Table of Content

15 December 2003, Volume 14 Issue 12

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Articles

Structure and heterogeneity of urban vegetation landscape in Shenyang

HE Xin-Yuan, CHEN Wei, Xu-Wen-Duo, Liu-Chang-Fu, LI Hai-Mei, SUN Yu, ZHANG Yue

2003, 14(12):  2085-2089. 

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Studies on the structure and heterogeneity of urban vegetation landscape i11 Shenyang city showed that the most vegetation patches were in the street corner，accounted for more than 50％ of the total vegetation patch。and their
area was only 4．45％ of the total vegetation area．In terms of the size of the patches．the average area of shelter vegetation and park vegetation was 66．97 hm and 59．3 1 hm ，respectively。while that of street com er vegetation
and garden vegetation was 0．71 hm and 0．38 hm 。respectively．Street corner vegetation had the highest index of landscape diversity，while park vegetation had the lowest one． In the seven districts of Shenyang city，all types
of vegetation had a small landscape dom inance and e、，enness．but patch vegetation had a more than 10 times of landscape dominance than corridor vegetation，indicating that there was somewhat imbalance in the allocation of
different vegetation patch types ．It’S suggested that the quantity of patch vegetation should be increased，and the public vegetation should be distributed evenly．Increasing vegetation corridor iS also im portant because it can link
the downtown area tO the suburb natural vegetation ecosystems． For example．the South Canal Belt Park of Shenyang is a good vegetation corridor。which can beautify Shenyang city，discharge sewage，drain flo d，and improve microclimate．

Structure and heterogeneity of urban vegetation landscape in Shenyang

HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, XU Wenduo, LIU Changfu, LI Haimei, SUN Yu, ZHANG Yue

2003, (12):  2085-2089. 

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Studies on the structure and heterogeneity of urban vegetation landscape in Shenyang city showed that the most vegetation patches were in the street corner,accounted for more than 50% of the total vegetation patch,and their area was only 4.45% of the total vegetation area. In terms of the size of the patches,the average area of shelter vegetation and park vegetation was 66.97 hm² and 59.31 hm²,respectively,while that of street corner vegetation and garden vegetation was 0.71 hm² and 0.38 hm²,respectively. Street corner vegetation had the highest index of landscape diversity,while park vegetation had the lowest one. In the seven districts of Shenyang city,all types of vegetation had a small landscape dominance and evenness,but patch vegetation had a more than10 times of landscape dominance than corridor vegetation,indicating that there was somewhat imbalance in the allocation of different vegetation patch types. It's suggested that the quantity of patch vegetation should be increased,and the public vegetation should be distributed evenly. Increasing vegetation corridor is also important because it can link the downtown area to the suburb natural vegetation ecosystems. For example,the South Canal Belt Park of Shenyang is a good vegetation corridor,which can beautify Shenyang city,discharge sewage,drain flood,and improve microclimate.

Quantitative analysis of urban forest structure：A case study on Shenyang arboretum ．

ZHU Wen-Quan, HE Xing-Yuan, Chen-Wei, Chen-Yun-Hao, ZHANG Yue, NING Zhu-Hua

2003, 14(12):  2090-2094. 

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The spatial features and attribute data of urban forests in Shenyang arboretum were acquired by using aerial photographs and field investigation．After systemic and quantitative analysis of the species composition an d spatial
distribution pattern of urban forest community based on geographic information system (GIS)，the foHowing results were achieved：1)the vegetation in the arbo retum was rich and in a good condition．Phellodendron amuren se, Robinia pseudoacacia，and Ulmus pumila were the main species according to their abundant individuals and relative dominan ce．The spatial distribution pattern of this vegetation indicated that it was in a growing level and in the best state for ecological benefits；2)the tree species relative dominance based on veg etation quantity had no distinct relationship with the species abundance．and the species having abundant individuals might have a low relative dominance；and 3)the curve displayed in the relationship diagram between tree individuals and tree height showed ascending and protruding．W ith the increment of tree height class，the individuals were unchanged neady at the beginning，but when the height was more than 12 m，the individuals red uced distinctly，an d the curve displayed a quickly declined trend．The relationship between tree individuals and tree diameter at the breast height(DBH)showed the same result.

Quantitative analysis of urban forest structure:A case study on Shenyang arboretum.

ZHU Wenquan, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, CHEN Yunhao, ZHANG Yue, NING Zhuhua

2003, (12):  2090-2094. 

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The spatial features and attribute data of urban forests in Shenyang arboretum were acquired by using aerial photographs and field investigation. After systemic and quantitative analysis of the species composition and spatial distribution pattern of urban forest community based on geographic information system (GIS),the following results were achieved: 1) the vegetation in the arboretum was rich and in a good condition. Phellodendron amurense,Robinia pseudoacacia ,and Ulmus pumila were the main species according to their abundant individuals and relative dominance. The spatial distribution pattern of this vegetation indicated that it was in a growing level and in the best state for ecological benefits; 2) the tree species relative dominance based on vegetation quantity had no distinct relationship with the species abundance,and the species having abundant individuals might have a low relative dominance; and 3) the curve displayed in the relationship diagram between tree individuals and tree height showed ascending and protruding. With the increment of tree height class,the individuals were unchanged nearly at the beginning,but when the height was more than12 m,the individuals reduced distinctly,and the curve displayed a quickly declined trend. The relationship between tree individuals and tree diameter at the breast height (DBH) showed the same result.

Flora and vegetation types in the downtown area of Shenyan g

XU Wen-Duo, HE Xing-Yuan, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Yue, LI Hai-Mei, LIU Chang-Fu

2003, 14(12):  2095-2102. 

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Shenyang city is located in the intersect zone among Changbai，M ongolia and North China flora，which has a plenty of plant species belonging tO 98 families ，371 genera and 779 species ． There are 85 plant species in the
largest fam ily Companulaceae，and more than 20 species in the families Cyperaceae，Rosaceae，Leguminoseae，Polygonuceae,Labiatae．Lilaceae and Ranunculaceae． These families have 384 species in tota1．and 49．3％ of
them are found in Shenyang city．The flora had 23 geographical components types ．and 89．3％ of them were of the temperate type．Based on the epigenesis and functions of vegetation and the role of the dominant species ，the
urban vegetation in the downtown area of Shenyang was divided into 3 vegetation classes，14 vegetation groups and 57 vegetation typ es ，and the components，structure，dynamics and functions of 3 representative vegetation
classes were analysised．

Flora and vegetation types in the downtown area of Shenyang

XU Wenduo, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Yue, LI Haimei, LIU Changfu

2003, (12):  2095-2102. 

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Shenyang city is located in the intersect zone among Changbai,Mongolia and North China flora,which has a plenty of plant species belonging to 98 families,371 genera and 779 species. There are 85 plant species in the largest family Companulaceae,and more than20 species in the families Cyperaceae,Rosaceae,Leguminoseae,Polygonuceae,Labiatae,Lilaceae and Ranunculaceae. These families have 384 species in total,and 49.3% of them are found in Shenyang city. The flora had 23 geographical components types,and 89.3% of them were of the temperate type. Based on the epigenesis and functions of vegetation and the role of the dominant species,the urban vegetation in the downtown area of Shenyang was divided into 3 vegetation classes,14 vegetation groups and 57 vegetation types,and the components,structure,dynamics and functions of 3 representative vegetation classes were analysised.

Articles

Selection of tree species composition in Shenyang’s urban forest communities

LIU Chang-Fu, HE Xing-Yuan, CHEN Wei, XU Wen-Duo, DIAO Gui-Ling

2003, 14(12):  2103-2107. 

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Tree species selection is the most important basis in urban forest construction，and the key is the selec tion of tree species composition．Through investigating and analyzing the tree species com position in the parks in Shenyang
built—up area，the sequencing of integrate evaluation of various tree species was obtained．By correlation analysis among tree species with the Jaccard quantitative coefficient of correction，the optimal tree species composition and
the reference tree composition of Shenyang urban forest were also obtained．The existing status of tree species distribution in Shenyang built-up area was analyzed，the keynote tree species and 8 reference skeleton tree species
were recommended，and some advices were presented．

Selection of tree species composition in Shenyang's urban forest communities

LIU Changfu, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, XU Wenduo, ZHAO Guiling

2003, (12):  2103-2107. 

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Tree species selection is the most important basis in urban forest construction,and the key is the selection of tree species composition. Through investigating and analyzing the tree species composition in the parks in Shenyang built up area,the sequencing of integrate evaluation of various tree species was obtained. By correlation analysis among tree species with the Jaccard quantitative coefficient of correction,the optimal tree species composition and the reference tree composition of Shenyang urban forest were also obtained. The existing status of tree species distribution in Shenyang built up area was analyzed,the keynote tree species and 8 reference skeleton tree species were recommended,and some advices were presented.

Structure and ecological benefits of urban forest in Shenyang build-up area

HU Zhi-Bin, HE Xing-Yuan, CHEN Wei, LI Yue-Hui, LI Hai-Mei

2003, 14(12):  2108-2112. 

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Investigations were made in the sampling plots COvering 243 km of the Shenyang urban area，and the results were used as the input for the Urban Forest Management Information System (UFMIS)，which was developed
based on the model of CITYgreen．W ith this system ，and using tree species ，tree density，tree height grade distribution，tree DBH (diameter at breast height)grade distribution，and tree health condition as parameters，the land
use and forest structure in Shenyang City were analyzed．It was found that there were 1 914 500 trees in Shenyang,belonging to 136 species． The 25 dom inant species accounted for 84．78％ of the total number of
trees．an d the forest coverage Was 9．765％ ．Trees with DBH < 0．25m and > 0．5m accounted for 82．8％ of the total。and the young，m iddle-aged and old trees occupied 27％ ，58％ and 15％ of the total，respectively． The
healthy status of 84％ of the trees Was above middle leve1．Therefore，the forest in．Shenyang urban is at fl stable stage．According tO the statistical results from UFM IS，the ecological value of forest in Shenyang urban is as high
as 26 526 955．1 USD in term s of economy．

Structure and ecological benefits of urban forest in Shenyang build-up area

HU Zhibin, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, LI Yuehui, LI Haimei

2003, (12):  2108-2112. 

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Investigations were made in the sampling plots covering 243 km² of the Shenyang urban area,and the results were used as the input for the Urban Forest Management Information System (UFMIS),which was developed based on the model of CITYgreen. With this system,and using tree species,tree density,tree height grade distribution,tree DBH (diameter at breast height) grade distribution,and tree health condition as parameters,the land use and forest structure in Shenyang City were analyzed. It was found that there were 1914500 trees in Shenyang,belonging to 136 species. The 25 dominant species accounted for 84.78% of the total number of trees,and the forest coverage was 9.765%. Trees with DBH<0.25m and >0.5m accounted for 82.8% of the total,and the young,middle aged and old trees occupied 27%,58% and 15% of the total,respectively. The healthy status of 84% of the trees was above middle level. Therefore,the forest in Shenyang urban is at a stable stage. According to the statistical results from UFMIS,the ecological value of forest in Shenyang urban is as high as 26526955.1 USDin terms of economy.

Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China

CHEN Wei, HE Xing-Yuan, ZHANG Yue, SUN Yu, WANG Wen-Fei, NING Zhu-Hua

2003, 14(12):  2113-2116. 

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Dust pollution is much heavier in winter than in other seasons in the cities of Northeast China，because the urban heating system consumes mainly coal as energy resources．Deciduous trees can hardly abso rb dust because of their
defoliation．and hence，urban conifer trees become more important in dust abso rption in winter This paper studied the dust absorption ability of 7 conifers under the same and小fferent dust pollution status in Shenyang city，
Northeast China．The results showed that the dust absorption ability of conifers was decreased in the order of Abies holophilla > Picea mongolica > P ． koraiensis> Taxus cupidata > Pinus bungeana > P ． armandi> P ．
tabulaeformis．Different conifers had different suHace structures．Pinus bungeana，P armandi and P．tabulaeJormis had smooth suHaces，their cells and stomata arranged in order，and hence，their dust abso rption ability
was po r．P ．koraiensis， Abies holophilla and Ta：cus cupidata had coarse surfaces，and their cells and stomata arranged out of order．There were even m any tubercular things on the surface of P ．koraiensis，and hence，their
dust absorption ability was stronger．The dust absorption ability of conifers was related the shape of their leaf sections．The upper leaf surface of Pinus bungeana and P．tabulaeformis was arc，not opted to absorb the dust
The leaf section of P．armandi was prism．and its upper surface was narrow，and hence。its dust absorption ability was also po r．The leaves of Picea mongolica and P koraiensis had four edges．their upper surfaces were
broader and flatter than the form er three species，and hence，they had stronger dust absorp tion ability，The leaf section’s shape of Abies holophiUa and Taxus cupidata was also broad and fiat，which made the dust absorption
ability of the two latter’S WaS stronger than other three Pinus species and two Picea species．

Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China

CHEN Wei, HE Xingyuan, ZHANG Yue, SUN Yu, WANG Wenfei, NING Zhuhua

2003, (12):  2113-2116. 

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Dust pollution is much heavier in winter than in other seasons in the cities of Northeast China, because the urban heating system consumes mainly coal as energy resources. Deciduous trees can hardly absorb dust because of their defoliation, and hence, urban conifer trees become more important in dust absorption in winter. This paper studied the dust absorption ability of 7 conifers under the same and different dust pollution status in Shenyang city, Northeast China. The results showed that the dust absorption ability of conifers was decreased in the order of Abies holophilla>Picea mongolica>P. koraiensis>Taxus cupidata>Pinus bungeana>P. armandi>P. tabulaeformis. Different conifers had different surface structures. Pinus bungeana, P. armandi and P.tabulaeformis had smooth surfaces, their cells and stomata arranged in order, and hence, their dust absorption ability was poor. P.koraiensis, Abies holophilla and Taxus cupidata had coarse surfaces,and their cells and stomata arranged out of order. There were even many tubercular things on the surface of P.koraiensis, and hence, their dust absorption ability was stronger.The dust absorption ability of conifers was related the shape of their leaf sections. The upper leaf surface of Pinus bungeana and P.tabulaeformis was arc, not opted to absorb the dust. The leaf section of P.armandi was prism, and its upper surface was narrow, and hence, its dust absorption ability was also poor. The leaves of Picea mongolica and P.koraiensis had four edges, their upper surfaces were broader and flatter than the former three species, and hence, they had stronger dust absorption ability. The leaf section's shape of Abies holophilla and Taxus cupidata was also broad and flat, which made the dust absorption ability of the two latter's was stronger than other three Pinus species and two Picea species.

Analysis of urban forest landscape pattern in Hefei

WU Ze-Min, WU Wen-You, GAO Jian, ZHANG Shao-Jie

2003, 14(12):  2117-2122. 

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Based on the theory and methodology of landscape ecology，the landscape pattern of the study area(17．6 km )in the downtown of Hefei was analyzed by using the techniques of RS，GPS and GIS．The object was to provide a
comprehensive method to study urban forest structure and its function in environm ental improvement．The results showed that there were 5 major landscape elements，i．e．，building and hard pavement sudace，water，road，
urban forest，and general green 1and in the area The landscape matrix was building and pavement surface，occupied 73．13％ of tota1 1and．Road was the typical corridor element in the city and occupied 6．89％ ．Green 1and
occupied 1 1．44％ ，in which，urban forest patch occupied 9 18％ ．There were 408 urban forest patches ，with an area of 161．16 hm ．The average area of the patch was 0．396 hm ，and the m aximum area was 12 hm ．48％
of urban forest patch was identified as small scale patches with < 500 m of area．and onlY 8．6％ of them was larger than 1 hm ．The number of general green 1and patch was 255，with an area of 39．74 hm2，which account—
ed f0r 2．26％ of 1and area。and its average and maximum area was 0．1558 hm and 3．86 hm ，respectively． There were 147 water patches，with an area of 149．93 hm ，and occupied 8．54％ of lan d，and the average and
maximum area of the patch was 1．02 hm and 16 hm ，respectively．In the study area ，both of the Shannon Weiner landscape diversity index and evenness were 1ow ，only 0．928 and 0．576，res pectively． In addition，the
dominance of urban fores t patch and general green land was 0．39，showing that the two landscape elements had acertain influence on the environment of the study area．The concept of interior habitat for forest was introduced
in this paper，which was employed to make a scale class system of urban forest patch．The threshold area with interior habitat for urban forest patch was 9800m ．and there was 31．69hm of intefior habitat of urban forest in
tota1．which occupied 19．7％ of the total area of urban forest patch．This situation was not favorable for providing more habitats to support species diversity． It’s suggested that the concept of interior habitat co uld be em —
ployed to identify urban forest patch，and a scale system of small scale patch of urban forest—middle patch—large patch—extra 1arge patch was build in the paper．Based on this system．the ratio of different scalas of urban forest
patch in the study area should be 2：2：2：3．The authors also suggested that larger pieces (1．5～3．0 hm )of urban fores t patch should be built，and more urban forests should be es tablished in the northeas tern part of the city
in the future．

Analysis of urban forest landscape pattern in Hefei

WU Zemin, WU Wenyou, GAO Jian, ZHANG Shaojie

2003, (12):  2117-2122. 

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Based on the theory and methodology of landscape ecology,the landscape pattern of the study area (17.6 km²) in the downtown of Hefei was analyzed by using the techniques of RS,GPSand GIS. The object was to provide a comprehensive method to study urban forest structure and its function in environmental improvement. The results showed that there were 5 major landscape elements,i.e.,building and hard pavement surface,water,road,urban forest,and general green land in the area. The landscape matrix was building and pavement surface,occupied 73.13% of total land. Road was the typical corridor element in the city and occupied 6.89%. Green land occupied 11.44%,in which,urban forest patch occupied 9.18%. There were 408 urban forest patches,with an area of 161.16 hm². The average area of the patch was 0.396 hm²,and the maximum area was 12 hm². 48% of urban forest patch was identified as small scale patches with <500 m² of area,and only 8.6% of them was larger than1 hm². The number of general green land patch was 255,with an area of 39.74 hm²,which accounted for 2.26% of land area,and its average and maximum area was 0.1558 hm² and 3.86 hm²,respectively. There were 147 water patches, with an area of 149.93 hm²,and occupied 8.54% of land,and the average and maximum area of the patch was 1.02 hm² and 16 hm²,respectively. In the study area,both of the Shannon Weiner landscape diversity index and evenness were low,only 0.928 and 0.576,respectively. In addition,the dominance of urban forest patch and general green land was 0.39,showing that the two landscape elements had a certain influence on the environment of the study area. The concept of interior habitat for forest was introduced in this paper,which was employed to make a scale class system of urban forest patch. The threshold area with interior habitat for urban forest patch was 9800m²,and there was 31.69hm² of interior habitat of urban forest in total,which occupied 19.7% of the total area of urban forest patch. This situation was not favorable for providing more habitats to support species diversity. It's suggested that the concept of interior habitat could be employed to identify urban forest patch,and a scale system of small scale patch of urban forest middle patch large patch extra large patch was build in the paper. Based on this system,the ratio of different scales of urban forest patch in the study area should be 2∶2∶2∶3. The authors also suggested that larger pieces (1.5～3.0 hm²) of urban forest patch should be built,and more urban forests should be established in the northeastern part of the city in the future.

