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    15 August 2004, Volume 15 Issue 8
    Dynamics of species diversity in artificial restoration process of subalpine coniferous forest
    WU Yan, LIU Qing, HE Hai, LIN Bo
    2004, (8):  1301-1306. 
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    Through plot investigation and by adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time,the developments of species diversity of trees,shrubs and herbaceous plants in subalpine coniferous plantations at different restoration stages were studied,and the correlation coefficients of species in each layer were discussed.The results indicated that in the restoration process,the species richness,diversity and evenness in subalpine coniferous plantations were gradually increased in a fluctuating way.The restoration process of Picea asperata plantations showed a tendency of development that in favor of resuming species diversity.The indices of species richness (species number and Margalef index) and species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index) of trees increased rapidly from the early stages of plantation establishment to the stage of canopy closing (about 30 yr of stand age) and then presented a tendency of decrease with some slight fluctuations,while the index of species evenness showed a periodical rising trend.For the shrub layer,the indices of species richness (Simpson index and MacIntosh index) gradually increased with increasing restoration years,whereas the indices of species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) decreased in the early stages,sharply increased during the stages of canopy closing,and then slowly decreased,which exhibited a tendency of high→low→high.In the layer of herbaceous plants,the indices of species richness (Margalef index and number of species) and species diversity (Simpson index,MacIntosh index and Shannon-Wiener index) presented a trend of decrease in the early stages of plantations establishment to canopy closing and increased later on.During this process,herbaceous species and their life forms changed greatly,with shade tolerant species gradually substituting the intolerant species.Among the plantations of different stand ages,the average correlation coefficients of trees,shrubs and herbaceous species were 41.88%,50.61% and 37.22%,respectively,indicating that in the 70 years of artificial forest restoration,the continuity and stability of shrub species were the highest,those of herbaceous species showed greatest fluctuation because of the disappearance and regeneration occurred with the alteration of the environmental conditions of plantations,and those of the trees were intermediary.
    Conservation priorities for plant species of forest-meadow ecotone in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve
    HE Youjun, CUI Guofa, FENG Zongwei, ZHENG Jie, DONG Jiansheng, LI Yongbo
    2004, (8):  1307-1312. 
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    Based on field survey,information collection and experts consultation,the quantitative grading index system and assessment standards for preference conservation of rare and endangered plant species of forest-meadow ecotone in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve were established by using the methods and principles of systematical analysis.The quantitative grading index system included endangered coefficient,genetic coefficient,and useful value coefficient.In addition,10 indicators used to evaluate endangered grading and conservation priorities sequenc,were also included in 3 subsystems respectively.Furthermore,the weights of 3 subsystem and 10 indicators were given through experts consultation and analytic hierarchy process.Endangered coefficient and conservation priorities coefficient,which respectively described the endangered grading,and preferential conservation of plant species were calculated by mathematic models and computer program. Contrasting to the standards of endangered grading and conservation priorities for plant species,we quantitatively evaluated the status of endangered and conservation priorities of plant species.The results showed that the number of endangered species was 4,vulnerable species 68,lower risk species 179,safety species 695;the number of the first class species was 8,the second class species 78,the third class species 164,and the delayed conservation species 696.Finally,we discussed the problems of indicator system and its weight,the relationship between endangered grading and conservation priorities sequence,and the spatial scale problem of plant species assessment.
    Climatic productivity of plantations in western Liaoning area
    WANG Jian, LIU Zuoxin, CAI Congguang
    2004, (8):  1313-1317. 
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    Calculations by six models of climatic productivity showed that the average climatic productivity of plantations in western Liaoning area was 8.8 t穐m-2 穣r-1,and had a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest,which was coincided with the distribution of rainfall.Three models were suitable to be used to calculate the climatic productivity of plantations in the area.The present plantation productivity was really lower than the potential climatic productivity,and the great potential was available in improving plantation productivity through the improvement of forest quality.
    A comparative study on Amomum villosum cultivation under tropical wet seasonal rainforest and secondary forest at Xishuangbanna
    FENG Zhili, GAN Jianmin, ZHENG Zheng, FENG Yulong
    2004, (8):  1318-1322. 
