichen
    KONG Fanxiang, HU Wei, SANG Weilian, WANG Liansheng
    2002, (2):  151-155. 
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    Xanthoparmellia mexicana was successfully isolating and culturing from its two symbionts and,preliminarily re-symbiosising its thalli in vitro performed from pure cultured photobiont and mycobiont.The solution exposure method was applied,confirming the toxic effect of sulfite solution with pH4.0.The biochemical responses of lichen thalli and cultured symbionts to the short time stress of SO2 were studied.The chlorophyll PQa value of photobiont was correlated with its absorption of SO2.Chlorophyll a was more sensitive than chlorophyll b;chlorophyll was damaged most severely by the exposure of 0.5mg稬-1 of SO2 fumigation,but was aggravated with the increase in the concentration of SO2 by way of solution exposure.The activity of acid phosphatase in lichen was mainly dependent on the photobiont.Reduced glutathione(GSH) was activated by oxidative stress of SO2.GSHwas confirmed to be highly correlated with SO2 stress,and was proposed to be a significant and prospective biomarker of the status of lichen antioxidant system and the oxidative damage in lichen.The mycobiont was proposed to mainly resist the oxidative stress by SO2,while the photobiont was damaged more easily with energy depletion.
    An experimental study for fixation of CO2 in stack gases using microalgae cultivation
    YUE Lihong, CHEN Baozhi, WANG Li, Hu Xiaomin
    2002, (2):  156-158. 
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    To obtain a microalgae growing well in the condition of stack gases and to find a good method of fixing greenhouse gases,the ZY-1 strain identified as a species of Chlorella genus was isolated from soil-water mixture samples collected from a paddy field after an enrichment culture using the reproduced stack gases containing15% of CO2 and 2% of O2.The results showed that the range of CO2 concentration for the optimum growth of the ZY-1 strain was 10~15%.The ZY-1 strain had its maximum growth when the CO2 concentration was 10%.Under a broad range of physically conditions including0.25~0.75 L·min-1 of air flowing rate,25~30℃ of temperature and pH4~6,the ZY-1 strain had a steady growth.The optimum cultural condition with 0.397% of the CO2 utilization efficiency was seemed to be 10% of CO2,25℃ and pH5.0. It is feasible to fix greenhouse gases using the stack gases combined with the ZY-1 strain.
    Artifical improvement of soil fertility in a regraded forest ecosystem by using municipal sewage sludge
    LI Guibao, YIN Chengqing, LIN Yongbiao, LI Zhian
    2002, (2):  159-162. 
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    The increasing occurrence of forest ecosystem degradation is a serious problem in tropical and subtropical regions.Field experiments showed that the application of sludge from a sewage treatment plant could not only promote the growth and reproduction of trees,including the increase in the height and diameter of trees and thus being advantageous to the growth of shrub and herb of trees,but also improve soil fertility such as increasing soil organic matter and available nitrogen and phosphorus.The test of residual heavy metals of soil indicated that the application of sludge increased the content of Pb in the soil and the increment of Pb was varied with the increase of sludge usage.There was no significant increase in other heavy metals.
    Effects of land utilization of sewage sludge on crops and soils
    WANG Xin, CHEN Tao, LIANG Renlu, ZHOU Qixing
    2002, (2):  163-166. 
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    Effects of land utilization of sewage sludge on crops and soil environment were studied using sewage sludge from the Northern Shenyang Plant of Wastewater Treatment.The results showed that contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and organic matter in the soil were increased after the utilization of sewage sludge,thus being advantageous to growth and development of crops.The biomass of rice after having applied 22.5 and 45t·hm-2 of sewage sludge was increased by 11.48%~11.83% compared with the control.There was no evident harmful effect of heavy methals from sewage sludge on quality of soil environment,agricultural products and underground water when the application of sewage sludge was controlled within the range of 45t·hm-2.
    Remediation of chromium-polluted soil using municipal solid waste compost
    HUANG Qifei, GAO Ding, DING Derong, CHEN Tongbin
    2002, (2):  167-170. 