Articles

Quantitative analysis on sharp·tooth oak stands in Qinling Mountains

ZHAO Yong-Hua, LEI Rui-De, JIA Xia, HE Xing-Yuan, CHEN Wei

2003, 14(12):  2123. 

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The arbor stratum of Quercus aliena var．acuteserrata stands included two substratums．P妇nerophyta synusium was in first position．and hemicryptophyta was inferior to it The DBH structures of Quercu5 aliena var．acuteserrata and Pinus armandii were sinister normal school，which could finish self—regeneration under the natural conditions．The small DBH class individuals of Pinus tabulaeJbrmis were dominant，their DBH classes being distributed irregularly and absent very much．The large DBH classes of Toxicodendron verniciflUUDI took biggish proportion，belonging to declining population．Young trees were the principal individuals of Castanea mollissima，and in transitional age stage from the young to the middle Populus davidiana was in the transitional stage from progressive to stable and young—middie age stands．The stands DBH structure was mainly influenced by the DBH variety of Quercus aliena var．acuteserrata population．Quantitative classification (ward’s method ward)  and ordination(PCA)were used to study the community types of sharp to th oak．The results showed that the community could be divided into 6 types：①Ass Smilax stans + Rosa multiflora—QueFcus variabilis + Ul+ THUS glaucescens—Quercus aliena var．acuteserrata；②Ass．Smilax stans+ Lespedeza bicolor—Castanea mollissima—Q．aliena var．acuteserrata；③Ass．Co rJus mandshurica—Populus davidiana +Dendrobenthamia angustata—Q．aliena var．acuteserrata；④ Ass．Prunus pseudoccrasus + Co rvlus mandshurica —Toxicodendron vernicifluum —Q．aliena var．acuteserrata；⑤ Ass．Co rylus mandshurica + Rosa multiflora—Pinus ar．mandii—Q ．aliena var．acuteserrata；and ⑥ Ass．S ，znr“，z ，znr n nitida．Pinus armandii + Pinus tabulae．rmis．Q ．aliena var．acuteserrata．Ward’s method ward was better for classifying community types than the other clustering analyses in Qinling Mountains．The PCA results were consistent with the clustering，and demonstrated that the sharp．to th oak stands were influenced by the altitude．site gradient and soil mainly

Quantitative analysis on sharp-tooth oak stands in Qinling Mountains

ZHAO Yonghua, LEI Ruide, JIA Xia, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei

2003, (12):  2123-2128. 

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The arbor stratum of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata stands included two substratums. Phanerophyta synusium was in first position,and hemicryptophyta was inferior to it. The DBH structures of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata and Pinus armandii were sinister normal school,which could finish self regeneration under the natural conditions. The small DBHclass individuals of Pinus tabulaeformis were dominant,their DBHclasses being distributed irregularly and absent very much. The large DBH classes of Toxicodendron vernicifluum took biggish proportion,belonging to declining population. Young trees were the principal individuals of Castanea mollissima ,and in transitional age stage from the young to the middle. Populus davidiana was in the transitional stage from progressive to stable and young middle age stands. The stands DBHstructure was mainly influenced by the DBHvariety of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata population.Quantitative classification (ward's method ward) and ordination (PCA) were used to study the community types of sharp tooth oak. The results showed that the community could be divided into 6 types:①Ass. Smilax stans + Rosa multiflora Quercus variabilis + Ulmus glaucescens Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata ; ②Ass. Smilax stans + Lespedeza bicolor Castanea mollissima Q. aliena var. acuteserrata ; ③Ass. Corylus mandshurica Populus davidiana +Dendrobenthamia angustata Q. aliena var. acuteserrata ; ④Ass. Prunus pseudoccrasus + Corylus mandshurica Toxicodendron vernicifluum Q. aliena var. acuteserrata ; ⑤Ass. Corylus mandshurica + Rosa multiflora Pinus armandii Q. aliena var. acuteserrata ; and ⑥Ass. Sinarundinaria nitida Pinus armandii + Pinus tabulaeformis Q. aliena var. acuteserrata .Ward's method ward was better for classifying community types than the other clustering analyses in Qinling Mountains. The PCAresults were consistent with the clustering,and demonstrated that the sharp tooth oak stands were influenced by the altitude,site gradient and soil mainly.

Temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of m icroclimate in tropical secondary forest canopy gap in Xishuangbanna

ZHANG Yi-Ping, DOU Jun-Xia, MA You-Xin, LIU Yu-Hong, GUO Ping

2003, 14(12):  2129. 

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Based on the data obtained from vertical gradient measurem ents of m icroclimatic elem ents of canopy gap in tropical secondary forest of Xishuangbanna in fog—cool and dry-hot season，the daytim e characteristics of temporal—spatial distribution and variation of trunk surface tem perature，air temperature，water vapor pressure and relative humidity in canopy gap were discussed．The data showed that gap edge had not only a rem arkable therm al effect，but also a significant water vapor effect．These effects resulted in environmental heterogeneity in canopy gap．The results provided a basis for further studying heat and water vapor transport，m icroclimatic form ation，biodiversity，and forest succession in canopy gap．

Temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of microclimate in tropical secondary forest canopy gap in Xishuangbanna

ZHANG Yiping, DOU Junxia, MA Youxin, LIU Yuhong, GUO Ping

2003, (12):  2129-2135. 

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Based on the data obtained from vertical gradient measurements of microclimatic elements of canopy gap in tropical secondary forest of Xishuangbanna in fog cool and dry hot season,the daytime characteristics of temporal spatial distribution and variation of trunk surface temperature,air temperature,water vapor pressure and relative humidity in canopy gap were discussed. The data showed that gap edge had not only a remarkable thermal effect,but also a significant water vapor effect. These effects resulted in environmental heterogeneity in canopy gap. The results provided a basis for further studying heat and water vapor transport,microclimatic formation,biodiversity,and forest succession in canopy gap.

Dynamics of biom ass and net primary productivity in succession of south subtropical forests in Southwest Guangdon

YANG Qing-Pei, LI Ming-Guang, WANG Bo-Sun, LI Ren-Wei, WANG Chang-Wei

2003, 14(12):  2136. 

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Coniferous forest(Pinus massoniana community)，pine．broad leaved mixed forest(Pinus nlassoniana+Cas．tanopsis kawakamii+Schinna SUperba+Liquidambar fornlosana)and evergreen broad．leaved forest(Ixonan．thes chinensis + ArtocarpUS styacifolius+ Ormosia glaberrima + Cryptocarya concinna 1 are the three maincommunities representing 3 major stages in a secondary succession series in Heishiding Nature Reserve，Gungdong Province．Their biomass and net primary productivity(NPP)were studied by using harvest method(fortrees and lianas)and clear cut method (for shrub and herb)．The biomas and NPP were 246．697 t·hm and 14．715 t·hm-2 ·yr-1 f0r the coniferous forest。287．367 t·hm and 17．179 t·hm^-2 ·yr^-1 for the pine-broadleaved mixed forest．and 357．976 t·hm～ and 18．730 t·hm yr f0r the evergreen broa d．1eaved forest．respectively ．These results indicared that these three stages were very close in the succession process．and that coniferOUS fores t and mixed forest were m ore mature。while broa d—lea ved forest was relatively young．Therefore, under the conditions of no or only minor disturbance，their biom ass and NPP showed an increasing trend with the suecession of the forest communities in Heishiding.

Dynamics of biomass and net primary productivity in succession of south subtropical forests in Southwest Guangdong

YANG Qingpei, LI Mingguang, WANG Bosun, LI Renwei, WANG Changwei

2003, (12):  2136-2140. 

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Coniferous forest (Pinus massoniana community),pine broad leaved mixed forest (Pinus massoniana + Castanopsis kawakamii+Schima superba+Liquidambar formosana) and evergreen broad leaved forest (Ixonanthes chinensis + Artocarpus styacifolius + Ormosia glaberrima + Cryptocarya concinna) are the three main communities representing 3 major stages in a secondary succession series in Heishiding Nature Reserve,Guangdong Province.Their biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) were studied by using harvest method (for trees and lianas) and clear cut method (for shrub and herb).The biomass and NPPwere 246.697 t穐m^-2 and 14.715 t穐m^-2穣r^-1 for the coniferous forest,287.367 t穐m^-2 and 17.179 t穐m^-2 穣r^-1 for the pine broad leaved mixed forest,and 357.976 t穐m^-2 and 18.730 t穐m^-2 yr^-1 for the evergreen broad leaved forest,respectively .These results indicated that these three stages were very close in the succession process,and that coniferous forest and mixed forest were more mature,while broad leaved forest was relatively young.Therefore,under the conditions of no or only minor disturbance,their biomass and NPP showed an increasing trend with the succession of the forest communities in Heishiding.

Genetic diversity of rare and endangered plant Sorbus amabilis

LIU Deng-Xi, CHEN Hao, YANG Yue-Hong, ZHANG Jie

2003, 14(12):  2141. 

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The genetic diversity of 13 natural populations of Sorbus amabilis Cheng ex Ya from diferent distribution regions was investigated using RAP D ．Fourteen primers were screened from 40 ten-bp arbitrary primers，and a total
of 105 DNA fragments were amplified，among which，30(28．6％)were polymorphic．DNA molecular d~drograms were established for the 13 natural populations，based on UPGMA and Neighbo r-Joining．The result
showed that S．amabilis had a low genetic diversity，and its adaptability tO environmental change WaS weak．The genetic diversity of S．amabilis among the 13 natural po pulations were prim arily related tO their geographic distribution．
Its special evolutionary himory，man-made destruction，natural disaster(fire，plant diseases and insect pests etc．)and genetic drift caused by small population were the main reasons for the low—level genetic diversity
of S．amabilis and its endangered position．

Genetic diversity of rare and endangered plant Sorbus amabilis

LIU Dengyi, SHEN Hao, YANG Yuehong, ZHANG Jie

2003, (12):  2141-2144. 

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The genetic diversity of 13 natural populations of Sorbus amabilis Cheng ex Y? from different distribution regions was investigated using RAPD.Fourteen primers were screened from 40 ten bp arbitrary primers,and a total of 105 DNA fragments were amplified,among which,30(28.6%) were polymorphic. DNA molecular dendrograms were established for the 13 natural populations,based on UPGMA and Neighbor Joining.The result showed that S.amabilis had a low genetic diversity,and its adaptability to environmental change was weak.The genetic diversity of S.amabilis among the 13 natural populations were primarily related to their geographic distribution.Its special evolutionary history,man made destruction,natural disaster (fire,plant diseases and insect pests etc.) and genetic drift caused by small population were the main reasons for the low level genetic diversity of S.amabilis and its endangered position.

Gradient distribution of soil N|P|and K along the distan ce from Picea mongolica seedlings root surface

ZOU Chun-Jing, HAN Shi-Jie, XU Wen-Duo, GU Zhi-Jing

2003, 14(12):  2145. 

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Gradient distribution of soil N,P,and K along the distance from Picea mongolica seedlings root surface

ZOU Chunjing, HAN Shijie, XU Wenduo, GU Zhijing

2003, (12):  2145-2148. 

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Six years old seedlings of Picea mongolica were planted in pots with horizontal and vertical root treatments. Soil samples were stratified collected,and their available nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P),and potassium (K) contents were determined.The results showed that the available contents of N,Pand Kin soils along the distance from Picea mongolica seedlings root surface had a special gradient distribution. Near root surface,there was a depletion zone of soil available N,P,and K,and along the distance from it,the nutrient element contents increased gradually and reached their background values in the bulk soil. In the horizontal root treatment,the depletion zone of soil available N,P,and Kexisted in different distance from root surface,owing to the absorption and the use intensity of the seedlings to these nutrient elements. The depletion zone of soil available Nand Kappeared from 1 cm from root surface,and that of available Pexisted in0.5 cm from root surface. In the vertical root treatment,the depletion zone of available Nand Kalso appeared from 1 cm from root surface as in the horizontal root treatment,but the available Pcontent near root surface was lower than that far away from root surface. It is proved that the absorption and the utilize intensity of soil available Pby Picea mongolica seedlings was intense,which might become a limiting factor to its growth and development. Therefore, Picea mongolica should be planted on soils rich in phosphorus,or Pand Nfertilizers should be applied to improve the absorption and the use efficiency of available Pby Picea mongolica .

Ecological distribution of mycorrihizal fungi associated with oak in Dandong district of Liaoning Province

WANG Hui, DAI Li-Min, SHAO Guo-Fan, LANG Qiang-Long, YANG Bao-Shan, DENG Hong-Bing, WANG Qing-Li

2003, 14(12):  2149. 

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Ecological distribution of mycorrihizal fungi associated with oak in Dandong district of Liaoning Province

WANG Hui, DAI Limin, SHAO Guofan, LANG Qinglong, YANG Baoshan, DENG Hongbing, WANG Qingli

2003, (12):  2149-2152. 

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With plot cruising and rout investigation methods, 36 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with oaks were found in natural secondary oak forest in Dandong district of Liaoning Province. They were subordinated to 7 familyies, 13 genera. Studies on the relationship of the ecological distribution of mycorrhizal fungi with tree species, tree age and seasons showed that 29 species mycorrhizal fugi preferred to grow with Q. mongolica.The species of Russulla were associated with a wider tree ages of oak, and the species of Amanita were most likely to grow with old tree. July and August were the occurrence peak of mycorrhizal fungi. 75% species occurred in July, and 100% species occurred in August. The relative density of the occurrence number was the highest in mid August (19.5%) and last August (18.4%).

Calculation of parameters in f0rest evapotranspiration mode1

WANG An-Zhi, FEI Tie-Fan

2003, 14(12):  2153. 

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Calculation of parameters in forest evapotranspiration model

WANG Anzhi, PEI Tiefan

2003, (12):  2153-2156. 

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Forest evapotranspiration is an important component not only in water balance,but also in energy balance. It is a great demand for the development of forest hydrology and forest meteorology to simulate the forest evapotranspiration accurately,which is also a theoretical basis for the management and utilization of water resources and forest ecosystem. Taking the broadleaved Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountain as an example,this paper constructed a mechanism model for estimating forest evapotranspiration,based on the aerodynamic principle and energy balance equation. Using the data measured by the Routine Meteorological Measurement System and Open Path Eddy Covariance Measurement System mounted on the tower in the broadleaved Korean pine forest,the parameters displacement height d ,stability functions for momentum φ_m ,and stability functions for heat φ_h were ascertained. The displacement height of the study site was equal to 17.8 m,near to the mean canopy height,and the functions of φ_m and φ_h changing with gradient Richarson number R_i were constructed.

Articles

Relationship between soil organic phosphorus forms in larch plantations and tree growth

CHEN Li-Xin

2003, 14(12):  2157. 

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Relationship between soil organic phosphorus forms in larch plantations and tree growth

CHEN Lixin

2003, (12):  2157-2161. 

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Using the organic phosphorus fractionation system suggested by Bowman and Cole, this paper studied the dynamics of labile, moderately labile, moderately resistant, and highly resistant organic phosphorus in rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soil at different development stages of larch, and their relationships with soil available phosphorus and tree growth yield. The results showed that the main components of soil organic phosphorus in larch plantation were moderately labile and moderately resistant organic phosphorus, amounted to 77.07%～86.68% of the total organic phosphorus. The labile and moderately labile organic phosphorus in rhizosphere soil were the main sources of soil available phosphorus at different development stages of larch. The contents of total organic phosphorus, labile organic phosphorus, moderately resistant organic phosphorus and highly resistant organic phosphorus in rhizosphere soil decreased with stand ages from young stand to near mature stand, but increased from near mature stand to mature stand. No apparent change of the moderately labile organic phosphorus content was found over stand ages in rhizosphere soil. The contents of various organic phosphorus forms presented a fluctuating increasing tendency in non rhizosphere soil as stand ages increased. There was a close relationship between the increments of periodic average diameter at breast height and periodic average height and the contents of soil labile organic phosphorus and available phosphorus.

Effect of flooding disturbance on aboveground biom ass of Leymus chinensis grassland- A preliminary study

WANG Zheng-Wen, CHU Ting-Cheng

2003, 14(12):  2162. 

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Effect of flooding disturbance on aboveground biomass of Leymus chinensis grassland-A preliminary study

WANG Zhengwen, ZHU Tingcheng

2003, (12):  2162-2166. 

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To investigate the effect of flooding disturbance on the net primary productivity of Songnen steppe,a comparatively thorough study was conducted on Sanjiadian State owned Rangeland in Da'an city,Jilin Province,which was partly flooded in1998. The study site was located in the south Songnen plain of Northeastern China,dominated by Leymus chinensis grassland. An extensively mild slope with flooding gradients (from un flooded to heavily flooded) was taken as the study site. Two flooded transects coded FLand FHwhich was respectively subjected to 3 and 9 months of flooding were designed,and an un flooded one coded CKat a relatively higher elevation was set as a control. Before flooding occurred in1998,the slope had an almost uniform soil and L.chinensis dominated vegetation. Each transect was 0.2 hm² (100 m?20 m) in size,and the two flooded transects were almost paralleled each other,with the longer sides of them perpendicular to the retrieving direction of floodwater. In each transect,twenty 1 m² sized quadrats were randomly chosen to survey the community structure and the aboveground biomass. Comparative analyses were made on the dynamics of soil water,soil Nand P,and species composition of grassland communities that occurred in responses to flooding disturbance. The results showed that the lightly and heavily flooded transects had a significantly larger aboveground biomass than the control,with the increase of 89.54% and 113.45%,respectively. The heavily flooded transect had a slightly but insignificantly larger aboveground biomass than the lightly flooded one,indicating that on flooded sites,water was not the limiting factor of the aboveground biomass. The acute changes of soil water caused by flooding led to the changes of soil nutrients and species assemblages,which would impact community biomass. Just as the case for aboveground biomass,the soil water contents of the two flooded transects were significantly larger than that of control,which was the direct effect of flooding disturbance. The contents of soil available Nand Pon the flooded transects were higher than that on the control,as resulted by the increase of soil water. The species composition had an obvious difference between flooded transects and control,and the major change on the flooded transects was the decrease of Xeric and Mesoxeric plants and the increase of Hygric and Hygro mesic plants,compared to the control. It's deduced from the results that the mechanisms that the flooding disturbance influenced the net primary productivity were: 1) Flooding disturbance firstly changed soil water content,the leading limiting factor of grassland productivity,especially in dry years,and thus,lessened the limitation of aridity on grassland productivity. 2) Flooding induced increase of soil water content led to the drastic increase of nutrient availability,and thereby,eliminated the restriction of pre flood nutrient scarcity on grassland productivity. 3) Still due to the afterward effects of flooding disturbance,the species composition of the community transformed from relatively shorter plant species assemblage towards taller and bigger plant species assemblage that were more productive.

Variations of water-soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen contents in Leymus chinensis and Phragm ites comm unis under different stocking rate

LIU Ying, WANG De-Li, HAN Shi-Jie, CHENG Zhi-Ru, DU Juan, WANG Xu

2003, 14(12):  2167. 