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    In order to protect rainforests,change the present Amomum villosum cultivation model,and explore the possibility of cultivating A.villosum under secondary forest,a comparative study was made on the growth and fruit yield of A.villosum cultivated under tropical wet seasonal rainforest and secondary forest at Xishuangbanna.The results showed that A.villosum cultivation had a significant effect on rainforest biomass and net productivity,but no effect on secondary forest.Under both rainforest and secondary forest,the order of plant density and biomass,from big to small,was vigorous plant,senescent plant,seedling,and shoot.The sum of shoot and seedlings was 3.95 and 1.66 times of senescent plant under rainforest and secondary forest,respectively,which meant that A.villosum could maintain population stability.Under rainforest,many of A.villosum seedlings were poorly growing old ones,and most of them could not grow and develop normally.The density and biomass of vigorous plant were not significantly different under rainforest and secondary forest,but those of shoot,seedling and senescent plant were significantly higher under secondary forest than under rainforest,suggesting that A.villosum rejuvenescence was faster under secondary forest.A.villosum fruit yield was 78.068 kg穐m-2 in secondary forest,slightly higher than that in rainforest.It was worthwhile to notice that A.villosum yield was very low,its stem biomass ratio was very high (above 0.6),and the fruit biomass ratio was extremely low (about 0.01),which showed that the yield-increasing potency of A.villosum was great through improving biomass partition between fruit and stem.The biomass and canopy coverage of secondary forest was lower than those of rainforest,but the soil water content of secondary forest was similar to that of rainforest,which was favorable to the growth and development of A.villosum.The results presented above indicated that A.villosum could be cultivated in secondary forest.
    Linear consociation equation set model of forest ecological benefits
    LANG Kuijian
    2004, (8):  1323-1328. 
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    Based on the similar irrelative model of forest ecological benefits,the study analyzed the subordinate relations of numerous ecological benefits,and introduced end genetic variables Y1 and Y2 as the independent variables of another ecological equation to construct consociation equation set model.Leading from the forest's water absorption benefits,it deeply depicted the dependent and subordinate relations between the forest ecological benefits dependent variable set.Staring from the basic rule of forest ecological benefits,constructed the consociation equation set structure parameters matrix B and Γ restricted by parameter to get linear limit equation HA=L,which is the key to the forest ecological benefits consociation equation set.Especially,the study on the non-linear relation of forest ecological benefits dependent and independent variable was the foundation of forest ecological benefits consociation equation set.The model was excessiveness identified and error structure matrix,not cross matrix.The forest absorbing water and stabling soil and keeping fertilizer and defending sand benefits estimate equations were gotten through the three steps least square estimation method with Matlab program,and the average precision was morn than 80%.From this method,the whole country forest absorbing water benefit was estimated as 4.7×108 t,forest fixing soil benefits was 39×108 t,forest keeping fertilizer benefit was 4.7×108 t and defending sand benefits was 22.8 ×108 t.
    Biomass and yield of Betula platyphylla population in Mila Mount of Tibet
    LUO Daqing, ZHENG Weilie, WANG Jingsheng, FANG Jiangping, XIN Xuebing, ZHONG Guohui
    2004, (8):  1329-1333. 
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    Mila Mount in Southeast Tibet is the west boundary of the horizontal distribution of Betula platyphlla.It is also the highest altitude area in China and the world,where Betula platyphlla is distributed.Based on the investigation of regional sample plots and the analysis of analytic trees,this paper compared the biomass and yield of Betula platyphlla population at different slope orientation and different altitude.The results showed that the growth of Betula platyphlla was greatly interfered by human activities.The yearly productivity of Betula platyphylla grown in Mila Mount was 363.1~2 072.94 kg·hm-2,and the biomass was 7 625.00~33 167.00 kg·hm-2,indicating that the biomass of Betula platyphlla was quite different for different population.The productivity and biomass of Betula platyphylla coppice after cutting were lower than those of seedling forest,and there existed youth broken-down in the coppice.The zonal changes of water resources had no significant effect on the water allocation and the biomass of Betula platyphylla.