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    Astudy on the feasibiltiy of remediation of Cr-polluted soil using municipal solid waste(MSW)compost was carried out.The result showed that organic matter(O.M.),Eh,pHand <0.01mm of clay would influence the bioavailability of chromium in the soil,and O.M.and Eh were the principal influencing factors in the dryfield and inundating soil,up to 73.40% and 55.5% of the contribution rate affecting the bioavailability of chromium,respectively.The osmosis of the soil was improved when compost was applied,but the quantity of movable chromium was reduced becasue chromium in soil was deoxidized and adsorbed.MSWcompost could reduce the absorption of chromium by the tested plant.The yield of the plant grown in the dry soil was increased by 35.9% and the content of Cr in the plant was decreased by 48.9%.The effect was more notable in the inundating soil:86.3% of the yield increased and 23.8% of the Cr content decreased.However,MSWcompost could not increase the risk of other heavy metal pollution.
    Distribution and degradation of SAS in soil environments in the Taihu Lake region
    PAN Genxing, HAN Yongjing, ZHU Qinghe
    2002, (2):  171-174. 
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    Soil samples of different soil types under different land use patterns and environmental impacts were collected in Wuxian City in the Taihu Lake region.The contents of SASwere determined by Azure Acolorimeter.Degradation of LASwas studied in the water and soil mediums by using laboratory incubation.The SASconcentration in the studied soils ranged from 2 to 10mg·kg-1 ,varied with soil conditions.Profile distribution of SASshowed decreasing trend down to the soil bottom,where 0.7mg·kg-1 of SASwas still detected.The degradation of LASin three dominant types of paddy soils obeyed the primary reaction equation like that of soil organic matter with the half residence time in range of 9~16 days.The data indicates the relative accumulation of SASin the soils in the Taihu Lake region and longer residence of such synthetic organic compounds in the soil environments.
    Distribution characteristics and chemical pattern of cadmium in grasses planted in the cadmium contaminated soil
    TIE Mei, LIANG Yanqiu, ZHANG Chaohong, LI Fayun, DONG Houde, ZANG Shuliang
    2002, (2):  175-178. 
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    In this paper,the distribution and chemical pattern of Cd in the grasses planted in Cd contaminated soil in western suburb of Shenyang were analyzed.The results showed that Cd was mainly distributed in the grass roots,and characteristics of Cd distribution in various grasses were different.Some grasses had resisting ability against Cd,some had strong capability of bio-accumulation for Cd.Results of different grasses extracted by different solvents showed that acid-soluble Cd in grasses was about 63.3% of total,and water-soluble and organic Cd were little,accounting for 0.7% and 0.4% of total respectively.Acid-soluble Cd was more active than the others during the transformation in the soil-plant system,while water-soluble Cd had certain regularity with the change of time and temperature,and organic Cd became more active with the increase of solvent polarity.
    Effects of Cu and As on germination and seedling growth of crops
    LIU Dengyi, WANG Youbao
    2002, (2):  179-182. 
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    Asolution-culture experiment was carried out to explore effects of Cu and As on the germination and seedling growth of crops.The results showed that Cu or As pollution could reduce the activites of protease and diastase,inhibit the seedling growth and the respiration rate of germinating seed of soybean.The inhibition was strengthened with the increase in the concentrations of Cu and As.However,the activity of PODwas increased with the concentrations of Cu and As in the exposed solution.
    Cadmium adsorption in soil influenced by dissolved organic matter derived from rice straw and sediment
    CHEN Tongbin, CHEN Zhijun
    2002, (2):  183-186. 