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Variations of water-soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen contents in Leymus chinensis and Phragmites communis under different stocking rates

LIU Ying, WANG Deli, HAN Shijie, CHENG Zhiru, DU Juan, WANG Xu

2003, (12):  2167-2170. 

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The variations of the contents of water soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen in L. chinensis and Ph. communis under different stocking rates were studied by fencing grazing experiment on L. chinensis grassland. The results indicated that the water soluble carbohydrate content in the base stem of L. chinensis and Ph. communis was the lowest (7.12% and 3.95%, respectively) at the beginning of growth period, and then increased gradually with seasons. There was no significant variation in the content of leaf water soluble carbohydrate in the grasses. L.chinensis germinated earlier than Ph.communis, resulted in the difference between the water soluble carbohydrate content in the base stem and the leaf of the grasses at the beginning of the experiment in May. Proper stocking rates were favorable for the increase of water soluble carbohydrate content, and could accelerate the regrowth capability of the herbage. The nitrogen content was the highest at the beginning of growth period, and then decreased gradually with seasons, which was accorded with their phenology. Proper stocking rates could stimulate the assimilation of nitrogen in soil, and bring it to the ground, which improved the nutrition value of the herbage.

Growth strategies of different age classes of ramets in Kalime~s integrifolia population at the Songnen Plains of China

LI Jian-Dong, YANG Yun-Fei

2003, 14(12):  2171. 

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Growth strategies of different age classes of ramets in Kalimeris integrifolia population at the Songnen Plains of China

YANG Yunfei, LI Jiandong

2003, (12):  2171-2175. 

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As a perennial forage,Kalimeris integrifolia Turcz. Ex DC is a species of Compositea clone plant,which has a high potential in vegetative propagation by root crowns. Its population was constructed by three age classes of ramets. In the Songnen Plains,the middle ten days of June is the more vigorous vegetative growth period of the clone ramets. The results showed that the capabilities of ramet growth and production were the lowest in the 1st age class,and heightened in the 2nd and 3rd age classes. Biomass allocations were the most in stem,more in leaves,and the least in taproot of three age classes of ramets. The biomass allocation in leaves was the most in the 1st age class,more in the 2nd age class,and the least in the 3rd age class,but those in stem and in taproot were all the least in the 1st age class,lesser in the 2nd age class,and the most in the 3rd age class. The relationships between total weight and height,leaf weight and stem weight,and taproot weight and shoot weight of clone ramets were all power function,but the biomass allocation in taproot was linearly decreased with height increase in three age classes. The strategies of growth and biomass allocation of the population ramets were:1) the biomass allocation in leaves was more in the young period to ensure the productive organ constructed continuously,and hence,more productive material was gradually allocated in stem and taproot with the growth of ramets,2) the energy allocation of ramets was less in taproot,but the biomass allocation in taproot was relatively more in young period,and then,the prorate decreased with ramet growth,and the ratio kept relatively steady.

Articles

Spatial diversity index analysis on wildlife habitat pattern change in the Liaohe Delta

WANG Ling, LI Xiu-Zhen, HU Yuan-Man, GUO Du-Fa

2003, 14(12):  2176. 

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Spatial diversity index analysis on wildlife habitat pattern change in the Liaohe Delta

WANG Ling, LI Xiuzhen, HU Yuanman, GUO Dufa

2003, (12):  2176-2180. 

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Based on the study of land cover change in the Liaohe Delta with GISand RS,the wildlife habitat pattern was described quantitatively,and the pattern change between 1988 and 1998 was analyzed with spatial diversity index. The results showed that the wildlife habitat pattern had an obvious change during the ten years caused by natural and human disturbance. The area of suitable habitat(S_d ≥0.35) was becoming smaller and more fragmented,with a deteriorated quality. It was proved that spatial diversity index could reflect the habitat suitability of wildlife,and describe the habitat spatial pattern explicitly. This study would provide a scientific basis for protecting wild animals and their habitats.

Scaling effects on landscape pattern indice

BU Ren-Cang, LI Xiu-Zhen, HU Yuan-Man, CHANG Yu, HE Hong-Shi

2003, 14(12):  2181. 

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Scaling effects on landscape pattern indices

BU Rencang, LI Xiuzhen, HU Yuanman, CHANG Yu, Hong S. He

2003, (12):  2181-2186. 

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The methods of spatial data aggregation based on majority and random rules were used in this study to reveal the scaling effects on landscape pattern in a classified TMimagery with 8 land cover types. For the majority rule based aggregations,the proportion of most common cover types increased slowly,while that of less common cover types decreased rapidly with increasing grain. For random rule based aggregation,each cover remained its original area on the aggregated maps. The largest patch sizes of shrub decreased,and those of the others increased in the majority rule based aggregations with increasing scales. For random rule,the largest patch size of water (smallest cover type) decreased,but that of the others increased. The smallest patch size of each cover type was equal to the square of grain sizes. The average patch size of each cover type increased with increasing scales. However,the average patch size of dominant cover types increased rapidly in majority rule based aggregations,while that of less common cover types increased rapidly in random rule based aggregation. The patch count of each cover types decreased substantially with increasing grain. Random rule based aggregation made landscape more fragmented and remained more patches. The diversity decreased in majority rule based aggregation,and maintained its original value in random rule based aggregation with increasing scales. Aggregation indices decreased with increasing map and measurement resolution,and the landscape became more aggregated in majority rule based aggregation. However,under fixed measurement resolution (e.g.,30 m),aggregation indices increased and cover types were more clustered with increasing resolution. Moran's Idecreased rapidly with increasing measurement and map resolution,and each cover type tended to be arranged randomly and independently in space. However,under fixed measurement resolution (e.g.,30 m),Moran's Iincreased and cover types were more clustered on aggregated maps than on original map with increasing map resolution.

Dynamic monitoring on land cover in loess hilly and gully area by the methods of RS and GIS

CHANG Qing-Rui, LIU Jing, YANG Qin-Ke, ZHANG Xiao-Ping

2003, 14(12):  2187. 

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Dynamic monitoring on land cover in loess hilly and gully area by the methods of RS and GIS

CHANG Qingrui, LIU Jing, YANG Qinke, ZHANG Xiaoping

2003, (12):  2187-2190. 

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By the integration of RSand GIS,with the TM data obtained from Landsat 5 in1990 and the ETM plus data from Landsat 7 in 2000,and after geometrical rectifying and amplifying and man machine screen decoding data image,the map of eco environment and land use/cover in Yanhe watershed and its vicinities in 1990 and 2000 was obtained respectively,and the results of statistic analyses showed that in comparing with 1990,the artificial land in 2000 increased by 31%,the area of agricultural land was stable and that of orchard was 2.82 times more,and the area of artificial forest increased remarkably and that of shrub was 6 times more. The coverage rate increased to 13.88%,and the area of wilderness was 44.8% of that in1990.The quality of eco environment was improved remarkably in this area.

Articles

Preliminary study Oil total sulfur in typical marsh wetland and arable soils in Sanjiang Plain

HAO Qing-Ju, WANG Qi-Chao, WANG Qi-Cun, LI Zhi-Bo

2003, 14(12):  2191. 

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Preliminary study on total sulfur in typical marsh wetland and arable soils in Sanjiang Plain

HAO Qingju, WANG Qichao, WANG Qicun, LI Zhibo

2003, (12):  2191-2194. 

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Three primary marsh types including Calamagrostis angustifolia marsh, Carex lasiocarpa marsh and Carex meyeriana marsh and the arables land reclaimed in different years were selected as studying objects,and the total sulfur in these soils were analyzed. The results indicated that the mean total sulfur was 622.4 mg穔g^-1 in Calamagrostis angustifolia marsh soils,820.5 mg穔g^-1 in Carex meyerianan marsh soils, and 1022.4 mg穔g^-1 in Carex lasiocarpa marsh soils.Naoli River, Bielahong River, Yalu River and Nongjiang River are the four typical rivers in Sanjiang Plain. The mean total sulfur was 925 mg穔g^-1 in Naoli Valley soils ,708.6 mg穔g^-1 in Bielahong Valley soils,841.8 mg穔g^-1 in Yalu Valley,and 636.5 mg穔g^-1 in Nongjiang Valley.The total sulfur in both marshes and arable soils presented distinct regularity, namely it gradually decreased from surface soil to botteom.The average total sulfur in the arable land reclaimed between1980 and 2000 was 180.5 mg穔g^-1 ,and it was 735.8 mg穔g^-1 in natural marsh soils.So the total sulfur in arable land was remarkably lower than that in the marshes,and the reclamation could result in sulfur loss.

Quality variation of wheat planted in different regions of Tibet and Beijing

WU Dong-Bing, CAO Guang-Fang, QIANG Xiao-Lin, DONG Mei, KOU Hao, WANG Jian-Lin, WANG Xiu-Fang

2003, 14(12):  2195. 

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Quality variation of wheat planted in different regions of Tibet and Beijing

WU Dongbing, CAO Guangcai, QIANG Xiaolin, DONG Mei, KOU Hao, WANG Jianlin, WANG Xiufang

2003, (12):  2195-2199. 

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In order to supply experimental basis for developing high quality and special use wheat for Tibet,multi varieties experiments in different regions were carried out to study the quality variation of wheat varieties during1998 to 2001. Field trials of sowing in spring and in autumn were conducted in Linzhi,Rikaze,Lasa and Beijing,and 5 indices including grain protein content,wet gluten content,sedimentation value,falling number and grain hardness were determined. The results showed that the quality characters were significantly different among the varieties,and extremely significant among the sites of same variety. The protein content of grains had a positive correlation to the other 4 indices,and could be a core index in quality characters of wheat. The parameters of quality characters were higher in inland varieties than in Tibet ones,the latter appearing weak or medium gluten,and those of the same varieties were higher in Beijing than in Tibet. When inland varieties were planted in Tibet,the parameters of quality characters would be decreased. The same variety in3 sites of Tibet had different quality characters. There was a positive correlation between ecological height (latitude譭levation) and growth development duration of varieties,but a negative correlation between growth development duration and protein content,and between ecological height and protein content. Medium gluten varieties should be mainly planted in Tibet,and some good inland varieties could be introduced and planted according to the quality regionalization.

Articles

Heterosis and genetic correlation analysis of rice(Oryza sativa L．)grain weight development under different environmental condition

LIANG Kang-Jing, LIN Wen-Xiong, CHEN Zhi-Xiong, LI Ya-Juan, LIANG Xi-Yuan, GUO Yu-Chun, HE Hua-Qin, CHEN Fang-Yu

2003, 14(12):  2200. 

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Heterosis and genetic correlation analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain weight development under different environmental conditions

LIANG Kangjing, LIN Wenxiong, CHEN Zhixiong, LI Yajuan, LIANG Yiyuan, GUO Yuchun, HE Huaqin, CHEN Fangyu

2003, (12):  2200-2204. 

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Two sets of test materials were derived from diallel cross among nine different types of selected rice varieties (lines). Based on the experimental data at different development stages of early and late rice, the estimation of heterosis and genetic correlation of rice grain weight at some development stages (0^→ t) or at some special development phases (t-1^→t) was conducted by using additive dominant genetic model and developmental genetic model for quantitative traits. The results indicated that the heterosis over mid parent value based on population mean was not significant at 5% level at the early stages (1～12 d), and turned to positively significant as the development process proceeded in early rice. The heterobeltiosis based on population mean appeared to be small negative during the entire courses of grain filling. The heterosis over mid parent based on population mean appeared to be positively significant at the early and middle grain filling stages (1～18 d), but became insignificant at the late stages (19～28 d) in late rice. The heterobeltiosis based on population mean appeared to be positively significant at the early grain filling stages (1～12 d), but turned to be significantly negative as the development process proceeded in late rice. It also indicated that the heterosis of grain weight development was beneficial to improve the quality of grain filling in late rice, compared to that in early rice. The genetic correlation between the grain weights per se at different stages and the final grain weight was mainly controlled by dominant effects, and became closer with the development process in the early rice, while by additive effects in the late rice. It's suggested that indirect selection of final grain weight throughout the process of grain filling would be more effective in late rice.

Research progress on hydrological scalin

LIU Jian-Mei, FEI Tie-Fan

2003, 14(12):  2205-2310. 

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Articles

Long-term trial on fertilization and on use of recycled nutrients in farming systems V ．Response of crop yields to fertilizatioh in different precipitation years and estimates of water and nutrient interaction

ZHANG Lu, CHEN Shan-Min, YU Wan-Tai, LIAN Hong-Zhi

2003, 14(12):  2205. 

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Long-term trial on fertilization and on use of recycled nutrients in farming systems Ⅴ. Response of crop yields to fertilization in different precipitation years and estimates of water and nutrient interaction

ZHANG Lu, SHEN Shanmin, YU Wantai, LIAN Hongzhi

2003, (12):  2205-2207. 

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According to the responses of crop yields under fertilizations in1996 with normal precipitation (456 mm in crop growth season) and in1998 with higher precipitation (598 mm in growth season),the effect of water and nutrient interaction on crop yields in semihumid semiarid region of west Liaoning Province were estimated. Under Napplication and sufficient water supply (more rainfall),the increase of crop yields was 3056 kg穐m^-2 ,of which,1996 kg穐m^-2 was estimated from water nutrient interaction,while in NPand compost treatment with sufficient water supply,the yield increase was 4703 kg穐m^-2 ,of which,1554 kg穐m^-2 was estimated from water nutrient interaction.

Dynam ics of arease activity in a long-term fertilized black soil and its affecting factors

LI Dong-Po, WU Zhi-Jie, CHEN Li-Jun, YANG Jie, ZHU Ping, REN Jun, PENG Chang, GAO Gong-Jun

2003, 14(12):  2208. 

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Dynamics of urease activity in a long-term fertilized black soil and its affecting factors

LI Dongpo, WU Zhijie, CHEN Lijun, YANG Jie, ZHU Ping, REN Jun, PENG Chang, GAO Hongjun

2003, (12):  2208-2212. 

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The effect of long term fertilization on the urease activity in a typical black soil in Northeastern China was examined in this paper. The soil has been fertilized since 1980, and the dynamics of its urease activity was monitored during crop growth season. The results showed that a significant difference in soil urease activity was found at each growth stage between soils treated by different fertilizations. In farmyard manure treated soil, the urease activity was > 160 mg穔g^-1 穐^-1 and with a low seasonal fluctuations. The soil urease activity had a significant positive correlation with soil biological, physical and chemical properties, and the N, Pand Kcontents in plants (P<0.01), and with soil moisture content and grain crude protein (P<0.05).

Articles

Inf1uence of cultivation on organic carbon in three typical soils of China Loess Plateau and Canada Prairies．

WU Tian-Yun, JeffJ.Schoenau, LI Feng-Min, JIAN Pei-Yuan, SukhadevS.Malhi

2003, 14(12):  2213. 

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Influence of cultivation on organic carbon in three typical soils of China Loess Plateau and Canada Prairies

WU Tianyun, Jeff J. SCHOENAU, LI Fengmin, QIAN Peiyuan, Sukhadev S. MALHI

2003, (12):  2213-2218. 

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The dynamics of organic carbon in3 soils of China Loess Plateau and Canada Prairies was significantly different: in China,the Huangmian soil (Calcaric Cambisols,FAO) lost 77% of total organic carbon (0～20 cm) within5 years of cultivation,with a decrease rate of 2.11 tons C·hm^-2·yr^-1 ,which was mainly caused by water erosion and tillage erosion; and the Huihe soil (haplic greyxems,FAO) lost 70% of total organic carbon (0～20 cm layer) at the rate of 0.961.06 tons C·hm^-2·yr^-1 ,because of water erosion and decomposition over 42 years. However,the orthic brown chernozem in Canada lost 11% and 44% of the total soil organic carbon (0～20 cm layer) after 40 and 80 years of cultivation,respectively,with a corresponding rate of 0.17 tons Chm^-2·yr^-1 and 0.45 tons Chm^-2·yr^-1 . The improvement in tillage and rotation system,which prevented soil from wind erosion and increased current residues into soil,was responsible for the decrease of the loss rate. The dynamics of soil light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) was similar to that of total organic carbon:Huangmian and Heilu soil lost 73% and 90% of LFOC,while orthic brown chernozem lost 74% and 70% of LFOCafter breaked in1920 and 1960,respectively. Among the test soils,Huangmian and Huihe soil had the fast SOCdepletion due to the difference in the allocation of organic carbon between LFOCand HFOC.

Identification of agricultural resource &|environm ent determ ination of the principle grain production area in China

LIU Zhi-Jiang, ZHANG Ping-Yu, LIU Ju-Dong, PAN Xiang-Wen

2003, 14(12):  2219. 

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Identification of agricultural resource & environment determination of the principle grain production area in China

LIU Zhiqiang, ZHANG Pingyu, LIU Judong, PAN Xiangwen

2003, (12):  2219-2224. 

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The 15 principle grain production areas and 16 non principle grain production areas were determined on the basis of systematic identification and comprehensive analysis on agricultural resources and environment in the 31 provinces and regions of China, and the fundamental method for solving the problems on the deterioration of agricultural resources and environment has been put forward,which is to carry out macro regulation of agriculture under the frame of WTO on the basis of developing the soft wares for agricultural macro regulation of the principle and non principle grain production areas .

Effect of straw pretreatment on soil microbial biomass and respiration activity

LI Gui-Dong, ZHANG Bao-Gui, LI Bao-Guo

2003, 14(12):  2225. 

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Effect of straw pretreatment on soil microbial biomass and respiration activity

LI Guitong, ZHANG Baogui, LI Baoguo

2003, (12):  2225-2228. 

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Winter wheat straw particles (0.5～2.0 mm) were soaked with 8.0 g·L^-1 H2O₂ (pH11.0),12.5 g·L^-1 NaOHor H2SO4 solution for 8 h and dried at 80 ℃. Soils amended with the pretreated straw and inorganic Nwere incubated aerobically at 25 ℃ for 60 days. The CO₂ emission rate and soil microbial biomass Cand Nwere measured at different time. The results showed that during the earlier stage of incubation,the pretreatments of straw increased soil microbial biomass Cby 1.0～1.4 folds,but decreased soil microbial respiration activity. During the later stage of incubation,the NaOHand H2SO4 pretreated straw decreased soil microbial biomass carbon by 28% and 42%,respectively,while increased the soil microbial respiration activity. The straw pretreated by H2O₂ increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen by 90% after the 15th day of incubation. The pretreatments of straw increased the fungi/bacteria ratio at different special time. It could be concluded that soil microbial biomass and respiration activity could be changed after the pretreated straw was added into the soil.

Effect of doubled CO₂ and O₃ concentration and their interactions on ultrastructure of soybean chloroplast

ZHAO Tian-Hong, SHI Yi, HUANG Guo-Hong

2003, 14(12):  2229. 

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Effect of doubled CO₂ and O₃ concentration and their interactions on ultrastructure of soybean chloroplast

ZHAO Tianhong, SHI Yi, HUANG Guohong

2003, (12):  2229-2232. 