    Dynamics of microbial biomass C in a black soil under long-term fertilization and related affecting factors
    LI Dongpo, WU Zhijie, CHEN Lijun, ZHU Ping, REN Jun, PENG Chang, LIANG Chenghua
    2004, (8):  1334-1338. 
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    The effect of long-term fertilization on the dynamics of microbial biomass C in a typical black soil of Northeastern China was studied in a field trail treated by different fertilizations.The results showed that the amount of soil microbial biomass C under different fertilizations varied significantly with growth stages.It was the highest in farmyard manure (M2 and M4) treatments,with a less seasonal fluctuation,second in NPK treatment,the peak at sowing period,and the lowest in CK,the peak at wax maturity stage.No significant correlation was found between the dynamic changes of soil microbial biomass C and soil biological,physical and chemical properties in all treatments,but the correlation of soil microbial biomass C with the contents of N,P and K in plants and that of crude protein in grain was significantly positive.
    Influence of water deficit and supplemental irrigation on nitrogen uptake by winter wheat and nitrogen residual in soil
    WANG Zhaohui, WANG Bing, LI Shengxiu
    2004, (8):  1339-1343. 
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    Pot experiment in greenhouse showed that water deficit at all growth stages and supplemental irrigation at tillering stage significantly decreased the nitrogen uptake by winter wheat and increased the mineral N residual (79.8~113.7 mg·kg-1) in soil.Supplemental irrigation at over-wintering,jointing or filling stage significantly increased the nitrogen uptake by plant and decreased the nitrogen residual (47.2~60.3 mg·kg-1) in soil.But,the increase of nitrogen uptake caused by supplemental irrigation did not always mean a high magnitude of efficient use of nitrogen by plants.Supplemental irrigation at over-wintering stage didn't induce any significant change in nitrogen content of grain,irrigation at filling stage increased the nitrogen content by 20.9%,and doing this at jointing stage decreased the nitrogen content by 19.6%,as compared to the control.
    Population of entophytic bacteria in maize roots and its dynamic analysis
    GAO Zenggui, ZHUANG Jinghua, CHEN Jie, LIU Xian, TANG Shuge
    2004, (8):  1344-1348. 
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    In 2001~2002,14 maize cultivars in Liaoning Province were used for the analysis of their entophytic bacteria population.The entophytic bacteria strains with a higher frequency in maize roots were Bacillus spp.,Enterobacter spp.,Serratia spp.,Pseudomonas spp.,Xanthomonas spp.,Clavibacter spp.,Bacillus spp.,Enterobacter spp.and Serratia spp.Comparatively,Bacillus spp.was the most prevalent entophytic bacterium,including 8 species,B.subtilis,B.megaterium,B.cereus,B.licheniformis,B.anthracis, B.mycoides,B.pumilus and B.circulans,and with an average isolation frequency of 75.5% at seedling stage and 77.6% at adult stage.There existed significant differences in the population and dynamics of endophytic bacteria among maize cultivars and growth periods,and a significant correlation was found between maize genetic background and entophytic bacteria population.
    Effect of potassium application stage on photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat flag leaves and on starch accumulation in wheat grains
    LIANG Xiaofang, YU Zhenwen
    2004, (8):  1349-1352. 
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    In this study,the same amount of potassium was applied as basal dressing (treatment 1) and as basal dressing and top-dressing at jointing stage (treatment 2).The results showed that treatment 2 improved the photosynthetic rate and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of winter wheat flag leaves and the adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphortlase (ADPGPPase) activity in wheat grains.It increased the supplying strength of sucrose and the accumulation rate of starch in the grain,and also,the grain yield.Both of the treatments improved the synthesis capacity of sucrose in wheat flag leaf and the transformation capacity from sucrose to starch in wheat grain,due to the coordinative relationship between source and sink of starch synthesis,including the synthesis,transport and transformation of photosynthate.
    Effect of heat hardening on allocation of excitation energy in Brassica oleracea seedling leaves
    FU Zhenshu, ZHAO Shijie, MENG Qingwei, ZOU Qi
    2004, (8):  1353-1357. 