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    Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an active component in territorial ecosystems.Effects of two types of DOMs extracted from sediment(DOMsed) and rice straw(DOMrs) on isotherm adsorption of Cd in latosol red soil (acidic soil),paddy soil and drab soil(alkaline soil)were studied using batch equilibrium studies.The maximum adsorption of Cd in all the 3 soils used was reduced by the additions of both of DOMsed and DOMrs.The range of the maximum adsorption of Cd decreased from 17.3% to 93.9% from all the 3 soils when DOMs were added.It was found that the decreaseds in the maximum adsorption of Cd was in order of latosol red soil>paddy soil>drab soil when the same DOM(DOMsed or DOMrs) was added.Effects of DOMsed or DOMrs on Cd adsorption were positively related with the soil pH.The maximum adsorption of Cd in the soils was dependent on the characteristics of soil solid when no DOMwas added,and decided by the DOMs in soil solutiom when DOM was added.The results imply that the proposed technology using organic manure to stablize Cd in soils is not suitable for remediation of contaminated soil.
    Acute toxicological effects of heavy metal pollution in soils on earthworms
    SONG Yufang, ZHOU Qixing, XU Huaxia, REN Liping, SUN Tieheng, GONG Ping
    2002, (2):  187-190. 
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    Acute and sub-acute lethal effects of single and combined Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd on earthworm was determined using meadow brown soil.Results indicated that the mortality of earthworm was significantly related with the concentrations of Cu and Zn in the soil (α=0.05,RCu =0.86,RPb=0.87),and the inhibition rate of earthworm growth was significantly related with the concentration of Cu in the soil (α=0.05,RCu=0.84).There was no significant relation between the concentrations of other heavy metals tested and the death rate and the growth-inhibition rate.The degree of individual earthworm enduring the toxicity of heavy metals varied greatly.The threshold concentration of toxicity defined by statistical method,the level to conduce the death of individual earthworm was 300 mg·kg-1 for Cu,1300mg·kg-1 for Zn,1700mg·kg-1 for Pb,300mg·kg-1 for Cd.LC50 was 400~450mg·kg-1 for Cu,1500~1900mg·kg-1 for Zn,2350~2400mg·kg-1 for Pb and 900 mg·kg-1 for Cd.Combined effects of single Cu,Zn,Pb and Cd to conduce more than10% of the death rate of earthworm could result in100% of the death rate of earthworm,thus showing the strong synergistic joint effect of the heavy metals.
    Effects of mercury and cadmium on the activity of urease in soils ⅠUrea concentration
    HE Wenxiang, ZHU Minge, ZHANG Yiping
    2002, (2):  191-193. 
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    Relationship between urease activity and heavy metals(Hg and Cd) under the condition of different urea concentration was studied.The results showed that the added urea concentration had an obvious positive effect on urease activity.Line and Langmuir models could be well described the relationship within the urea concentration tested.The calculation of urease parameters such as urea percent,urea-varying percent, and the maximum superficial urease activity reflected that Hg and Cd could remarkably reduce the positive effect from added urea,combined pollution of Hg+Cd displayed the most inhibition of the positive effect,and Hg produced the most ecological toxicity acting on soil urease activity.There was an adsorption mechanism in the enzyme reaction.
    Comprehensive treatment of aquariculture water pollution by flocculant and complex strain
    LI Qinglu, CHEN Qiang, WANG Shoukun
    2002, (2):  194-198. 
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    In order to purify aquariculture water,decrease fish-disease and sewage discharge,the purification efficiency of several types of flocculants such as PFS,PDMDAAC,EM,and combining PFS-PDMDAAC,PFS-PDMDAAC-EMused for treatment of soft-shelled turlle pond water were studied,and optimal mathematical of water qualities effected by several types of purification method were established.The results showed that the comprehensive treatment had the best purifcation efficiency,the flocculation rate was above 98%,CODcr removed rate was above 95%,BOD5/CODcr of pond water and effluent decreased from 0.61 and 0.51 to 0.24 and 0.29 respectively,the biodegradable matter in waters have been effectively removed,when30 mg稬-1 PFS,0.5mg稬-1 PDMDAACand 30ml穖-3 EMwere added.The various major water qualities were keeded stabilization and had attained special aquariculture water quality standard.The water qualities of pond water and that of effluent were showed no difference,which had attained pollution-free discharge and ecological equilibrium aquaricultrue.