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The effect of doubled CO₂ and O₃ concentration on the ultrastructure of chloroplast in leaf cells of soybean was tested by open top chamber method,and examined under transmission electron microscope. The results showed that under doubled CO₂ concentration,the amount and volume of starch grains in chloroplast increased,but the chloroplast membrane and the lamellar structure still kept integrated. The accumulation of starch grains was restrained,and the chloroplast membrane and the lamellar structure were disorganized under doubled O₃ concentration. The ultrastructure of chloroplast was destroyed in different degrees under the interaction of doubled CO₂ and O₃ concentration. The damage to chloroplast arose from the abrupt doubling of CO₂ and O₃ was more severe than that from gradual increase of CO₂ and O₃ concentration. The negative effect of O₃ was partly compensated by the positive effect of doubled CO₂.

Effect of methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root on growth and developm ent of arbuscular m ycorrhizal fungi cultured in vitro

ZHANG Yong, XIE Li-Yuan, XIONG Bing-Quan, ZENG Ming

2003, 14(12):  2233. 

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Effect of methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root on growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cultured in vitro

ZHANG Yong, XIE Liyuan, XIONG Bingquan, ZENG Ming

2003, (12):  2233-2236. 

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The effect of methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root on growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was studied under`cultured in vitro . The study indicated that the methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root could significantly stimulate the spore germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae,Gigaspora margarita),and the 80% methanol eluates had the most significant effect. There were rich flavonoids in the methanol eluates,and the highest flavonoids content was in the 80% methanol eluates. The mathematical analysis showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between the flavonoids content in the methanol eluates and the growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cultured in vitro.

Salt tolerance of wild soybeans in Jiangsu and its relation with ionic distribution and selective transportation

YANG Xiao-Ying, ZHANG Wen-Hua, WANG Qiang-Ya, LIU You-Liang

2003, 14(12):  2237. 

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Salt tolerance of wild soybeans in Jiangsu and its relation with ionic distribution and selective transportation

YANG Xiaoying, ZHANG Wenhua, WANG Qingya, LIU Youliang

2003, (12):  2237-2240. 

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The salt tolerance of 3 wild soybean(Glycine soja)populations was compared with their relative germination and seedling emergence. The results showed that the salt tolerance of Jiangsu wild soybean (JWS) was the strongest. Under NaCl stress,the dry matter accumulation in wild soybean seedlings decreased,root/shoot ratio increased,and these effects were greater in N₂3232 (salt sensitive) than in JWS (salt tolerant). Determinations on the ion contents in different organs indicated that the Na⁺ content was higher in stem than in other organs,and the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^- in roots was significantly more in JWSthan in N₂3232. The contents of these ions in JWSleaves were much less than those in N₂3232 leaves. There was no significant difference between selective absorptions of K⁺ and Na⁺ (AS K,Na) by the two populations,but the selective transportation of K⁺ and Na⁺ (TS K,Na) in stem and leaf was much higher in JWSthan in N₂3232,resulted in the higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in JWSshoots. It is suggested that the main reason for the salt tolerance in salt tolerant wild soybean was the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^- in roots and stems and the higher selective transportation of K⁺ from root to shoot.

Articles

Soil nitrogen mineralization and its prediction in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system

JU Xiao-Tang, LIU Xue-Jun, ZHANG Fu-Suo

2003, 14(12):  2241. 

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Soil nitrogen mineralization and its prediction in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system

JU Xiaotang, LIU Xuejun, ZHANG Fusuo

2003, (12):  2241-2245. 

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The mineralization of soil nitrogen in winter wheat summer maize growth season was studied with field experiment,and its prediction was made by interval leached aerial incubation combined with first order dynamic model. The results showed that the amount of soil mineralized nitrogen had a large variation among years and crops. The soil nitrogen mineralization was lower in winter wheat growth season than in summer maize growth season,resulted in the yield increment of summer maize being not significant with increasing nitrogen fertilization rate. The amount of soil mineralized nitrogen occupied 31%～60% of the total nitrogen uptake by winter wheat and 62%～108% by summer maize. It was understandable why crop yield (especially summer maize) was not significantly response to applied nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of soil mineralized nitrogen decreased with increasing soil nitrogen supply. The mineralization was positive in normal nitrogen supply range(0～300 kg N·hm^-2). The first order dynamic model could only predict the whole trend of mineralization in growth season,but could not reflect its variation in some growth stages. The role of the model was still important in view of the prediction of nitrogen mineralization before sowing.

Tolerance of rice varieties to whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera and variation of nutrient components in rice plants

CHEN Jian-Ming, YU Xiao-Ping, LV Zhong-Xian, ZHENG Xu-Song, XU Hong-Xing, CHENG Jia-An, LIU Guang-Jie

2003, 14(12):  2246. 

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Tolerance of rice varieties to whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera and variation of nutrient components in rice plants

CHEN Jianming, YU Xiaoping, LÜ Zhongxian, ZHENG Xusong, XU Hongxing, CHENG Jia'an, LIU Guangjie

2003, (12):  2246-2250. 

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The study showed that the rice varieties N₂₂, Luyuanzhan No. 1 and 94D-22 had a stronger tolerance to Sogatella furcifera,while Mudgo and K89-BS had a weaker tolerance. The varieties Ptb₃₃ and Zhongzu 74 were of an-tibiosis, and susceptible varieties Xiushui 11, Shanyou 63 and susceptible check varieties TN1 had no tolerance.After rice plants were infested by S.furcifera,the percentages of nitrogen content (N%)and soluble sugar con-tent (S%)in tolerant varieties increased, but the ratio of nitrogen content to soluble sugar content (N/S) de-creased obviously. For susceptible varieties, the variations of N%,S% and N/S were opposite tc those of the tolerant varieties, In different varieties, the contents of most kinds of free amino acid increased at various degrees, but those of alanine in susceptible variety TN1, alanine, threonine and methionine in tolerant varieties N₂₂, and arginine in resistant variety Ptb₃₃ decreased.

Effectiveness of Eretmocerus sp．and Aschersonia aleyrodis in controlling Bemsia tabaci populations

QIU Bao-Li, LIN Shun-Xiang, XIAO Yan, NasserSaidMandour

2003, 14(12):  2251. 

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Effectiveness of Eretmocerus sp.and Aschersonia aleyrodis in controlling Bemsia tabaci populations

QIU Baoli, REN Shunxiang, XIAO Yan, Nasser Said Mandour

2003, (12):  2251-2254. 

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The effectiveness of Eretmocerus sp. and Aschersonia aleyrodis in controlling Bemisia tabaci populations on cucumber were determined in separated and combined greenhouse experiments. The results showed that after spraying A.aleyrodis(5×10⁶ spores per ml,twice per generation) and releasing Eretmocerus sp. (3 female per plant,twice per generation),95.74% and 57.58% of whitefly populations were controlled,respectively. However,when the two natural enemies were used together with the same rate mentioned above (A. aleyrodis spraying twice followed by releasing Eretmocerus sp. once or twice in one generation),97.02%～97.91 % of whitefly populations were controlled. Moreover,the increasing index of whitefly population (I) subjected to both natural enemies together was below 1,indicating the substantial reduction in whitefly population. The combined treatments provided a better control effect of whitefly than separated ones,and there was no contradicted effect between both natural enemies.

Effect of temperature on developmental duration of Amblyseius cucumeris

LI Jia-Min, LV Jia-Le, JUE Yun-Fang, YANG Yan-Yun, TUN Qian-Hong

2003, 14(12):  2255. 

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Effect of temperature on developmental duration of Amblyseius cucumeris

LI Jiamin, LÜ Jiale, QU Yunfang, YANG Yanyun, WU Qianhong

2003, (12):  2255-2257. 

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With Polyphagotarsonemus latus as its prey,the developmental duration of Amblyseius cucumeris was 13.02, 9.61 ,5.96,5.26,4.65,4.78,and 5.80 days at 18,20,23,25,28,30,and 31 °C,respectively. The eggs of A.cucumeris could not hatch at 32 ℃. The lower and upper developmental thresholds and the optimum developmental temperature of A. cucumeris from eggs to adults were 12.77 ℃,33.50 ℃ and 23.87 ℃,respectively.

Genes mapping on rice allelopathy against barnyardgrass

XU Zheng-Hao, HE Yong, CUI Shao-Rong, ZHAO Ming, ZHANG Xu, LI Di

2003, 14(12):  2258. 

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Genes mapping on rice allelopathy against barnyardgrass

XU Zhenghao, HE Yong, CUI Shaorong, ZHAO Ming, ZHANG Xu, LI Di

2003, (12):  2258-2260. 

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By using the relay seeding technique with slight modification,a population of 134 recombinant inbred lines (RILs)derived from a cross between indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Zhong 156? Gumei 2 and contained 168 DNA markers covering all 12 chromosomes with 1447.9 cMspans was employed to evaluate the rice allelopathic effect on barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus galli (l.) Beauv.]. The phenotyping values of the biomass of barnyardgrass infested with rice materials were employed to map the genes of allelopathic activity on barnyardgrass. One main effect of QTL on 7 chromosomes was identified,which explained 32.30% of the phenotypic variation. Six pairs of digenic epistatic loci were also detected,which collectively explained 47.83% of the phenotypic variation. The main QTL and epistatic loci totally explained 80.13% of the phenotypic variation of allelopathic activity.

Effect of transgenic Bt rice planting on soil enzyme activities

SUN Cai-Xia, CHEN Li-Jun, WU Zhi-Jie, ZHANG Yu-Lan, ZHANG Li-li

2003, 14(12):  2261-2264. 

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Effect of transgenic Bt rice planting on soil enzyme activities

SUN Caixia, CHEN Lijun, WU Zhijie, ZHANG Yulan, ZHANG Lili

2003, (12):  2261-2264. 

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Apot experiment was conducted with silty loam Agrodolf as test soil and with transgenic Bt rice and non Bt rice as test crops to study the effect of transgenic Bt rice planting on soil urease,phophatase,arylsulfatase,invertase,and dehydrogenase activities. The results showed that Bt toxin could be introduced into soil through root exudates of transgenic Bt rice,and its survival amount in soil varied with time. Compared with non Bt rice treatment,transgenic Bt rice treatment had a significant decrease (2.47%) of soil urease activity and a significant increase (8.91%) of soil acid phosphatase activity,but no significant change in soil arylsulfatase,invertase,and dehydrogenase activities at the 15th day of emergence. At the 30th day of emergence,the transgenic Bt rice treatment still had a significant decrease of soil urease activity (16.36%) and a significant increase of acid phosphatase activity (35.69%),and no change in invertase activity. It also had significant increases in soil arylsulfatase (19.70%) and dehydrogenase activities (16.83%).

Effects of different water|fertility|and light conditions On allelopathic traits of rice

HU Fei, KONG Chui-Hua, CHEN Xiong-Hui, ZHANG Chao-Xian

2003, 14(12):  2265-2268. 

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Effects of different water,fertility,and light conditions on allelopathic traits of rice

HU Fei, KONG Chuihua, CHEN Xonghui, ZHANG Zhaoxian

2003, (12):  2265-2268. 

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The allelochemicals and allelopathic potentials of rice (Huahang No.1) were investigated under different water,fertility,and light conditions with pot culture. The results showed that the allelopathic potential of Huahang No.1 was stronger at high levels of water and fertility,but its specific allelochemicals contents had no significant variation at both levels. The numbers of the total secondary metabolites and the contents of some anti pathogenic chemicals were increased at low level of water or fertility. Furthermore,the contents of specific allelochemicals in Huahang No.1 were lower under strong light than under weak light condition. Similarity,the allelopathic potential decreased,and the contents of some anti pathogenic chemicals maintained unchanged under weak light condition. No matter what levels of water,fertility or light conditions were,the allelopathic potential of Huahang No. 1 on associated weeds was weaker than that on non associated ones.

Articles

M ethane oxidation in soil profiles of broad-leaved Korean pine m ixed forest in Changbai M ountain

LIANG Zhan-Bei, SHI Yi, HUANG Guo-Hong, WANG Chen-Rui, YUE Jin, TUN Jie

2003, 14(12):  2269-2272. 

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Methane oxidation in soil profiles of broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

LIANG Zhanbei, SHI Yi, HUANG Guohong, WANG Chenrui, YUE Jin, WU Jie

2003, (12):  2269-2272. 

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Samples were collected from dark brown forest soil in different depths in the virgin broad leaved/Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain. Laboratory study on methane oxidation of forest soil revealed the vertical profiles of methane oxidation activity. The maximum methane oxidation occurred at the horizon 5～15 cm below the soil surface. When incubated with 400 ppmv methane, it had the highest uptake rate of 3.3 nmol·h^-1·g^-1 dw. Soil at horizon below 25 cm had a negligible capacity to oxidize methane. The methane oxidation capacity of surface soil (0～5 cm) decreased because of the inhibition effect of high concentration NH₄⁺ on methanotrophs.

Articles

Relationship between cH4 and N2O emissions and related microorganism populations in paddy soils under different water management regimes

YUE Jin, HUANG Guo-Hong, LIANG Wei, JIAO Zhi-Hua, LIANG Zhan-Bei, WANG Chen-Rui, SHI Yi

2003, 14(12):  2273-2277. 

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Relationship between CH₄ and N₂O emissions and related microorganism populations in paddy soils under different water management regimes

YUE Jin, HUANG Guohong, LIANG Wei, JIAO Zhihua, LIANG Zhanbei, WANG Chenrui, SHI Yi

2003, (12):  2273-2277. 

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Methanogens,methanotrophs,nitrifiers and denitrifiers are the important microorganisms in the production and consumption of CH₄ and N₂O in soil. In order to understand the microbial processes related to the two greenhouse gases in paddy soil,the four bacteria groups in phaeozem (Hailun) and burozem (Shenyang) were surveyed during rice growth season by using MPN counting technique. The CH₄ and N₂O emissions were measured with closed chamber method. Two different water management regimes,i.e.,continual irrigation and intermittent irrigation,were used for the two paddy soils. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between CH₄ emission and methanogen population in both phaeozem and burozem under two water management regimes. In the soil of Shenyang,there was a significantly positive correlation between CH₄ emission and methanotroph population. The N₂O emission was significantly correlated to the denitrifier population in both phaeozem and burozem under intermittent irrigation,and in the soil of Shenyang,there was a significantly positive correlation between N₂O emission and nitrifier population under two water managements.

Articles

Seasonal variations of soil m icrobial biomass．respiration rate and CI-t4 em ission in black earth rice fields

LIANG Wei, YUE Jin, TUN Jie, SHI Yi, HUANG Guo-Hong, LIANG Zhan-Bei

2003, 14(12):  2278-2280. 

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Seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass,respiration rate and CH₄ emission in black earth rice fields

LIANG Wei, YUE Jin, WU Jie, SHI Yi, HUANG Guohong, LIANG Zhanbei

2003, (12):  2278-2280. 

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The measurements of soil microbial biomass C,respiration rate and CH₄ emissions during one rice growth period in black earth rice fields showed that the soil microbial biomass Cand respiration rate were depressed significantly by the application of slow releasing urea at the early stage of rice growth period (P<0.05),but almost not affected by intermittent irrigation.The CH₄ emission was decreased by 32.5% in the intermittent irrigation treatments,but not significantly affected by the application of slow releasing urea,compared to the control.It was significantly related to soil microbial biomass Cin slow releasing urea treatments.

Effect of atrazine on urease activity in soils with different fertility

WANG Jin-Hua, ZHU Lu-Sheng, WANG Jun, SUN Rui-Lian, DIAO Bing-Qiang

2003, 14(12):  2281-2284. 

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Effect of atrazine on urease activity in soils with different fertility

WANG Jinhua, ZHU Lusheng, WANG Jun, SUN Ruilian, ZHAO Bingqiang

2003, (12):  2281-2284. 

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Four soils with different fertility were treated with different concentrations of atrazine. The results showed that the urease activity was stimulated in the soils treated with low concentration of atrazine at the first day,while inhibited after treated with high concentration of atrazine during the whole period of the experiment. There was a significant difference in urease activity in soils with different fertility after treated with high concentration atrazine. The urease activity in CKand in NPKwas significantly inhibited,the inhibition rate reached 30.35% and 28.89%,respectively,but in NPK⁺Sand NPK⁺M,the inhibition rate was only 21.35% and 16.86%,respectively. The maximum inhibition rate appeared later in soils with high than with low fertility,showing that soils with high fertility could endure the effect of atrazine.

Spatial-temporal distribution and variation of atmospheric SO2 concentration in Hangzhou

LI Zhen-Yu, DONG Liang, ZHU Yin-Mei

2003, 14(12):  2285-2288. 

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Spatial-temporal distribution and variation of atmospheric SO₂ concentration in Hangzhou.

LI Zhenyu, DONG Liang, ZHU Yinmei

2003, (12):  2285-2288. 

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The feasibility of diffusible sampler for monitoring SO₂ in cantonal Hangzhou was studied,and its correlation equation with automatic monitoring was built. The distribution and variation of SO₂ concentration in Hangzhou were analyzed and mapped. Position of SO₂ concentration centre was changed along with different climate condition. SO₂ concentration centre moved towards south in summer with higher diffusion capability of atmosphere and enlarged in winter with thicker inversion layer. Intension and frequency of acid rain were consistent with change tendency of SO₂ concentration.

Articles

Effect of monocrotophos on Na⁺ ／K⁺ ·ATPase activity and ultramicrostructure of Sciaenops ocellatus branchiae．

WEI Xuan-Hui, RU Shao-Guo, JIANG Ming, LI Yong-Qi

2003, 14(12):  2289-2294. 

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Effect of monocrotophos on Na⁺/K⁺-ATP ase activity and ultramicrostructure of Sciaenops ocellatus branchiae

WEI Xuanhui, RU Shaoguo, JIANG Ming, LI Yongqi

2003, (12):  2289-2294. 

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The exposure of Sciaenops ocellatus to monocrotophos at its concentration of 0.25,0.5,1.0 or 2.0 mg稬^-1 for 4 days demonstrated that under the stress of low concentration (0.25 mg稬^-1) monocrotophos,the chloride cells of branchiae proliferated,accompanied with the increase of Na⁺/K⁺-ATP ase activity,while under high concentrations of monocrotophos,the damage of gill was much heavier,and the Na⁺/K⁺-ATP ase activity also decreased. The damage in gill under sublethal monocrotophos exposure included hypertrophy and edema,and thus,the lamellar epithelium became thick and lifting,and the lamellae were bulbing or fusing. The ultramicrostructural changes of the gill of the exposure fish were the swollen and even rupture of rER,mitochondria,microtubule and nuclear membrane.

Articles

A research review on “fertile islands”of soiIs under shrub canopy in arid and semi-arid regions

CHEN Guang-Sheng, ZENG De-Hui, CHEN Fu-Sheng, FAN Zhi-Ping, GENG Hai-Dong

2003, 14(12):  2295-2300. 

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A research review on "fertile islands"of soils under shrub canopy in arid and semi-arid regions

CHEN Guangsheng, ZENG Dehui, CHEN Fusheng, FAN Zhiping, GENG Haiping

2003, (12):  2295-2300. 