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    In this paper,Brassica oleracea was used to investigate the effect of heat hardening (HH) on its photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.No distinct changes were observed in the variable fluorescence(Fv),photochemical quenching coefficient(qP),non-photochemical quenching coefficient(qN),and quantum yield of PSⅡ electron transport(PSⅡ) between HH treatment and control when the leaf temperature was 25~35 ℃.When the leaf temperature was higher than 35℃,there were obvious differences in the levels of Fv,qP, PSⅡ and qN between HH treatment and control.For example,at 37 ℃,the Fv,qP and PSⅡ in HH treatment were 53%,24%,and 86% higher than those in control,respectively,but the qN was 22% lower.The photoinhibitory quenching(qNs) in HH treatment was significantly decreased.The results showed that high energy' quenching(qNf) was an important photoprotection mechanism that effectively dissipated the excess excitation energy,protected the PSⅡ reaction center complexes from photodamage,and increased the ability of resisting photoinhibition,which were consistent with high photosynthesis rates.
    Earthworm feces-induced systemic resistance of cucumber against anthracnose
    HU Yanxia, SUN Zhenjun, SUN Yongming, WANG Chehui
    2004, (8):  1358-1362. 
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    Pot experiment showed that mixing earthworm feces into soil induced a significantly lower(P<0.05)cucumber anthracnose than mixing peat,but had no significant difference(P>0.05)with the treatment of system acquired resistance.The activities of polyphenol oxidase,peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in cucumber leaves treated with and without pathogen were increased in different degrees by mixing earthworm feces,compared with by mixing peat.All these suggested that mixing with earthworm feces could induce the system resistance of cucumber and suppress the plant disease via starting up the recovery enzyme system in plant.
    Correlation analysis of simulated MODIS vegetation indices and rice leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll content
    CHENG Qian, HUANG Jingfeng, WANG Renchao, TANG Yanlin
    2004, (8):  1363-1367. 
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    This paper studied the correlations between rice leaf area index(LAI),leaf chlorophyll content(CHL.C),hyper-spectral data,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),and red-edge position(REP).The results showed that LAI had a close correlation with visible and NIR bands,and CHL.C had the highest correlation with red band.A strong non-linear correlation was found between the LAI and REP of two rice varieties.For common rice,REP,EVI and NDVI were well related with LAI,but for hybrid rice,REP and EVI were more sensitive than NDVI to LAI.In 2003,REP,EVI and NDVI were well related with CHL.C.
    Landform-based pedodiversity of some soil chemical properties in Hainan Island,China
    ZHANG Xuelei, CHEN Jie, ZHANG Ganlin
    2004, (8):  1368-1372. 
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    Diversity indices and abundance distribution models are the statistical tools having been applied by ecologists for decades to analyze the intrinsic regularities of various ecological entities.In this work,similar techniques were used to analyze the pedodiversity of some soil chemical properties in Hainan Island,China,and discussions were conducted on the basis of related SOTER digital databases.Through the calculation of the richness (S),diversity (H') and evenness (E) of pH value,CEC and organic matter content in surface soil of different landforms and the establishment and application of the multi-distribution models of these soil chemical properties,the pedodiversity of some soil chemical properties of different landforms in Hainan Island in the GIS environment could be expressed digitally.
    Adaptation of Eupatorium adenophorum photosynthetic characteristics to light intensity
    WANG Junfeng, FENG Yulong, LIANG Hongzhu
    2004, (8):  1373-1377. 