    Health-quality problems of paddy soil in the Taihu region
    WANG Xiaochang, CAO Zhihong
    2002, (2):  199-203. 
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    The concept of soil health quality was discussed from the angle of sustainable and safe agricultural production and nutritive agricultural products.Based on the data of 13 higher-yield rice-farms and its corresponding irrigated rivers in the Taihu region,problems of halth quality occurred in paddy soil were discussed.Owing to the high application of inorganic fertilizers in those farms,high available Pand Nwere observed in paddy soil and river sediments.The contents of heavy metals such as Pb,Cu,Ni and Co in paddy soil were still at the level of background values.However,it was found that some rivers were seriously polluted by Cu,Zn and Pb.Several cases of point-source pollution of heavy metal were found in paddy soil in the region.The contents of DDTand HCHin soils and river sediments were lower than their maximum allowable concentrations.The results of lower selenium content in agricultural product owing to lower content in paddy soil indicted that the Taihu region is a selenium-deficient area.
    Coupling relationship between water and salt of waters ecosystems in arid zone:A case study in Xinjiang Tarim River basin
    WANG Ranghui, FAN Zili, MA Yingjie
    2002, (2):  204-208. 
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    The pollution of waters ecosystems is caused by natural and artificial factors in Tarim River.Temporal and spatial variation of surface runoff is the main reason for changes of coupling relationship between water and salt.In the end of 1950s,mineralization degree was less than1.0g稬-1 from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of Tetema Lake in Tarim River.At present,only in July,August and October,mineralization degree is less than 1.0g稬-1.During the other months,mineralization degree is more than 3.0g稬-1 in Alaer Lake.In Qiala(the lower reaches of Tarim River),mineralization degree is more than 1.0g稬-1 except in March.Moreover,mineralization degree is about 5.0g稬-1 in July and December.It is showed that annual water quality belongs to the fifth seriously polluted water in Alaer,Xinquman and Yingbazha.Meanwhile,annual water quality in Qiala belongs to the fourth polluted water.In a word,water quality state and hydrological chemistry component are the most obviously indicator for coupling relationship between water and salt in Tarim River.
    Bioindication of organochlorine pesticides by night heron in Taihu wetland ecosystem
    DONG Yuanhua, An Qiong, GONG Zhongming, WANG Hui
    2002, (2):  209-212. 
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    Based on field ecological investigation on the colony of herons in Yuantouzhu of Taihu in1999, the regugitated foods by chicks of night heron were collected for prey type identification and chemical analysis.Besides,eggs of night heron,and sediments and waters in foraging habitats were sampled for chemical analysis as well.α-HCH,β-HCH,γ-HCH,Aldrin,Dieldrin,Endrin,Heptachlor,Heptachlor epoxide,p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD,o,p'-DDTand p,p'-DDTwere determined in laboratory by gas chromatography.The results indicated that HCHisomers,DDTand its metabolites could be detected in various environments and preys of night heron,although the organochlorined chemicals were banned for almost 20 years.Moreover,The results showed that eggs of night heron could accumulate organochlorine pesticides by as much as a factor of 103~104,which can make chemical analysis much easier.So they are good bio-indicators for organochlorine contamination level in wetland environments.
    Residue and distribution of heavy metals in tissues of night heron chick bred in Yuantouzhu,Wuxi
    DONG Yuanhua, GONG Zhongming, WANG Hui, AN Qiong
    2002, (2):  213-216. 
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    This study analyzed Cd, Pb,Cr,Hg and Se in organs and tissues of night heron chick bred in Yuantouzhu,Taihu lake.Cr and Se have higher residue level in all the samples,compared to the residue of Cd.Pb and Cd mainly concentrated in feathers,on the other hand,Se,Hg and Cr were accumulated in livers.The results proofed that feather and liver were the object organs for accumulation of heavy metals.The data showed that Hg and Cd have some relationship with Se in birds.Compared with other studies,residue levels of heavy metals in night heron in Wuxi were not harmful.