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Due to the inclemency of climate and soil conditions and the intense disturbance of human beings,the soil resources heterogeneity in arid and semi arid grassland ecosystems worldwide was gradually increased during the last century. The interaction between soil heterogeneity and shrubs induced the autogenic development of "fertile islands" and the increasing spread of shrubs in the grassland ecosystems. The development of "fertile islands" around individual shrubs could change the vegetation composition and structure,as well as the distribution patterns of soil resources,and thus,reinforced the changes of the ecosystem function and structure from a relative stable grassland ecosystem to a quasi stable shrubland ecosystem. The study of "fertile islands" phenomenon would help us to understand the causes,consequences and processes of desertification in arid and semi arid areas. In this paper,the causes of "fertile islands",its study methods and significance and its relationship with shrub spreading as well as the responses of vegetation to it were summarized. The problems which might occur in the study of this phenomenon were also pointed out. Our aim was to offer some references to the study of land desertification processes and vegetation restoration in the arid and semi arid regions.

Ecological benefit assessment of urban vegetations by remote sensing and GIS

HAN Hong-Xia, GAO Jun, LIU Guang-Liang

2003, 14(12):  2301-2304. 

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Ecological benefit assessment of urban vegetations by remote sensing and GIS

HAN Hongxia, GAO Jun, LIU Guangliang

2003, (12):  2301-2304. 

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As an important part of the urban ecosystem, urban vegetation plays an important role in improving urban environmental quality. The assessment of ecological benefits of urban or regional vegetations can help us more properly plan urban green space pattern, optimize urban vegetation structure, and further strengthen ecological construction. Through the discussion of the relevant researches at home and abroad, it's indicated that remote sensing and GIScould help us better evaluate the ecological effect of urban vegetations. This article introduced the UEAmethod adopted by AMERICAN FORESTS and CITY green software working with Arc View 3.2,as to make the best use of remote sensing and GISin evaluating urban vegetation ecological effect quantitatively, and to promote sustainable development and ecological construction.

Research progress on hydrological scaling

LIU Jianmei, PEI Tiefan

2003, (12):  2305-2310. 

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With the development of hydrology and the extending effect of mankind on environment, scale issue has become a great challenge to many hydrologists due to the stochasticism and complexity of hydrological phenomena and natural catchments. More and more concern has been given to the scaling issues to gain a large scale (or small scale) hydrological characteristic from a certain known catchments, but hasn't been solved successfully. The first part of this paper introduced some concepts about hydrological scale, scale issue and scaling. The key problem is the spatial heterogeneity of catchments and the temporal and spatial variability of hydrological fluxes. Three approaches to scale were put forward in the third part, which were distributed modeling, fractal theory and statistical self similarity analyses. Existing problems and future research directions were proposed in the last part.

Articles

Concept of system productivity and its significance in ecological reconstruction of pasture and agriculture transitional zone in China

CHENG Xu, MAO Liu-Xi

2003, 14(12):  2311-2315. 

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Concept of system productivity and its significance in ecological reconstruction of pasture and agriculture transitional zone in China

CHENG Xu, MAO Liuxi

2003, (12):  2311-2315. 

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In recent years,the debate on the strategies of developing Loess Plateau has been ended with a consensus,i.e.,instead of traditional grain production,grass/livestock industries together with some other specific industries such as fruits and forests ought to be the "polar" industries in this area. However,such a new pattern has not appeared. Enlightened by the basic principles of ecology,the intrinsic contradiction between output and maintenance/repair of agro ecosystem,in terms of energy requirement,could not be well coordinated and resolved just by raising the primary productivity or secondary productivity,which is particularly the case for such a ecologically fragile area as Loess Plateau. In this paper,a new concept of system productivity was proposed as a possible way that could use pluses and bypass minuses in ingeniously fitting the natural conditions and fully and rationally utilizing natural resources,especially the superiorities of climate resources,and centered on the selection and utilization of plant germplasms with higher water use efficiency,better coverage effect,and maximum biomass potential for fodder,i.e.,cultivating fodder/feed oriented plants for new livestock industry,thus finding an unprecedented approach that can harmonize the ecological reconstruction and development of vital industries.

Molecular ecological basis of high-yielding formation of rice and its application．

LIN Wen-Xiong, LIANG Kang-Jing, GUO Yu-Chun, HE Hua-Qi, WANG Jing-Yuan, LIANG Yi-Yuan, CHEN Fang-Yu

2003, 14(12):  2316-2320. 

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Molecular ecological basis of high-yielding formation of rice and its application

LIN Wenxiong, LIANG Kangjing, GUO Yuchun, HE Huaqin, WANG Jingyuan, LIANG Yiyuan, CHEN Fangyu

2003, (12):  2316-2320. 

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This paper introduced the developmental genetics and its molecular ecological basis of high yielding formation of rice in the past decade,and analyzed the advantage and the shortage of comparative physiological approach traditionally used in the research work on crop cultivation. It was emphasized to actively introduce the research contents and its methodology from relative disciplines to deeply understand the scientific issue,and suggested that the key to realize stable and high yielding of rice was to develop a rational cultivation system based on the properties of genetic effects on the traits in different developmental stages by controlling and regulating the traits governed by dominant effect genes and additive effect genes ? environment in same direction,which was considered as the main characteristics and the technological innovation of modern crop genetic ecological cultivation science. Finally,the development trend of crop cultivation science shifting to molecular crop cultivation science was predicted and discussed.

Effeet of atmospheric CO2 enrichment on soil microbes and related factor

LI Yang, HUANG Guo-Hong, SHI Yi

2003, 14(12):  2321-2325. 

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Effect of atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on soil microbes and related factors

LI Yang, HUANG Guohong, SHI Yi

2003, (12):  2321-2325. 

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This paper summarized the effects of atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on soil microbes and their related factors,including soil microflora,soil respiration,soil microbial biomass,and higher plant microbe symbiosis. The factors related to soil microbic activity such as litter decomposition,root exudates,soil nutrient availability,nutrient use efficiency and soil fauna were also affected by the CO₂ enrichment.

Articles

Research advance in catalytic kinetics of soil hydrolase

ZHANG Yu-Lan, CHEN Li-Jun, LIU Gui-Fen, WU Zhi-Jie

2003, 14(12):  2326-2332. 

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Research advance in catalytic kinetics of soil hydrolase

ZHANG Yulan, CHEN Lijun, LIU Guifen, WU Zhijie

2003, (12):  2326-2332. 

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Soil hydrolase is a group of soil enzymes that participated in many important biochemical reactions in soil and correlated with soil nutrient transformations. The catalytic kinetics of soil hydrolase can illuminate the characteristics of its catalytic processes,its substantial properties,and its response to environmental changes. This paper summarized the kinds of soil hydrolase and the main soil biochemical reactions they catalyzed,and summed up the research advances of their catalytic kinetics in soil. Some advices were proposed in understanding their action mechanism and in regulating their catalytic processes.

Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification- A novel technology for biological nitrogen removal

ZHANG Dan, XU Hui, LI Xiang-Li, ZHANG Ying, CHEN Guan-Xiong

2003, 14(12):  2333-2336. 

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Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification—A novel technology for biological nitrogen removal

ZHANG Dan, XU Hui, LI Xiangli, ZHANG Ying, CHEN Guanxiong

2003, (12):  2333-2336. 

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Oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification (OLAND) is a biological nitrogen removal process coupled with partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. In our study,the nitrification was blocked at nitrite stage by controlling the dissolved oxygen concentration at 0.1～0.3 mg·L^-1 ,and then,the denitrification proceeded,with the residual ammonium at the partial nitrification stage as electron donor. As a completely autotrophic nitrification denitrification process,the OLAND was of many advantages (e.g.,low energy consumption,high nitrogen removal rate and small footprint of system),and suitable in particular for treating low COD/NH₄⁺-N ratio wastewater. It has become one of the most prosperous and practicable biological nitrogen removal technologies. The recent research of OLAND was reviewed,and its microbial mechanism as well as its applicable prospect was remarked in this paper.

Research advances on controlled-release mechanisms of nutrients in coated fertilizers

ZHANG Hai-Jun, WU Zhi-Jie, LIANG Wen-Ju, JIE Hong-Tu

2003, 14(12):  2337-2341. 

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Research advances on controlled-release mechanisms of nutrients in coated fertilizers

ZHANG Haijun, WU Zhijie, LIANG Wenju, XIE Hongtu

2003, (12):  2337-2341. 

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Using encapsulation techniques to coat easily soluble fertilizers is an important way to improve fertilizer use efficiency while reduce environmental hazards. Based on a wide range of literature collection on coated fertilizer research,the theories,processes,and characters of nutrient controlled release from coated fertilizer were discussed,and the factors affecting nutrient controlled release and the mathematical simulations on it were reviewed. The main tendencies related to this research in China were also put forward.

Advance in enzymological remediation of polluted soils

ZHANG Li-li, CHEN Li-Jun, LIU Gui-Fen, WU Zhi-Jie

2003, 14(12):  2342-2346. 

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Advance in enzymological remediation of polluted soils

ZHANG Lili, CHEN Lijun, LIU Guifen, WU Zhijie

2003, (12):  2342-2346. 

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Soils enzymes play an important role in the remediation of polluted soils. The enzymological remediation of polluted soils has the characteristics of high specialization,wide applicability,and little sensitivity to the ambient factors. This paper reviewed the advantages of enzymological remediation of polluted soils,the methods and technologies of enzyme immobilization,and the removal mechanisms of pollutants by oxidoreductases. The sources and characteristics of the enzymes used to remediation were also introduced,and some suggestions about the research in the future were put forward.

Application of terrestrial invertebrates biomarkers in soil pollution ecology study

LI Pei-Jun, XIONG Xian-Zhe, YANG Gui-Fen, LIU Wan, HU Hua-Xia, TAI Pei-Dong

2003, 14(12):  2347-2350. 

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Application of terrestrial invertebrates biomarkers in soil pollution ecology study

LI Peijun, XIONG Xianzhe, YANG Guifen, LIU Wan, XU Huaxia, TAI Peidong

2003, (12):  2347-2350. 

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Biomarkers in terrestrial invertebrates play an important role in estimating either exposure or resultant effects of pollutants in soil ecosystem,which has received increasing attention and made significant progress. The present paper has drawn three important biomarkers,i.e.,lysosomes,stress protein and mettllothioneins (MTs). The lysosomal membrane stability of coelomocytes was assayed as neutral red retention time (NRRtime) resulting from toxicant stress. Hsp70 and Hsp60 were commonly used in the stress protein families. The quantification methods of different isofoms of the mettllothioneins could specifically indicate different metal contamination. The rationale,characteristics,and relevant exemplary case of assaying the biomarkers and their promising application to ecotoxicological diagnosing in soil contamination were discussed.

Articles

Biological evolution and specialization

LUO Wei-Zhen, WANG De-Li

2003, 14(12):  2351-2354. 

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Biological evolution and specialization

LUO Weizhen, WANG Deli

2003, (12):  2351-2354. 

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There were some disputes about the concept and mechanism of biological evolution. This paper tried to give more explanations on the key concepts. The biological adaptability was distinguished into two different concepts: bio-logical evolution and specialization. The former was defined as the process of biologically gradual evolvement, and the latter was considered as the process of species formation at horizontal development. Moreover, a new concep-tual framework was applied to the popular biological theories known by people, and the previous research results or discoveries were explained over again.

Height structures of dom inant species of different subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest communities in Wan mulin Natural Reserve

YAN Shu-Jun, BIAN Lei, WANG Xin-Gong, BI Xiao-Li, HONG Wei, WU Cheng-Zhen

2003, 14(12):  2355-2358. 

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Height structures of dominant species of different subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest communities in Wanmulin Natural Reserve

BI Xiaoli, HONG Wei, WU Chengzhen, YAN Shujun, FENG Lei, WANG Xingong

2003, (12):  2355-2358. 

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Based on the data of four subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest communities in Wanmulin Natural Reserve,whose dominant species were Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun, Cinnamomum micranthum Hayata, Castanopsis fabri Hance and Pinus massoniana ,respectively,the height class and diameter class structures and the dynamics of height structure were analyzed. The results showed that the relationships between tree species,tree density,basal area at D.B.H,and height class (or diameter class) could be simulated by different equations. There was a significant positive correlation between tree species and tree density for different height class or different D.B.H. class. The structure dynamic analysis showed that the community of Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun was very unstable,and the species sharing degree in four communities was fairly lower,indicating that the dominant species were very obvious. The results could give a useful clue for the studies on endangered mechanism of rare species.

Articles

Response of an Arabidopsis mutant to elevated C02 concentration

HAO Lin, XU Xin, CAO Jun

2003, 14(12):  2359-2360. 

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Response of an Arabidopsis mutant to elevated CO₂ concentration

HAO Lin, XU Xin, CAO Jun

2003, (12):  2359-2360. 

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The study on the response of a mutant and a wild type of Arabidopsis to 660 μl·L^-1 CO₂ and ambient CO₂ showed that under elevated CO₂,the stomatal numbers of the mutant increased,while those of the wild type decreased. The chlorophyll content and NR (nitrate reductase) activity of the mutant increased,but those of the wild type had no obvious response. The mutant was not reproductively mature after the continuous exposure to increased CO₂ for five months. The results provided evidence of plant response to the changes of atmospheric CO₂ concentration,and the clues to related studies on other plants.

Articles

Structure and heterogeneity of urban vegetation landscape in Shenyang

HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, XU Wenduo, LIU Changfu, LI Haimei, SUN Yu, ZHANG Yue

2003, (12):  2085-2089. 

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Studies on the structure and heterogeneity of urban vegetation landscape in Shenyang city showed that the most vegetation patches were in the street corner,accounted for more than 50% of the total vegetation patch,and their area was only 4.45% of the total vegetation area. In terms of the size of the patches,the average area of shelter vegetation and park vegetation was 66.97 hm² and 59.31 hm²,respectively,while that of street corner vegetation and garden vegetation was 0.71 hm² and 0.38 hm²,respectively. Street corner vegetation had the highest index of landscape diversity,while park vegetation had the lowest one. In the seven districts of Shenyang city,all types of vegetation had a small landscape dominance and evenness,but patch vegetation had a more than10 times of landscape dominance than corridor vegetation,indicating that there was somewhat imbalance in the allocation of different vegetation patch types. It's suggested that the quantity of patch vegetation should be increased,and the public vegetation should be distributed evenly. Increasing vegetation corridor is also important because it can link the downtown area to the suburb natural vegetation ecosystems. For example,the South Canal Belt Park of Shenyang is a good vegetation corridor,which can beautify Shenyang city,discharge sewage,drain flood,and improve microclimate.

Quantitative analysis of urban forest structure:A case study on Shenyang arboretum.

ZHU Wenquan, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, CHEN Yunhao, ZHANG Yue, NING Zhuhua

2003, (12):  2090-2094. 

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The spatial features and attribute data of urban forests in Shenyang arboretum were acquired by using aerial photographs and field investigation. After systemic and quantitative analysis of the species composition and spatial distribution pattern of urban forest community based on geographic information system (GIS),the following results were achieved: 1) the vegetation in the arboretum was rich and in a good condition. Phellodendron amurense,Robinia pseudoacacia ,and Ulmus pumila were the main species according to their abundant individuals and relative dominance. The spatial distribution pattern of this vegetation indicated that it was in a growing level and in the best state for ecological benefits; 2) the tree species relative dominance based on vegetation quantity had no distinct relationship with the species abundance,and the species having abundant individuals might have a low relative dominance; and 3) the curve displayed in the relationship diagram between tree individuals and tree height showed ascending and protruding. With the increment of tree height class,the individuals were unchanged nearly at the beginning,but when the height was more than12 m,the individuals reduced distinctly,and the curve displayed a quickly declined trend. The relationship between tree individuals and tree diameter at the breast height (DBH) showed the same result.

Flora and vegetation types in the downtown area of Shenyang

XU Wenduo, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Yue, LI Haimei, LIU Changfu

2003, (12):  2095-2102. 

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Shenyang city is located in the intersect zone among Changbai,Mongolia and North China flora,which has a plenty of plant species belonging to 98 families,371 genera and 779 species. There are 85 plant species in the largest family Companulaceae,and more than20 species in the families Cyperaceae,Rosaceae,Leguminoseae,Polygonuceae,Labiatae,Lilaceae and Ranunculaceae. These families have 384 species in total,and 49.3% of them are found in Shenyang city. The flora had 23 geographical components types,and 89.3% of them were of the temperate type. Based on the epigenesis and functions of vegetation and the role of the dominant species,the urban vegetation in the downtown area of Shenyang was divided into 3 vegetation classes,14 vegetation groups and 57 vegetation types,and the components,structure,dynamics and functions of 3 representative vegetation classes were analysised.

Articles

Selection of tree species composition in Shenyang's urban forest communities

LIU Changfu, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, XU Wenduo, ZHAO Guiling

2003, (12):  2103-2107. 

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Tree species selection is the most important basis in urban forest construction,and the key is the selection of tree species composition. Through investigating and analyzing the tree species composition in the parks in Shenyang built up area,the sequencing of integrate evaluation of various tree species was obtained. By correlation analysis among tree species with the Jaccard quantitative coefficient of correction,the optimal tree species composition and the reference tree composition of Shenyang urban forest were also obtained. The existing status of tree species distribution in Shenyang built up area was analyzed,the keynote tree species and 8 reference skeleton tree species were recommended,and some advices were presented.

Structure and ecological benefits of urban forest in Shenyang build-up area

HU Zhibin, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei, LI Yuehui, LI Haimei

2003, (12):  2108-2112. 

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Investigations were made in the sampling plots covering 243 km² of the Shenyang urban area,and the results were used as the input for the Urban Forest Management Information System (UFMIS),which was developed based on the model of CITYgreen. With this system,and using tree species,tree density,tree height grade distribution,tree DBH (diameter at breast height) grade distribution,and tree health condition as parameters,the land use and forest structure in Shenyang City were analyzed. It was found that there were 1914500 trees in Shenyang,belonging to 136 species. The 25 dominant species accounted for 84.78% of the total number of trees,and the forest coverage was 9.765%. Trees with DBH<0.25m and >0.5m accounted for 82.8% of the total,and the young,middle aged and old trees occupied 27%,58% and 15% of the total,respectively. The healthy status of 84% of the trees was above middle level. Therefore,the forest in Shenyang urban is at a stable stage. According to the statistical results from UFMIS,the ecological value of forest in Shenyang urban is as high as 26526955.1 USDin terms of economy.

Dust absorption effect of urban conifers in Northeast China

CHEN Wei, HE Xingyuan, ZHANG Yue, SUN Yu, WANG Wenfei, NING Zhuhua

2003, (12):  2113-2116. 