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    As an invasive species,Eupatorium adenophorum threatens the biodiversity security in Southwest China.To explore its light adaptation characteristics and related eco-physiological mechanism,this paper studied the physiological and morphological properties,e.g.,gas exchange,fluorescence kinetics,chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight (SLW),of E.adenophorum grown in Xishuangbanna,China,during the dry season under four light regimes (100%,36%,12.5% and 4.5% full sunshine).Under full sunshine,the Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ decreased with increasing diurnal light intensity,but quickly re-increased when light intensity decreased,indicating that photoinhibition was occurred but not serious.E.adenophorum under full sunshine could increase excessive light energy dissipation through the enhancement of diurnal thermal dissipation and anti-oxidation and the reversible inactivation of PSⅡ reaction center,increase light energy utilization,and decrease light absorption by increasing SLW and decreasing chlorophyll concentration.All these processes enabled E.adenophorum to avoid the photodamage of photosynthetic apparatus.Under low light intensities (36%,12.5% and 4.5% of full sunshine),E.adenophorum had a higher light absorption and utilization efficiency through decreasing SLW and diurnal thermal dissipation,increasing chlorophyll concentration,and keeping high photosynthetic capacity.The effective dissipation of excessive light energy under high light and the sufficient absorption of light energy under low light allowed E.adenophorum to utilize light energy effectively and grow healthily in a wide range of light intensity,which might be one of the reasons that made E.adenophorum a vigorous invader.
    Biomass structure and production pattern of Hordeum brevisubulatum clonal modules under cultivated condition in the Songnen Plains
    YANG Yunfei, ZHANG Baotian
    2004, (8):  1378-1382. 
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    Hordeum brevisubulatum is a typical clonal plant of grass family with short rhizome.In the Songnen Plains of China,the ramets of the clones were made up of stemming tillers and rosette seedlings by the end of the growing season.According to age class of the vegetative generations of tiller node,the tillers of the clones were divided into three age classes,and the seedlings were divided into four age classes.The age structures of their biomass under cultivated condition for two years were all of expanding types.The productivities of the ramets,both of the tillers and of the seedlings in the 1st age class of the clones,were the highest,and decreased with the increasing age class by the end of the growing season.The diameter of the tufts was the important quantitative index to measure the special size of the clones,and the number of the ramets could be useful to measure the growth of the clones.Statistical results showed that the total biomass and the biomass of the tillers,seedlings and rhizomes were all increased by power function with the size of tuft diameters and the number of total ramets,and the correlations were all significant.
    Clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics of Lysimachia congestiflora growing under different light conditions
    CHEN Jinsong, DONG Ming, YU Dan, LIU Qing
    2004, (8):  1383-1388. 
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    The response of clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics to resource heterogeneity is of great ecological significance.This paper studied the variations of clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics of stoloniferous herb Lysimachia congestiflora growing at the open land of forest edge,forest edge,and forest understory of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mt.Lingyan of Dujiangyan,Sichuan Province,and compared the stolon internode length,frequency distribution of stolon internode length,braching intensity,branching angle,frequency distribution of branching angle,ramet population density,ramet population height,ramet population biomass,and root/shoot of ramet population among the three habitats.The results showed that the stolon internode length,branching intensity,ramet population density and ramet population biomass were different among three habitats.Kruskal Wallis test indicated that the distributions of stolon internode length and branching angle were significantly different among three habitats.The skewness in distribution of stolon internode length was in the order of open land of forest edge>forest edge>forest understory;and the branching angle,ramet population height,and root/shoot of ramet population were significant greater in open land of forest edge than in forest edge and forest understory.The skewness in distribution of branching angle in open land of forest edge was smaller than that in forest edge and forest understory.The branching angle,ramet population height,and root/shoot of ramet population were not significantly different between forest edge and forest understory.These results were discussed in the context of resource acquisition strategy by clonal plants.
    Ecological characteristics of phytoplankton in coastal area of Pearl River estuary
    DAI Ming, LI Chunhou, JIA Xiaoping, Zhang Hanhua, Chen Ruiwen
    2004, (8):  1389-1394. 
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    Five cruises of phytoplankton survey were made in costal area of Pearl River estuary in 1998~1999.The results showed that 239 species were identified,72.4% of which belonging to Bacillariophyta,23.8% to Pyrrophyta,and 3.8% to others.The dominant species were warm and eurythermic species Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii,Nitzschia delicatissima,Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii and Thalassiosira subtilis,and changed with an obvious seasonal succession.The cell density ranged from 0.2×104 to 2 767.1×104 cell·m-3,with an average of 98.7×104 cell·m-3,and the mean cell density was obviously higher in summer and winter than in spring and autumn.The regional variation revealed that the cell density in shore area was visibly higher than that in offshore area,and the largest density area was at the southeast of Shangchuan Island all the year around.The range of mean Shannon-Wiener index,Pielou evenness index and biodiversity threshold was 2.63~3.17,0.53~0.71 and 1.74~2.23,respectively.According to the diversity index,it was concluded that the diversity level of phytoplankton community in coastal area of Pearl River estuary was relatively high and stable.