    Evaluating ground water vulnerability in West Lake Watershed by using DRASTIC model
    DONG Liang, ZHU Yinmei, HU Qinhai, OGURA Norio
    2002, (2):  217-220. 
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    Supported by Blackland GRASS Geographic Information System(GIS),the basic and special environmental databases of West Lake Watershed were established.The vulnerability map of ground water pollution was calculated and drawn by integrating GISand DRASTICmodel.Comparing to the present situation of land use,critical area of ground water pollution had been determined.The residential area accounted for 14.7% of the high susceptible area,and wastewater in the residential area should be piped and treated first.
    Retrospect and prospect of pollution ecology
    SUN Tieheng, ZHOU Qixing
    2002, (2):  221-223. 
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    Since 1970s,pollution ecology has gone through several historical stages including the natal,growing and developing and expanding stage with the rise in environmental sciences and the development of applied ecology.The theoretical system and researching methods with special characteristic of the subject has taken shape.So far pollution ecology has become an independent discipline to probe into interactions between biological systems and polluted environment and to control and remedy polluted environment using ecological principles,is an important component part of applied ecology and derives from amalgamation and intersection between ecology is faced with challenges and opportunities.Abreakthrough and good progresses will be made in its branches and frontal fields such as ecology of combined pollution,contaminant ecotoxicaology,ecological processes of pollutants and ecological remediation of contaminated environment.
    Constructed wetland and its application for industrial wastewater treatment
    JI Guodong, SUN Tieheng, LI Shun
    2002, (2):  224-228. 
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    This paper presents a review of the mechanisms and advantages of the constructed wetland (CW).The wetland as land-intensive biological treatment systems has complicated purificative mechanism,including physio-chemistry such as substrate adsorption,substrate filtration,plant adsorption,pollutant sediment ion exchange and biochemistry such as plant sorption,microbiology oxidation,microbiology ammunition.Besides the aesthetic aspect of macrophytes to provide wildlife habitats,the advantages of CWare relatively low cost,simple operation with stable effluent quality and good resistance to shock loading.In recent years.these systems have been used in the purification of domestic sewage.Nowadays attention has focused particularly on the use of constructed wetlands for the treatment of industrial effluents.According to the study and present state of constructed wetland for industrial wastewater treatment,feasibility of CWfor special industrial wastewater treatment and investigations in the future were discussed.
    Nonpoint pollution control for rural areas of China with ecological engineering technologies
    YIN Chengqing, MAO Zhanpo
    2002, (2):  229-232. 
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    Nonpoint pollution from rural areas is the results of the ecosystem degradation,and ecological engineering technologies are good ways for the restoration of watershed and enhancing material cycling.There are two types of treatment strategies:to control the polluted runoff and to reduce the pollutants from the sources.Six control technologies are introduced and they are multipond systems,grassed filter trips,wetland systems,eco-agriculture,slope ecological engineering,ecological treatment of wastewater and soild waste.These technologies need to be combined systematically in order to form a watershed ecological engineering.In the control program,it is important to use countermeasure suitable to the local conditions.In addition,the input of sufficient investment,management and education is necessary.
    Advances in studies on accumulation and leaching of nitrate in farming soil
    ZHANG Qingzhong, CHEN Xin, SHEN Shanmin
    2002, (2):  233-238. 
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    Nitrate leaching in farming soil is the main reason resulting in ground water pollution of nitrate.The main factors,which can affect nitrate accumulation and leaching greatly,include fertilization,precipitation,irrigation,soil characteristics,and cultivation system.Superfluous nitrogen in soil caused either by using chemical fertilizer and manure solely or compost will result in nitrate accumulation.Cultivation and plow systems also can affect the process of nitrate accumulating and leaching.Down flows due to irrigation or precipitation are the necessary condition and carrier for transference and leaching of accumulated nitrate in soil.Great pores are the main channels for down flows.These factors always work corporately.Mathematical model,which has been developed quickly and used widely,may be a good method to study and predict nitrate leaching in farming land.