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Dust pollution is much heavier in winter than in other seasons in the cities of Northeast China, because the urban heating system consumes mainly coal as energy resources. Deciduous trees can hardly absorb dust because of their defoliation, and hence, urban conifer trees become more important in dust absorption in winter. This paper studied the dust absorption ability of 7 conifers under the same and different dust pollution status in Shenyang city, Northeast China. The results showed that the dust absorption ability of conifers was decreased in the order of Abies holophilla>Picea mongolica>P. koraiensis>Taxus cupidata>Pinus bungeana>P. armandi>P. tabulaeformis. Different conifers had different surface structures. Pinus bungeana, P. armandi and P.tabulaeformis had smooth surfaces, their cells and stomata arranged in order, and hence, their dust absorption ability was poor. P.koraiensis, Abies holophilla and Taxus cupidata had coarse surfaces,and their cells and stomata arranged out of order. There were even many tubercular things on the surface of P.koraiensis, and hence, their dust absorption ability was stronger.The dust absorption ability of conifers was related the shape of their leaf sections. The upper leaf surface of Pinus bungeana and P.tabulaeformis was arc, not opted to absorb the dust. The leaf section of P.armandi was prism, and its upper surface was narrow, and hence, its dust absorption ability was also poor. The leaves of Picea mongolica and P.koraiensis had four edges, their upper surfaces were broader and flatter than the former three species, and hence, they had stronger dust absorption ability. The leaf section's shape of Abies holophilla and Taxus cupidata was also broad and flat, which made the dust absorption ability of the two latter's was stronger than other three Pinus species and two Picea species.

Analysis of urban forest landscape pattern in Hefei

WU Zemin, WU Wenyou, GAO Jian, ZHANG Shaojie

2003, (12):  2117-2122. 

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Based on the theory and methodology of landscape ecology,the landscape pattern of the study area (17.6 km²) in the downtown of Hefei was analyzed by using the techniques of RS,GPSand GIS. The object was to provide a comprehensive method to study urban forest structure and its function in environmental improvement. The results showed that there were 5 major landscape elements,i.e.,building and hard pavement surface,water,road,urban forest,and general green land in the area. The landscape matrix was building and pavement surface,occupied 73.13% of total land. Road was the typical corridor element in the city and occupied 6.89%. Green land occupied 11.44%,in which,urban forest patch occupied 9.18%. There were 408 urban forest patches,with an area of 161.16 hm². The average area of the patch was 0.396 hm²,and the maximum area was 12 hm². 48% of urban forest patch was identified as small scale patches with <500 m² of area,and only 8.6% of them was larger than1 hm². The number of general green land patch was 255,with an area of 39.74 hm²,which accounted for 2.26% of land area,and its average and maximum area was 0.1558 hm² and 3.86 hm²,respectively. There were 147 water patches, with an area of 149.93 hm²,and occupied 8.54% of land,and the average and maximum area of the patch was 1.02 hm² and 16 hm²,respectively. In the study area,both of the Shannon Weiner landscape diversity index and evenness were low,only 0.928 and 0.576,respectively. In addition,the dominance of urban forest patch and general green land was 0.39,showing that the two landscape elements had a certain influence on the environment of the study area. The concept of interior habitat for forest was introduced in this paper,which was employed to make a scale class system of urban forest patch. The threshold area with interior habitat for urban forest patch was 9800m²,and there was 31.69hm² of interior habitat of urban forest in total,which occupied 19.7% of the total area of urban forest patch. This situation was not favorable for providing more habitats to support species diversity. It's suggested that the concept of interior habitat could be employed to identify urban forest patch,and a scale system of small scale patch of urban forest middle patch large patch extra large patch was build in the paper. Based on this system,the ratio of different scales of urban forest patch in the study area should be 2∶2∶2∶3. The authors also suggested that larger pieces (1.5～3.0 hm²) of urban forest patch should be built,and more urban forests should be established in the northeastern part of the city in the future.

Articles

Quantitative analysis on sharp-tooth oak stands in Qinling Mountains

ZHAO Yonghua, LEI Ruide, JIA Xia, HE Xingyuan, CHEN Wei

2003, (12):  2123-2128. 

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The arbor stratum of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata stands included two substratums. Phanerophyta synusium was in first position,and hemicryptophyta was inferior to it. The DBH structures of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata and Pinus armandii were sinister normal school,which could finish self regeneration under the natural conditions. The small DBHclass individuals of Pinus tabulaeformis were dominant,their DBHclasses being distributed irregularly and absent very much. The large DBH classes of Toxicodendron vernicifluum took biggish proportion,belonging to declining population. Young trees were the principal individuals of Castanea mollissima ,and in transitional age stage from the young to the middle. Populus davidiana was in the transitional stage from progressive to stable and young middle age stands. The stands DBHstructure was mainly influenced by the DBHvariety of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata population.Quantitative classification (ward's method ward) and ordination (PCA) were used to study the community types of sharp tooth oak. The results showed that the community could be divided into 6 types:①Ass. Smilax stans + Rosa multiflora Quercus variabilis + Ulmus glaucescens Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata ; ②Ass. Smilax stans + Lespedeza bicolor Castanea mollissima Q. aliena var. acuteserrata ; ③Ass. Corylus mandshurica Populus davidiana +Dendrobenthamia angustata Q. aliena var. acuteserrata ; ④Ass. Prunus pseudoccrasus + Corylus mandshurica Toxicodendron vernicifluum Q. aliena var. acuteserrata ; ⑤Ass. Corylus mandshurica + Rosa multiflora Pinus armandii Q. aliena var. acuteserrata ; and ⑥Ass. Sinarundinaria nitida Pinus armandii + Pinus tabulaeformis Q. aliena var. acuteserrata .Ward's method ward was better for classifying community types than the other clustering analyses in Qinling Mountains. The PCAresults were consistent with the clustering,and demonstrated that the sharp tooth oak stands were influenced by the altitude,site gradient and soil mainly.

Temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of microclimate in tropical secondary forest canopy gap in Xishuangbanna

ZHANG Yiping, DOU Junxia, MA Youxin, LIU Yuhong, GUO Ping

2003, (12):  2129-2135. 

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Based on the data obtained from vertical gradient measurements of microclimatic elements of canopy gap in tropical secondary forest of Xishuangbanna in fog cool and dry hot season,the daytime characteristics of temporal spatial distribution and variation of trunk surface temperature,air temperature,water vapor pressure and relative humidity in canopy gap were discussed. The data showed that gap edge had not only a remarkable thermal effect,but also a significant water vapor effect. These effects resulted in environmental heterogeneity in canopy gap. The results provided a basis for further studying heat and water vapor transport,microclimatic formation,biodiversity,and forest succession in canopy gap.

Dynamics of biomass and net primary productivity in succession of south subtropical forests in Southwest Guangdong

YANG Qingpei, LI Mingguang, WANG Bosun, LI Renwei, WANG Changwei

2003, (12):  2136-2140. 

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Coniferous forest (Pinus massoniana community),pine broad leaved mixed forest (Pinus massoniana + Castanopsis kawakamii+Schima superba+Liquidambar formosana) and evergreen broad leaved forest (Ixonanthes chinensis + Artocarpus styacifolius + Ormosia glaberrima + Cryptocarya concinna) are the three main communities representing 3 major stages in a secondary succession series in Heishiding Nature Reserve,Guangdong Province.Their biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) were studied by using harvest method (for trees and lianas) and clear cut method (for shrub and herb).The biomass and NPPwere 246.697 t穐m^-2 and 14.715 t穐m^-2穣r^-1 for the coniferous forest,287.367 t穐m^-2 and 17.179 t穐m^-2 穣r^-1 for the pine broad leaved mixed forest,and 357.976 t穐m^-2 and 18.730 t穐m^-2 yr^-1 for the evergreen broad leaved forest,respectively .These results indicated that these three stages were very close in the succession process,and that coniferous forest and mixed forest were more mature,while broad leaved forest was relatively young.Therefore,under the conditions of no or only minor disturbance,their biomass and NPP showed an increasing trend with the succession of the forest communities in Heishiding.

Genetic diversity of rare and endangered plant Sorbus amabilis

LIU Dengyi, SHEN Hao, YANG Yuehong, ZHANG Jie

2003, (12):  2141-2144. 

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The genetic diversity of 13 natural populations of Sorbus amabilis Cheng ex Y? from different distribution regions was investigated using RAPD.Fourteen primers were screened from 40 ten bp arbitrary primers,and a total of 105 DNA fragments were amplified,among which,30(28.6%) were polymorphic. DNA molecular dendrograms were established for the 13 natural populations,based on UPGMA and Neighbor Joining.The result showed that S.amabilis had a low genetic diversity,and its adaptability to environmental change was weak.The genetic diversity of S.amabilis among the 13 natural populations were primarily related to their geographic distribution.Its special evolutionary history,man made destruction,natural disaster (fire,plant diseases and insect pests etc.) and genetic drift caused by small population were the main reasons for the low level genetic diversity of S.amabilis and its endangered position.

Gradient distribution of soil N,P,and K along the distance from Picea mongolica seedlings root surface

ZOU Chunjing, HAN Shijie, XU Wenduo, GU Zhijing

2003, (12):  2145-2148. 

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Six years old seedlings of Picea mongolica were planted in pots with horizontal and vertical root treatments. Soil samples were stratified collected,and their available nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P),and potassium (K) contents were determined.The results showed that the available contents of N,Pand Kin soils along the distance from Picea mongolica seedlings root surface had a special gradient distribution. Near root surface,there was a depletion zone of soil available N,P,and K,and along the distance from it,the nutrient element contents increased gradually and reached their background values in the bulk soil. In the horizontal root treatment,the depletion zone of soil available N,P,and Kexisted in different distance from root surface,owing to the absorption and the use intensity of the seedlings to these nutrient elements. The depletion zone of soil available Nand Kappeared from 1 cm from root surface,and that of available Pexisted in0.5 cm from root surface. In the vertical root treatment,the depletion zone of available Nand Kalso appeared from 1 cm from root surface as in the horizontal root treatment,but the available Pcontent near root surface was lower than that far away from root surface. It is proved that the absorption and the utilize intensity of soil available Pby Picea mongolica seedlings was intense,which might become a limiting factor to its growth and development. Therefore, Picea mongolica should be planted on soils rich in phosphorus,or Pand Nfertilizers should be applied to improve the absorption and the use efficiency of available Pby Picea mongolica .

Ecological distribution of mycorrihizal fungi associated with oak in Dandong district of Liaoning Province

WANG Hui, DAI Limin, SHAO Guofan, LANG Qinglong, YANG Baoshan, DENG Hongbing, WANG Qingli

2003, (12):  2149-2152. 

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With plot cruising and rout investigation methods, 36 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with oaks were found in natural secondary oak forest in Dandong district of Liaoning Province. They were subordinated to 7 familyies, 13 genera. Studies on the relationship of the ecological distribution of mycorrhizal fungi with tree species, tree age and seasons showed that 29 species mycorrhizal fugi preferred to grow with Q. mongolica.The species of Russulla were associated with a wider tree ages of oak, and the species of Amanita were most likely to grow with old tree. July and August were the occurrence peak of mycorrhizal fungi. 75% species occurred in July, and 100% species occurred in August. The relative density of the occurrence number was the highest in mid August (19.5%) and last August (18.4%).

Calculation of parameters in forest evapotranspiration model

WANG Anzhi, PEI Tiefan

2003, (12):  2153-2156. 

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Forest evapotranspiration is an important component not only in water balance,but also in energy balance. It is a great demand for the development of forest hydrology and forest meteorology to simulate the forest evapotranspiration accurately,which is also a theoretical basis for the management and utilization of water resources and forest ecosystem. Taking the broadleaved Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountain as an example,this paper constructed a mechanism model for estimating forest evapotranspiration,based on the aerodynamic principle and energy balance equation. Using the data measured by the Routine Meteorological Measurement System and Open Path Eddy Covariance Measurement System mounted on the tower in the broadleaved Korean pine forest,the parameters displacement height d ,stability functions for momentum φ_m ,and stability functions for heat φ_h were ascertained. The displacement height of the study site was equal to 17.8 m,near to the mean canopy height,and the functions of φ_m and φ_h changing with gradient Richarson number R_i were constructed.

Articles

Relationship between soil organic phosphorus forms in larch plantations and tree growth

CHEN Lixin

2003, (12):  2157-2161. 

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Using the organic phosphorus fractionation system suggested by Bowman and Cole, this paper studied the dynamics of labile, moderately labile, moderately resistant, and highly resistant organic phosphorus in rhizosphere and non rhizosphere soil at different development stages of larch, and their relationships with soil available phosphorus and tree growth yield. The results showed that the main components of soil organic phosphorus in larch plantation were moderately labile and moderately resistant organic phosphorus, amounted to 77.07%～86.68% of the total organic phosphorus. The labile and moderately labile organic phosphorus in rhizosphere soil were the main sources of soil available phosphorus at different development stages of larch. The contents of total organic phosphorus, labile organic phosphorus, moderately resistant organic phosphorus and highly resistant organic phosphorus in rhizosphere soil decreased with stand ages from young stand to near mature stand, but increased from near mature stand to mature stand. No apparent change of the moderately labile organic phosphorus content was found over stand ages in rhizosphere soil. The contents of various organic phosphorus forms presented a fluctuating increasing tendency in non rhizosphere soil as stand ages increased. There was a close relationship between the increments of periodic average diameter at breast height and periodic average height and the contents of soil labile organic phosphorus and available phosphorus.

Effect of flooding disturbance on aboveground biomass of Leymus chinensis grassland-A preliminary study

WANG Zhengwen, ZHU Tingcheng

2003, (12):  2162-2166. 

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To investigate the effect of flooding disturbance on the net primary productivity of Songnen steppe,a comparatively thorough study was conducted on Sanjiadian State owned Rangeland in Da'an city,Jilin Province,which was partly flooded in1998. The study site was located in the south Songnen plain of Northeastern China,dominated by Leymus chinensis grassland. An extensively mild slope with flooding gradients (from un flooded to heavily flooded) was taken as the study site. Two flooded transects coded FLand FHwhich was respectively subjected to 3 and 9 months of flooding were designed,and an un flooded one coded CKat a relatively higher elevation was set as a control. Before flooding occurred in1998,the slope had an almost uniform soil and L.chinensis dominated vegetation. Each transect was 0.2 hm² (100 m?20 m) in size,and the two flooded transects were almost paralleled each other,with the longer sides of them perpendicular to the retrieving direction of floodwater. In each transect,twenty 1 m² sized quadrats were randomly chosen to survey the community structure and the aboveground biomass. Comparative analyses were made on the dynamics of soil water,soil Nand P,and species composition of grassland communities that occurred in responses to flooding disturbance. The results showed that the lightly and heavily flooded transects had a significantly larger aboveground biomass than the control,with the increase of 89.54% and 113.45%,respectively. The heavily flooded transect had a slightly but insignificantly larger aboveground biomass than the lightly flooded one,indicating that on flooded sites,water was not the limiting factor of the aboveground biomass. The acute changes of soil water caused by flooding led to the changes of soil nutrients and species assemblages,which would impact community biomass. Just as the case for aboveground biomass,the soil water contents of the two flooded transects were significantly larger than that of control,which was the direct effect of flooding disturbance. The contents of soil available Nand Pon the flooded transects were higher than that on the control,as resulted by the increase of soil water. The species composition had an obvious difference between flooded transects and control,and the major change on the flooded transects was the decrease of Xeric and Mesoxeric plants and the increase of Hygric and Hygro mesic plants,compared to the control. It's deduced from the results that the mechanisms that the flooding disturbance influenced the net primary productivity were: 1) Flooding disturbance firstly changed soil water content,the leading limiting factor of grassland productivity,especially in dry years,and thus,lessened the limitation of aridity on grassland productivity. 2) Flooding induced increase of soil water content led to the drastic increase of nutrient availability,and thereby,eliminated the restriction of pre flood nutrient scarcity on grassland productivity. 3) Still due to the afterward effects of flooding disturbance,the species composition of the community transformed from relatively shorter plant species assemblage towards taller and bigger plant species assemblage that were more productive.

Variations of water-soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen contents in Leymus chinensis and Phragmites communis under different stocking rates

LIU Ying, WANG Deli, HAN Shijie, CHENG Zhiru, DU Juan, WANG Xu

2003, (12):  2167-2170. 

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The variations of the contents of water soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen in L. chinensis and Ph. communis under different stocking rates were studied by fencing grazing experiment on L. chinensis grassland. The results indicated that the water soluble carbohydrate content in the base stem of L. chinensis and Ph. communis was the lowest (7.12% and 3.95%, respectively) at the beginning of growth period, and then increased gradually with seasons. There was no significant variation in the content of leaf water soluble carbohydrate in the grasses. L.chinensis germinated earlier than Ph.communis, resulted in the difference between the water soluble carbohydrate content in the base stem and the leaf of the grasses at the beginning of the experiment in May. Proper stocking rates were favorable for the increase of water soluble carbohydrate content, and could accelerate the regrowth capability of the herbage. The nitrogen content was the highest at the beginning of growth period, and then decreased gradually with seasons, which was accorded with their phenology. Proper stocking rates could stimulate the assimilation of nitrogen in soil, and bring it to the ground, which improved the nutrition value of the herbage.

Growth strategies of different age classes of ramets in Kalimeris integrifolia population at the Songnen Plains of China

YANG Yunfei, LI Jiandong

2003, (12):  2171-2175. 

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As a perennial forage,Kalimeris integrifolia Turcz. Ex DC is a species of Compositea clone plant,which has a high potential in vegetative propagation by root crowns. Its population was constructed by three age classes of ramets. In the Songnen Plains,the middle ten days of June is the more vigorous vegetative growth period of the clone ramets. The results showed that the capabilities of ramet growth and production were the lowest in the 1st age class,and heightened in the 2nd and 3rd age classes. Biomass allocations were the most in stem,more in leaves,and the least in taproot of three age classes of ramets. The biomass allocation in leaves was the most in the 1st age class,more in the 2nd age class,and the least in the 3rd age class,but those in stem and in taproot were all the least in the 1st age class,lesser in the 2nd age class,and the most in the 3rd age class. The relationships between total weight and height,leaf weight and stem weight,and taproot weight and shoot weight of clone ramets were all power function,but the biomass allocation in taproot was linearly decreased with height increase in three age classes. The strategies of growth and biomass allocation of the population ramets were:1) the biomass allocation in leaves was more in the young period to ensure the productive organ constructed continuously,and hence,more productive material was gradually allocated in stem and taproot with the growth of ramets,2) the energy allocation of ramets was less in taproot,but the biomass allocation in taproot was relatively more in young period,and then,the prorate decreased with ramet growth,and the ratio kept relatively steady.

Articles

Spatial diversity index analysis on wildlife habitat pattern change in the Liaohe Delta

WANG Ling, LI Xiuzhen, HU Yuanman, GUO Dufa

2003, (12):  2176-2180. 

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Based on the study of land cover change in the Liaohe Delta with GISand RS,the wildlife habitat pattern was described quantitatively,and the pattern change between 1988 and 1998 was analyzed with spatial diversity index. The results showed that the wildlife habitat pattern had an obvious change during the ten years caused by natural and human disturbance. The area of suitable habitat(S_d ≥0.35) was becoming smaller and more fragmented,with a deteriorated quality. It was proved that spatial diversity index could reflect the habitat suitability of wildlife,and describe the habitat spatial pattern explicitly. This study would provide a scientific basis for protecting wild animals and their habitats.

Scaling effects on landscape pattern indices

BU Rencang, LI Xiuzhen, HU Yuanman, CHANG Yu, Hong S. He

2003, (12):  2181-2186. 

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The methods of spatial data aggregation based on majority and random rules were used in this study to reveal the scaling effects on landscape pattern in a classified TMimagery with 8 land cover types. For the majority rule based aggregations,the proportion of most common cover types increased slowly,while that of less common cover types decreased rapidly with increasing grain. For random rule based aggregation,each cover remained its original area on the aggregated maps. The largest patch sizes of shrub decreased,and those of the others increased in the majority rule based aggregations with increasing scales. For random rule,the largest patch size of water (smallest cover type) decreased,but that of the others increased. The smallest patch size of each cover type was equal to the square of grain sizes. The average patch size of each cover type increased with increasing scales. However,the average patch size of dominant cover types increased rapidly in majority rule based aggregations,while that of less common cover types increased rapidly in random rule based aggregation. The patch count of each cover types decreased substantially with increasing grain. Random rule based aggregation made landscape more fragmented and remained more patches. The diversity decreased in majority rule based aggregation,and maintained its original value in random rule based aggregation with increasing scales. Aggregation indices decreased with increasing map and measurement resolution,and the landscape became more aggregated in majority rule based aggregation. However,under fixed measurement resolution (e.g.,30 m),aggregation indices increased and cover types were more clustered with increasing resolution. Moran's Idecreased rapidly with increasing measurement and map resolution,and each cover type tended to be arranged randomly and independently in space. However,under fixed measurement resolution (e.g.,30 m),Moran's Iincreased and cover types were more clustered on aggregated maps than on original map with increasing map resolution.

Dynamic monitoring on land cover in loess hilly and gully area by the methods of RS and GIS

CHANG Qingrui, LIU Jing, YANG Qinke, ZHANG Xiaoping

2003, (12):  2187-2190. 

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By the integration of RSand GIS,with the TM data obtained from Landsat 5 in1990 and the ETM plus data from Landsat 7 in 2000,and after geometrical rectifying and amplifying and man machine screen decoding data image,the map of eco environment and land use/cover in Yanhe watershed and its vicinities in 1990 and 2000 was obtained respectively,and the results of statistic analyses showed that in comparing with 1990,the artificial land in 2000 increased by 31%,the area of agricultural land was stable and that of orchard was 2.82 times more,and the area of artificial forest increased remarkably and that of shrub was 6 times more. The coverage rate increased to 13.88%,and the area of wilderness was 44.8% of that in1990.The quality of eco environment was improved remarkably in this area.

Articles

Preliminary study on total sulfur in typical marsh wetland and arable soils in Sanjiang Plain

HAO Qingju, WANG Qichao, WANG Qicun, LI Zhibo

2003, (12):  2191-2194. 

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Three primary marsh types including Calamagrostis angustifolia marsh, Carex lasiocarpa marsh and Carex meyeriana marsh and the arables land reclaimed in different years were selected as studying objects,and the total sulfur in these soils were analyzed. The results indicated that the mean total sulfur was 622.4 mg穔g^-1 in Calamagrostis angustifolia marsh soils,820.5 mg穔g^-1 in Carex meyerianan marsh soils, and 1022.4 mg穔g^-1 in Carex lasiocarpa marsh soils.Naoli River, Bielahong River, Yalu River and Nongjiang River are the four typical rivers in Sanjiang Plain. The mean total sulfur was 925 mg穔g^-1 in Naoli Valley soils ,708.6 mg穔g^-1 in Bielahong Valley soils,841.8 mg穔g^-1 in Yalu Valley,and 636.5 mg穔g^-1 in Nongjiang Valley.The total sulfur in both marshes and arable soils presented distinct regularity, namely it gradually decreased from surface soil to botteom.The average total sulfur in the arable land reclaimed between1980 and 2000 was 180.5 mg穔g^-1 ,and it was 735.8 mg穔g^-1 in natural marsh soils.So the total sulfur in arable land was remarkably lower than that in the marshes,and the reclamation could result in sulfur loss.

Quality variation of wheat planted in different regions of Tibet and Beijing

WU Dongbing, CAO Guangcai, QIANG Xiaolin, DONG Mei, KOU Hao, WANG Jianlin, WANG Xiufang

2003, (12):  2195-2199. 

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In order to supply experimental basis for developing high quality and special use wheat for Tibet,multi varieties experiments in different regions were carried out to study the quality variation of wheat varieties during1998 to 2001. Field trials of sowing in spring and in autumn were conducted in Linzhi,Rikaze,Lasa and Beijing,and 5 indices including grain protein content,wet gluten content,sedimentation value,falling number and grain hardness were determined. The results showed that the quality characters were significantly different among the varieties,and extremely significant among the sites of same variety. The protein content of grains had a positive correlation to the other 4 indices,and could be a core index in quality characters of wheat. The parameters of quality characters were higher in inland varieties than in Tibet ones,the latter appearing weak or medium gluten,and those of the same varieties were higher in Beijing than in Tibet. When inland varieties were planted in Tibet,the parameters of quality characters would be decreased. The same variety in3 sites of Tibet had different quality characters. There was a positive correlation between ecological height (latitude譭levation) and growth development duration of varieties,but a negative correlation between growth development duration and protein content,and between ecological height and protein content. Medium gluten varieties should be mainly planted in Tibet,and some good inland varieties could be introduced and planted according to the quality regionalization.

Articles

Heterosis and genetic correlation analysis of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain weight development under different environmental conditions

LIANG Kangjing, LIN Wenxiong, CHEN Zhixiong, LI Yajuan, LIANG Yiyuan, GUO Yuchun, HE Huaqin, CHEN Fangyu

2003, (12):  2200-2204. 

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Two sets of test materials were derived from diallel cross among nine different types of selected rice varieties (lines). Based on the experimental data at different development stages of early and late rice, the estimation of heterosis and genetic correlation of rice grain weight at some development stages (0^→ t) or at some special development phases (t-1^→t) was conducted by using additive dominant genetic model and developmental genetic model for quantitative traits. The results indicated that the heterosis over mid parent value based on population mean was not significant at 5% level at the early stages (1～12 d), and turned to positively significant as the development process proceeded in early rice. The heterobeltiosis based on population mean appeared to be small negative during the entire courses of grain filling. The heterosis over mid parent based on population mean appeared to be positively significant at the early and middle grain filling stages (1～18 d), but became insignificant at the late stages (19～28 d) in late rice. The heterobeltiosis based on population mean appeared to be positively significant at the early grain filling stages (1～12 d), but turned to be significantly negative as the development process proceeded in late rice. It also indicated that the heterosis of grain weight development was beneficial to improve the quality of grain filling in late rice, compared to that in early rice. The genetic correlation between the grain weights per se at different stages and the final grain weight was mainly controlled by dominant effects, and became closer with the development process in the early rice, while by additive effects in the late rice. It's suggested that indirect selection of final grain weight throughout the process of grain filling would be more effective in late rice.

Long-term trial on fertilization and on use of recycled nutrients in farming systems Ⅴ. Response of crop yields to fertilization in different precipitation years and estimates of water and nutrient interaction

ZHANG Lu, SHEN Shanmin, YU Wantai, LIAN Hongzhi

2003, (12):  2205-2207. 

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According to the responses of crop yields under fertilizations in1996 with normal precipitation (456 mm in crop growth season) and in1998 with higher precipitation (598 mm in growth season),the effect of water and nutrient interaction on crop yields in semihumid semiarid region of west Liaoning Province were estimated. Under Napplication and sufficient water supply (more rainfall),the increase of crop yields was 3056 kg穐m^-2 ,of which,1996 kg穐m^-2 was estimated from water nutrient interaction,while in NPand compost treatment with sufficient water supply,the yield increase was 4703 kg穐m^-2 ,of which,1554 kg穐m^-2 was estimated from water nutrient interaction.

Dynamics of urease activity in a long-term fertilized black soil and its affecting factors

LI Dongpo, WU Zhijie, CHEN Lijun, YANG Jie, ZHU Ping, REN Jun, PENG Chang, GAO Hongjun

2003, (12):  2208-2212. 

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The effect of long term fertilization on the urease activity in a typical black soil in Northeastern China was examined in this paper. The soil has been fertilized since 1980, and the dynamics of its urease activity was monitored during crop growth season. The results showed that a significant difference in soil urease activity was found at each growth stage between soils treated by different fertilizations. In farmyard manure treated soil, the urease activity was > 160 mg穔g^-1 穐^-1 and with a low seasonal fluctuations. The soil urease activity had a significant positive correlation with soil biological, physical and chemical properties, and the N, Pand Kcontents in plants (P<0.01), and with soil moisture content and grain crude protein (P<0.05).

Articles

Influence of cultivation on organic carbon in three typical soils of China Loess Plateau and Canada Prairies

WU Tianyun, Jeff J. SCHOENAU, LI Fengmin, QIAN Peiyuan, Sukhadev S. MALHI

2003, (12):  2213-2218. 

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The dynamics of organic carbon in3 soils of China Loess Plateau and Canada Prairies was significantly different: in China,the Huangmian soil (Calcaric Cambisols,FAO) lost 77% of total organic carbon (0～20 cm) within5 years of cultivation,with a decrease rate of 2.11 tons C·hm^-2·yr^-1 ,which was mainly caused by water erosion and tillage erosion; and the Huihe soil (haplic greyxems,FAO) lost 70% of total organic carbon (0～20 cm layer) at the rate of 0.961.06 tons C·hm^-2·yr^-1 ,because of water erosion and decomposition over 42 years. However,the orthic brown chernozem in Canada lost 11% and 44% of the total soil organic carbon (0～20 cm layer) after 40 and 80 years of cultivation,respectively,with a corresponding rate of 0.17 tons Chm^-2·yr^-1 and 0.45 tons Chm^-2·yr^-1 . The improvement in tillage and rotation system,which prevented soil from wind erosion and increased current residues into soil,was responsible for the decrease of the loss rate. The dynamics of soil light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) was similar to that of total organic carbon:Huangmian and Heilu soil lost 73% and 90% of LFOC,while orthic brown chernozem lost 74% and 70% of LFOCafter breaked in1920 and 1960,respectively. Among the test soils,Huangmian and Huihe soil had the fast SOCdepletion due to the difference in the allocation of organic carbon between LFOCand HFOC.

Identification of agricultural resource & environment determination of the principle grain production area in China

LIU Zhiqiang, ZHANG Pingyu, LIU Judong, PAN Xiangwen

2003, (12):  2219-2224. 

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The 15 principle grain production areas and 16 non principle grain production areas were determined on the basis of systematic identification and comprehensive analysis on agricultural resources and environment in the 31 provinces and regions of China, and the fundamental method for solving the problems on the deterioration of agricultural resources and environment has been put forward,which is to carry out macro regulation of agriculture under the frame of WTO on the basis of developing the soft wares for agricultural macro regulation of the principle and non principle grain production areas .

Effect of straw pretreatment on soil microbial biomass and respiration activity

LI Guitong, ZHANG Baogui, LI Baoguo

2003, (12):  2225-2228. 

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Winter wheat straw particles (0.5～2.0 mm) were soaked with 8.0 g·L^-1 H2O₂ (pH11.0),12.5 g·L^-1 NaOHor H2SO4 solution for 8 h and dried at 80 ℃. Soils amended with the pretreated straw and inorganic Nwere incubated aerobically at 25 ℃ for 60 days. The CO₂ emission rate and soil microbial biomass Cand Nwere measured at different time. The results showed that during the earlier stage of incubation,the pretreatments of straw increased soil microbial biomass Cby 1.0～1.4 folds,but decreased soil microbial respiration activity. During the later stage of incubation,the NaOHand H2SO4 pretreated straw decreased soil microbial biomass carbon by 28% and 42%,respectively,while increased the soil microbial respiration activity. The straw pretreated by H2O₂ increased soil microbial biomass nitrogen by 90% after the 15th day of incubation. The pretreatments of straw increased the fungi/bacteria ratio at different special time. It could be concluded that soil microbial biomass and respiration activity could be changed after the pretreated straw was added into the soil.

Effect of doubled CO₂ and O₃ concentration and their interactions on ultrastructure of soybean chloroplast

ZHAO Tianhong, SHI Yi, HUANG Guohong

2003, (12):  2229-2232. 

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The effect of doubled CO₂ and O₃ concentration on the ultrastructure of chloroplast in leaf cells of soybean was tested by open top chamber method,and examined under transmission electron microscope. The results showed that under doubled CO₂ concentration,the amount and volume of starch grains in chloroplast increased,but the chloroplast membrane and the lamellar structure still kept integrated. The accumulation of starch grains was restrained,and the chloroplast membrane and the lamellar structure were disorganized under doubled O₃ concentration. The ultrastructure of chloroplast was destroyed in different degrees under the interaction of doubled CO₂ and O₃ concentration. The damage to chloroplast arose from the abrupt doubling of CO₂ and O₃ was more severe than that from gradual increase of CO₂ and O₃ concentration. The negative effect of O₃ was partly compensated by the positive effect of doubled CO₂.

Effect of methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root on growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cultured in vitro

ZHANG Yong, XIE Liyuan, XIONG Bingquan, ZENG Ming

2003, (12):  2233-2236. 

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The effect of methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root on growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was studied under`cultured in vitro . The study indicated that the methanol eluates from Ginkgo biloba root could significantly stimulate the spore germination and hyphal growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae,Gigaspora margarita),and the 80% methanol eluates had the most significant effect. There were rich flavonoids in the methanol eluates,and the highest flavonoids content was in the 80% methanol eluates. The mathematical analysis showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between the flavonoids content in the methanol eluates and the growth and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi cultured in vitro.

Salt tolerance of wild soybeans in Jiangsu and its relation with ionic distribution and selective transportation

YANG Xiaoying, ZHANG Wenhua, WANG Qingya, LIU Youliang

2003, (12):  2237-2240. 

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The salt tolerance of 3 wild soybean(Glycine soja)populations was compared with their relative germination and seedling emergence. The results showed that the salt tolerance of Jiangsu wild soybean (JWS) was the strongest. Under NaCl stress,the dry matter accumulation in wild soybean seedlings decreased,root/shoot ratio increased,and these effects were greater in N₂3232 (salt sensitive) than in JWS (salt tolerant). Determinations on the ion contents in different organs indicated that the Na⁺ content was higher in stem than in other organs,and the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^- in roots was significantly more in JWSthan in N₂3232. The contents of these ions in JWSleaves were much less than those in N₂3232 leaves. There was no significant difference between selective absorptions of K⁺ and Na⁺ (AS K,Na) by the two populations,but the selective transportation of K⁺ and Na⁺ (TS K,Na) in stem and leaf was much higher in JWSthan in N₂3232,resulted in the higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in JWSshoots. It is suggested that the main reason for the salt tolerance in salt tolerant wild soybean was the accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl^- in roots and stems and the higher selective transportation of K⁺ from root to shoot.

Articles

Soil nitrogen mineralization and its prediction in winter wheat-summer maize rotation system

JU Xiaotang, LIU Xuejun, ZHANG Fusuo

2003, (12):  2241-2245. 

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The mineralization of soil nitrogen in winter wheat summer maize growth season was studied with field experiment,and its prediction was made by interval leached aerial incubation combined with first order dynamic model. The results showed that the amount of soil mineralized nitrogen had a large variation among years and crops. The soil nitrogen mineralization was lower in winter wheat growth season than in summer maize growth season,resulted in the yield increment of summer maize being not significant with increasing nitrogen fertilization rate. The amount of soil mineralized nitrogen occupied 31%～60% of the total nitrogen uptake by winter wheat and 62%～108% by summer maize. It was understandable why crop yield (especially summer maize) was not significantly response to applied nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of soil mineralized nitrogen decreased with increasing soil nitrogen supply. The mineralization was positive in normal nitrogen supply range(0～300 kg N·hm^-2). The first order dynamic model could only predict the whole trend of mineralization in growth season,but could not reflect its variation in some growth stages. The role of the model was still important in view of the prediction of nitrogen mineralization before sowing.

Tolerance of rice varieties to whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera and variation of nutrient components in rice plants

CHEN Jianming, YU Xiaoping, LÜ Zhongxian, ZHENG Xusong, XU Hongxing, CHENG Jia'an, LIU Guangjie

2003, (12):  2246-2250. 

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The study showed that the rice varieties N₂₂, Luyuanzhan No. 1 and 94D-22 had a stronger tolerance to Sogatella furcifera,while Mudgo and K89-BS had a weaker tolerance. The varieties Ptb₃₃ and Zhongzu 74 were of an-tibiosis, and susceptible varieties Xiushui 11, Shanyou 63 and susceptible check varieties TN1 had no tolerance.After rice plants were infested by S.furcifera,the percentages of nitrogen content (N%)and soluble sugar con-tent (S%)in tolerant varieties increased, but the ratio of nitrogen content to soluble sugar content (N/S) de-creased obviously. For susceptible varieties, the variations of N%,S% and N/S were opposite tc those of the tolerant varieties, In different varieties, the contents of most kinds of free amino acid increased at various degrees, but those of alanine in susceptible variety TN1, alanine, threonine and methionine in tolerant varieties N₂₂, and arginine in resistant variety Ptb₃₃ decreased.

Effectiveness of Eretmocerus sp.and Aschersonia aleyrodis in controlling Bemsia tabaci populations

QIU Baoli, REN Shunxiang, XIAO Yan, Nasser Said Mandour

2003, (12):  2251-2254. 

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The effectiveness of Eretmocerus sp. and Aschersonia aleyrodis in controlling Bemisia tabaci populations on cucumber were determined in separated and combined greenhouse experiments. The results showed that after spraying A.aleyrodis(5×10⁶ spores per ml,twice per generation) and releasing Eretmocerus sp. (3 female per plant,twice per generation),95.74% and 57.58% of whitefly populations were controlled,respectively. However,when the two natural enemies were used together with the same rate mentioned above (A. aleyrodis spraying twice followed by releasing Eretmocerus sp. once or twice in one generation),97.02%～97.91 % of whitefly populations were controlled. Moreover,the increasing index of whitefly population (I) subjected to both natural enemies together was below 1,indicating the substantial reduction in whitefly population. The combined treatments provided a better control effect of whitefly than separated ones,and there was no contradicted effect between both natural enemies.

Effect of temperature on developmental duration of Amblyseius cucumeris

LI Jiamin, LÜ Jiale, QU Yunfang, YANG Yanyun, WU Qianhong

2003, (12):  2255-2257. 

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With Polyphagotarsonemus latus as its prey,the developmental duration of Amblyseius cucumeris was 13.02, 9.61 ,5.96,5.26,4.65,4.78,and 5.80 days at 18,20,23,25,28,30,and 31 °C,respectively. The eggs of A.cucumeris could not hatch at 32 ℃. The lower and upper developmental thresholds and the optimum developmental temperature of A. cucumeris from eggs to adults were 12.77 ℃,33.50 ℃ and 23.87 ℃,respectively.

Genes mapping on rice allelopathy against barnyardgrass

XU Zhenghao, HE Yong, CUI Shaorong, ZHAO Ming, ZHANG Xu, LI Di

2003, (12):  2258-2260. 