    Interaction between microorganisms and heavy methals and its application
    CHEN Suhua, SUN Tiehang, ZHOU Qixing, WU Guoping
    2002, (2):  239-242. 
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    Interactions between microorganisms and heavy metals were expatiated in many ways.Because of their resistance and detoxification to heavy metals,microorganisms are able to leach,absorb and transform heavy metals,which has been actively applied to extract heavy metals from low-rate ore in mine exploitaion.Although heavy metals are toxic to microorganisms population and harmful to its processes,some special microorganisms have been applied to the treatment of industrial waste materials and the remediation of soils polluted by heavy metals.The application of microbiological biomass and activity to evaluating the pollution situation and ecological risk of heavy methals in environment media is also significant.
    Bioremediation of low-level radionuclide contaminated soils and water
    TANG Shirong
    2002, (2):  243-246. 
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    Different anthroponic factors have led up to increasing background concentrations of radionuclides in human ecosystems.As long as these radionuclides enter into soil-water substrates,they can pose hazards to human health through different pathways.Since most conventional chemical or physical procedures are not practical for dealing with low-level radionuclides in the water-soil substrates,new remediation technologies are being developed to tackle the problem.Bioremediation has attracted much attention because of its many advantages such as low cost and less environmental disturbance.The present paper summarizes the sources of radionuclides and introduces the concept of low-level radionuclide bioremediation.The state of the art in the field of bioremediation of low-level radionuclide contaminated water-soil substrates has also been reviewed and summarized in this paper.On the basis of above mentioned discussions the future developing trends were put forward.
    Molecular-ecological technology of microorganisms and its application to research on environmental pollution
    ZHONG Ming, ZHOU Qixing
    2002, (2):  247-251. 
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    Nucleicacid probe detection,PCRtechnique using primer,DNAsequential analysis,and electrophoresis separation and display were summarized and the application of these techniques to research on environmental pollution and future developing directions were discussed.It was pointed out that molecular-ecological technology of microorganisms are playing an important role in studying on relationships between microorganisms and contaminated environment.There are some important advances such as genetic adaptation and evolutionary mechanisms of microorganisms in contaminated environment,the positioning of pollutant-degrading genes of microorganisms and the construction of microbiological engineering bacteria,thus promoting the development of molecular ecology for bioremediation of contaminated environment.
    Utilization of embryo development technique of Brachydanio rerio to evaluateing toxicity on various chemicals
    ZHU Lin, SHI Shujie
    2002, (2):  252-254. 
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    The application of Brachydanio rerio embryo development technique to research on environmental science was summarized in this paper.This testing technique was approved as one of standard methods for chemical toxicity test,especially for teratogensis,by international organizations (OECD,DIN).There are many advantages of this testing, e.g.,low cost, easy operation,high sensitivity and multiple sensible endpoints,comparing with other toxicity testing.Also,it was used to judge toxic mechanism of chemicals.The embryo develompent of zebrafish can be affected obviously by heavy metal,pesticide,organic reagent and complex chemicals.Among them,Cu and Hg appeared stronger toxicity,and Cr was weaker for heavy metals.TPTAand Lindane were higher toxicity within pesticide,and they were higher toxicity if the organic reagent with one or more halogen substituent (s) and aminobenzene.These results were correspondent with other toxicity testing,and it showed higher sensitivity,especially a sublethal endpoint was selected.Therefore,it can be expected to test toxicity and teratogensis on mixed pollutant monitoring.
    Study on the effects of disposing of pig manure with EM and OL
    YAN Lijiao, CHEN Guolin, SHEN Xiufen, SHI Liang
    2002, (2):  255-256. 
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    The effects of EM and OL on the color,pHvalue,stink and the various kinds of harmful microbes of pig manure were analyzed.The results show that EM and OL could significantly reduce the stink and restrain the number of harmful microbes.At the same time,the rotting process of pig manure was accelerated,and the number of flies around pig manure reduced.