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By using the relay seeding technique with slight modification,a population of 134 recombinant inbred lines (RILs)derived from a cross between indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Zhong 156? Gumei 2 and contained 168 DNA markers covering all 12 chromosomes with 1447.9 cMspans was employed to evaluate the rice allelopathic effect on barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus galli (l.) Beauv.]. The phenotyping values of the biomass of barnyardgrass infested with rice materials were employed to map the genes of allelopathic activity on barnyardgrass. One main effect of QTL on 7 chromosomes was identified,which explained 32.30% of the phenotypic variation. Six pairs of digenic epistatic loci were also detected,which collectively explained 47.83% of the phenotypic variation. The main QTL and epistatic loci totally explained 80.13% of the phenotypic variation of allelopathic activity.

Effect of transgenic Bt rice planting on soil enzyme activities

SUN Caixia, CHEN Lijun, WU Zhijie, ZHANG Yulan, ZHANG Lili

2003, (12):  2261-2264. 

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Apot experiment was conducted with silty loam Agrodolf as test soil and with transgenic Bt rice and non Bt rice as test crops to study the effect of transgenic Bt rice planting on soil urease,phophatase,arylsulfatase,invertase,and dehydrogenase activities. The results showed that Bt toxin could be introduced into soil through root exudates of transgenic Bt rice,and its survival amount in soil varied with time. Compared with non Bt rice treatment,transgenic Bt rice treatment had a significant decrease (2.47%) of soil urease activity and a significant increase (8.91%) of soil acid phosphatase activity,but no significant change in soil arylsulfatase,invertase,and dehydrogenase activities at the 15th day of emergence. At the 30th day of emergence,the transgenic Bt rice treatment still had a significant decrease of soil urease activity (16.36%) and a significant increase of acid phosphatase activity (35.69%),and no change in invertase activity. It also had significant increases in soil arylsulfatase (19.70%) and dehydrogenase activities (16.83%).

Effects of different water,fertility,and light conditions on allelopathic traits of rice

HU Fei, KONG Chuihua, CHEN Xonghui, ZHANG Zhaoxian

2003, (12):  2265-2268. 

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The allelochemicals and allelopathic potentials of rice (Huahang No.1) were investigated under different water,fertility,and light conditions with pot culture. The results showed that the allelopathic potential of Huahang No.1 was stronger at high levels of water and fertility,but its specific allelochemicals contents had no significant variation at both levels. The numbers of the total secondary metabolites and the contents of some anti pathogenic chemicals were increased at low level of water or fertility. Furthermore,the contents of specific allelochemicals in Huahang No.1 were lower under strong light than under weak light condition. Similarity,the allelopathic potential decreased,and the contents of some anti pathogenic chemicals maintained unchanged under weak light condition. No matter what levels of water,fertility or light conditions were,the allelopathic potential of Huahang No. 1 on associated weeds was weaker than that on non associated ones.

Methane oxidation in soil profiles of broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain

LIANG Zhanbei, SHI Yi, HUANG Guohong, WANG Chenrui, YUE Jin, WU Jie

2003, (12):  2269-2272. 

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Samples were collected from dark brown forest soil in different depths in the virgin broad leaved/Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain. Laboratory study on methane oxidation of forest soil revealed the vertical profiles of methane oxidation activity. The maximum methane oxidation occurred at the horizon 5～15 cm below the soil surface. When incubated with 400 ppmv methane, it had the highest uptake rate of 3.3 nmol·h^-1·g^-1 dw. Soil at horizon below 25 cm had a negligible capacity to oxidize methane. The methane oxidation capacity of surface soil (0～5 cm) decreased because of the inhibition effect of high concentration NH₄⁺ on methanotrophs.

Relationship between CH₄ and N₂O emissions and related microorganism populations in paddy soils under different water management regimes

YUE Jin, HUANG Guohong, LIANG Wei, JIAO Zhihua, LIANG Zhanbei, WANG Chenrui, SHI Yi

2003, (12):  2273-2277. 

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Methanogens,methanotrophs,nitrifiers and denitrifiers are the important microorganisms in the production and consumption of CH₄ and N₂O in soil. In order to understand the microbial processes related to the two greenhouse gases in paddy soil,the four bacteria groups in phaeozem (Hailun) and burozem (Shenyang) were surveyed during rice growth season by using MPN counting technique. The CH₄ and N₂O emissions were measured with closed chamber method. Two different water management regimes,i.e.,continual irrigation and intermittent irrigation,were used for the two paddy soils. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that there was a significantly positive correlation between CH₄ emission and methanogen population in both phaeozem and burozem under two water management regimes. In the soil of Shenyang,there was a significantly positive correlation between CH₄ emission and methanotroph population. The N₂O emission was significantly correlated to the denitrifier population in both phaeozem and burozem under intermittent irrigation,and in the soil of Shenyang,there was a significantly positive correlation between N₂O emission and nitrifier population under two water managements.

Articles

Seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass,respiration rate and CH₄ emission in black earth rice fields

LIANG Wei, YUE Jin, WU Jie, SHI Yi, HUANG Guohong, LIANG Zhanbei

2003, (12):  2278-2280. 

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The measurements of soil microbial biomass C,respiration rate and CH₄ emissions during one rice growth period in black earth rice fields showed that the soil microbial biomass Cand respiration rate were depressed significantly by the application of slow releasing urea at the early stage of rice growth period (P<0.05),but almost not affected by intermittent irrigation.The CH₄ emission was decreased by 32.5% in the intermittent irrigation treatments,but not significantly affected by the application of slow releasing urea,compared to the control.It was significantly related to soil microbial biomass Cin slow releasing urea treatments.

Effect of atrazine on urease activity in soils with different fertility

WANG Jinhua, ZHU Lusheng, WANG Jun, SUN Ruilian, ZHAO Bingqiang

2003, (12):  2281-2284. 

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Four soils with different fertility were treated with different concentrations of atrazine. The results showed that the urease activity was stimulated in the soils treated with low concentration of atrazine at the first day,while inhibited after treated with high concentration of atrazine during the whole period of the experiment. There was a significant difference in urease activity in soils with different fertility after treated with high concentration atrazine. The urease activity in CKand in NPKwas significantly inhibited,the inhibition rate reached 30.35% and 28.89%,respectively,but in NPK⁺Sand NPK⁺M,the inhibition rate was only 21.35% and 16.86%,respectively. The maximum inhibition rate appeared later in soils with high than with low fertility,showing that soils with high fertility could endure the effect of atrazine.

Spatial-temporal distribution and variation of atmospheric SO₂ concentration in Hangzhou.

LI Zhenyu, DONG Liang, ZHU Yinmei

2003, (12):  2285-2288. 

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The feasibility of diffusible sampler for monitoring SO₂ in cantonal Hangzhou was studied,and its correlation equation with automatic monitoring was built. The distribution and variation of SO₂ concentration in Hangzhou were analyzed and mapped. Position of SO₂ concentration centre was changed along with different climate condition. SO₂ concentration centre moved towards south in summer with higher diffusion capability of atmosphere and enlarged in winter with thicker inversion layer. Intension and frequency of acid rain were consistent with change tendency of SO₂ concentration.

Effect of monocrotophos on Na⁺/K⁺-ATP ase activity and ultramicrostructure of Sciaenops ocellatus branchiae

WEI Xuanhui, RU Shaoguo, JIANG Ming, LI Yongqi

2003, (12):  2289-2294. 

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The exposure of Sciaenops ocellatus to monocrotophos at its concentration of 0.25,0.5,1.0 or 2.0 mg稬^-1 for 4 days demonstrated that under the stress of low concentration (0.25 mg稬^-1) monocrotophos,the chloride cells of branchiae proliferated,accompanied with the increase of Na⁺/K⁺-ATP ase activity,while under high concentrations of monocrotophos,the damage of gill was much heavier,and the Na⁺/K⁺-ATP ase activity also decreased. The damage in gill under sublethal monocrotophos exposure included hypertrophy and edema,and thus,the lamellar epithelium became thick and lifting,and the lamellae were bulbing or fusing. The ultramicrostructural changes of the gill of the exposure fish were the swollen and even rupture of rER,mitochondria,microtubule and nuclear membrane.

A research review on "fertile islands"of soils under shrub canopy in arid and semi-arid regions

CHEN Guangsheng, ZENG Dehui, CHEN Fusheng, FAN Zhiping, GENG Haiping

2003, (12):  2295-2300. 

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Due to the inclemency of climate and soil conditions and the intense disturbance of human beings,the soil resources heterogeneity in arid and semi arid grassland ecosystems worldwide was gradually increased during the last century. The interaction between soil heterogeneity and shrubs induced the autogenic development of "fertile islands" and the increasing spread of shrubs in the grassland ecosystems. The development of "fertile islands" around individual shrubs could change the vegetation composition and structure,as well as the distribution patterns of soil resources,and thus,reinforced the changes of the ecosystem function and structure from a relative stable grassland ecosystem to a quasi stable shrubland ecosystem. The study of "fertile islands" phenomenon would help us to understand the causes,consequences and processes of desertification in arid and semi arid areas. In this paper,the causes of "fertile islands",its study methods and significance and its relationship with shrub spreading as well as the responses of vegetation to it were summarized. The problems which might occur in the study of this phenomenon were also pointed out. Our aim was to offer some references to the study of land desertification processes and vegetation restoration in the arid and semi arid regions.

Ecological benefit assessment of urban vegetations by remote sensing and GIS

HAN Hongxia, GAO Jun, LIU Guangliang

2003, (12):  2301-2304. 

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As an important part of the urban ecosystem, urban vegetation plays an important role in improving urban environmental quality. The assessment of ecological benefits of urban or regional vegetations can help us more properly plan urban green space pattern, optimize urban vegetation structure, and further strengthen ecological construction. Through the discussion of the relevant researches at home and abroad, it's indicated that remote sensing and GIScould help us better evaluate the ecological effect of urban vegetations. This article introduced the UEAmethod adopted by AMERICAN FORESTS and CITY green software working with Arc View 3.2,as to make the best use of remote sensing and GISin evaluating urban vegetation ecological effect quantitatively, and to promote sustainable development and ecological construction.

Research progress on hydrological scaling

LIU Jianmei, PEI Tiefan

2003, (12):  2305-2310. 

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With the development of hydrology and the extending effect of mankind on environment, scale issue has become a great challenge to many hydrologists due to the stochasticism and complexity of hydrological phenomena and natural catchments. More and more concern has been given to the scaling issues to gain a large scale (or small scale) hydrological characteristic from a certain known catchments, but hasn't been solved successfully. The first part of this paper introduced some concepts about hydrological scale, scale issue and scaling. The key problem is the spatial heterogeneity of catchments and the temporal and spatial variability of hydrological fluxes. Three approaches to scale were put forward in the third part, which were distributed modeling, fractal theory and statistical self similarity analyses. Existing problems and future research directions were proposed in the last part.

Articles

Concept of system productivity and its significance in ecological reconstruction of pasture and agriculture transitional zone in China

CHENG Xu, MAO Liuxi

2003, (12):  2311-2315. 

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In recent years,the debate on the strategies of developing Loess Plateau has been ended with a consensus,i.e.,instead of traditional grain production,grass/livestock industries together with some other specific industries such as fruits and forests ought to be the "polar" industries in this area. However,such a new pattern has not appeared. Enlightened by the basic principles of ecology,the intrinsic contradiction between output and maintenance/repair of agro ecosystem,in terms of energy requirement,could not be well coordinated and resolved just by raising the primary productivity or secondary productivity,which is particularly the case for such a ecologically fragile area as Loess Plateau. In this paper,a new concept of system productivity was proposed as a possible way that could use pluses and bypass minuses in ingeniously fitting the natural conditions and fully and rationally utilizing natural resources,especially the superiorities of climate resources,and centered on the selection and utilization of plant germplasms with higher water use efficiency,better coverage effect,and maximum biomass potential for fodder,i.e.,cultivating fodder/feed oriented plants for new livestock industry,thus finding an unprecedented approach that can harmonize the ecological reconstruction and development of vital industries.

Molecular ecological basis of high-yielding formation of rice and its application

LIN Wenxiong, LIANG Kangjing, GUO Yuchun, HE Huaqin, WANG Jingyuan, LIANG Yiyuan, CHEN Fangyu

2003, (12):  2316-2320. 

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This paper introduced the developmental genetics and its molecular ecological basis of high yielding formation of rice in the past decade,and analyzed the advantage and the shortage of comparative physiological approach traditionally used in the research work on crop cultivation. It was emphasized to actively introduce the research contents and its methodology from relative disciplines to deeply understand the scientific issue,and suggested that the key to realize stable and high yielding of rice was to develop a rational cultivation system based on the properties of genetic effects on the traits in different developmental stages by controlling and regulating the traits governed by dominant effect genes and additive effect genes ? environment in same direction,which was considered as the main characteristics and the technological innovation of modern crop genetic ecological cultivation science. Finally,the development trend of crop cultivation science shifting to molecular crop cultivation science was predicted and discussed.

Effect of atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on soil microbes and related factors

LI Yang, HUANG Guohong, SHI Yi

2003, (12):  2321-2325. 

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This paper summarized the effects of atmospheric CO₂ enrichment on soil microbes and their related factors,including soil microflora,soil respiration,soil microbial biomass,and higher plant microbe symbiosis. The factors related to soil microbic activity such as litter decomposition,root exudates,soil nutrient availability,nutrient use efficiency and soil fauna were also affected by the CO₂ enrichment.

Articles

Research advance in catalytic kinetics of soil hydrolase

ZHANG Yulan, CHEN Lijun, LIU Guifen, WU Zhijie

2003, (12):  2326-2332. 

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Soil hydrolase is a group of soil enzymes that participated in many important biochemical reactions in soil and correlated with soil nutrient transformations. The catalytic kinetics of soil hydrolase can illuminate the characteristics of its catalytic processes,its substantial properties,and its response to environmental changes. This paper summarized the kinds of soil hydrolase and the main soil biochemical reactions they catalyzed,and summed up the research advances of their catalytic kinetics in soil. Some advices were proposed in understanding their action mechanism and in regulating their catalytic processes.

Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification—A novel technology for biological nitrogen removal

ZHANG Dan, XU Hui, LI Xiangli, ZHANG Ying, CHEN Guanxiong

2003, (12):  2333-2336. 

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Oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification (OLAND) is a biological nitrogen removal process coupled with partial nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. In our study,the nitrification was blocked at nitrite stage by controlling the dissolved oxygen concentration at 0.1～0.3 mg·L^-1 ,and then,the denitrification proceeded,with the residual ammonium at the partial nitrification stage as electron donor. As a completely autotrophic nitrification denitrification process,the OLAND was of many advantages (e.g.,low energy consumption,high nitrogen removal rate and small footprint of system),and suitable in particular for treating low COD/NH₄⁺-N ratio wastewater. It has become one of the most prosperous and practicable biological nitrogen removal technologies. The recent research of OLAND was reviewed,and its microbial mechanism as well as its applicable prospect was remarked in this paper.

Research advances on controlled-release mechanisms of nutrients in coated fertilizers

ZHANG Haijun, WU Zhijie, LIANG Wenju, XIE Hongtu

2003, (12):  2337-2341. 

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Using encapsulation techniques to coat easily soluble fertilizers is an important way to improve fertilizer use efficiency while reduce environmental hazards. Based on a wide range of literature collection on coated fertilizer research,the theories,processes,and characters of nutrient controlled release from coated fertilizer were discussed,and the factors affecting nutrient controlled release and the mathematical simulations on it were reviewed. The main tendencies related to this research in China were also put forward.

Advance in enzymological remediation of polluted soils

ZHANG Lili, CHEN Lijun, LIU Guifen, WU Zhijie

2003, (12):  2342-2346. 

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Soils enzymes play an important role in the remediation of polluted soils. The enzymological remediation of polluted soils has the characteristics of high specialization,wide applicability,and little sensitivity to the ambient factors. This paper reviewed the advantages of enzymological remediation of polluted soils,the methods and technologies of enzyme immobilization,and the removal mechanisms of pollutants by oxidoreductases. The sources and characteristics of the enzymes used to remediation were also introduced,and some suggestions about the research in the future were put forward.

Application of terrestrial invertebrates biomarkers in soil pollution ecology study

LI Peijun, XIONG Xianzhe, YANG Guifen, LIU Wan, XU Huaxia, TAI Peidong

2003, (12):  2347-2350. 

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Biomarkers in terrestrial invertebrates play an important role in estimating either exposure or resultant effects of pollutants in soil ecosystem,which has received increasing attention and made significant progress. The present paper has drawn three important biomarkers,i.e.,lysosomes,stress protein and mettllothioneins (MTs). The lysosomal membrane stability of coelomocytes was assayed as neutral red retention time (NRRtime) resulting from toxicant stress. Hsp70 and Hsp60 were commonly used in the stress protein families. The quantification methods of different isofoms of the mettllothioneins could specifically indicate different metal contamination. The rationale,characteristics,and relevant exemplary case of assaying the biomarkers and their promising application to ecotoxicological diagnosing in soil contamination were discussed.

Articles

Biological evolution and specialization

LUO Weizhen, WANG Deli

2003, (12):  2351-2354. 

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There were some disputes about the concept and mechanism of biological evolution. This paper tried to give more explanations on the key concepts. The biological adaptability was distinguished into two different concepts: bio-logical evolution and specialization. The former was defined as the process of biologically gradual evolvement, and the latter was considered as the process of species formation at horizontal development. Moreover, a new concep-tual framework was applied to the popular biological theories known by people, and the previous research results or discoveries were explained over again.

Height structures of dominant species of different subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest communities in Wanmulin Natural Reserve

BI Xiaoli, HONG Wei, WU Chengzhen, YAN Shujun, FENG Lei, WANG Xingong

2003, (12):  2355-2358. 

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Based on the data of four subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest communities in Wanmulin Natural Reserve,whose dominant species were Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun, Cinnamomum micranthum Hayata, Castanopsis fabri Hance and Pinus massoniana ,respectively,the height class and diameter class structures and the dynamics of height structure were analyzed. The results showed that the relationships between tree species,tree density,basal area at D.B.H,and height class (or diameter class) could be simulated by different equations. There was a significant positive correlation between tree species and tree density for different height class or different D.B.H. class. The structure dynamic analysis showed that the community of Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun was very unstable,and the species sharing degree in four communities was fairly lower,indicating that the dominant species were very obvious. The results could give a useful clue for the studies on endangered mechanism of rare species.

Response of an Arabidopsis mutant to elevated CO₂ concentration

HAO Lin, XU Xin, CAO Jun

2003, (12):  2359-2360. 

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The study on the response of a mutant and a wild type of Arabidopsis to 660 μl·L^-1 CO₂ and ambient CO₂ showed that under elevated CO₂,the stomatal numbers of the mutant increased,while those of the wild type decreased. The chlorophyll content and NR (nitrate reductase) activity of the mutant increased,but those of the wild type had no obvious response. The mutant was not reproductively mature after the continuous exposure to increased CO₂ for five months. The results provided evidence of plant response to the changes of atmospheric CO₂ concentration,and the clues to related studies on other plants.