    Ecological regulation services of Hainan Island ecosystem and their valuation
    OUYANG Zhiyun, ZHAO Tongqian, ZHAO Jingzhu, XIAO Han, WANG Xiaoke
    2004, (8):  1395-1402. 
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    Ecosystem services imply the natural environmental conditions on which human life relies for existence,and their effectiveness formed and sustained by ecosystem and its ecological processes.In newly research reports,they were divided into four groups,i.e.,provisioning services,regulation services,cultural services,and supporting services.To assess and valuate ecosystem services is the foundation of regional environmental reserve and development.Taking Hainan Island as an example and based on the structure and processes of natural ecosystem,this paper discussed the proper methods for regulation services assessment.The ecosystems were classified into 13 types including valley rain forest,mountainous rain forest,tropical monsoon forest,mountainous coppice forest,mountainous evergreen forest,tropical coniferous forest,shrubs,plantation,timber forest,windbreak forest,mangrove,savanna,and cropland,and then,the regulation services and their economic values of Hainan Island ecosystem were assessed and evaluated by terms of water-holding,soil conservancy,nutrient cycle,C fixation,and windbreak function.The economic value of the regulation services of Hainan Island ecosystem was estimated as 2035.88×108~2153.39×108 RMB yuan,8 times higher to its provisioning services (wood and agricultural products) which were estimated as only 254.06×108 RMB yuan.The result implied that ecosystem regulation services played an even more important role in the sustainable development of society and economy in Hainan Island.
    Landscape spatial changes in Shenzhen and their driving factors
    LI Weifeng, WANG Yanglin, PENG Jian, LI Guicai
    2004, (8):  1403-1410. 
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    Based on GIS technology,the MSS image in 1978 and the TM images in 1986,1990,1995 and 1999 were used to study the landscape spatial changes in Shenzhen during the past two decades.The results showed that the regional landscape in Shenzhen changed dramatically,from a typical agricultural landscape to a rapidly urbanizing landscape.The percentage of cultivated land decreased from 31.06% to 2.67%,while that of built-up area increased from 0.33% to 22.52%.The landscape diversity index showed a tendency of increase in 1978~1995,followed by a decrease in 1999.The index of landscape contagion decreased firstly and then increased,and the landscape fragmentation index increased from 0.0042 to 0.0073.Modified fractal dimension index showed the same tendency as landscape contagion index.Human activity was the main driving factor for landscape change.The change of geometry shape of landscape patches was driven by the economic interests of individual economic cells,and that of spatial configuration of landscape components was associated with the allocation of industries.The diversity of the whole landscape was mainly associated with the natural and ecological conditions such as topography and landform,while its change was strongly affected by the whole level of social and economic development.
    Adaptability of abnormal tadpole (Rana chensinensis) to water pH,salinity and alkalinity in Changbai Mountain of China
    YANG Fuyi, SHAO Qingchun, LI Jinglin, CHEN Guoshuang
    2004, (8):  1411-1415. 
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    Under field condition with 16~18℃ water temperature,single-factor acute toxicity test was used to study the toxicity effects of water pH,salinity and carbonate-alkalinity on abnormal tadpole (R.chensinensis).The results showed that when the water salinity was 0.18 g·L-1,carbonate-alkalinity was 1.41 mmol·L-1,and water pH was 4.3~9.7,the survival rate of abnormal tadpole within 96 hours was not affected.The upper limit of LC50 for the pH within 24,48,72 and 96 hours was 10.33,10.18,10.08 and 10.02,and the prescribed minimum was 3.92,4.07,4.11 and 4.16,respectively.The upper limit of LC0 was 9.95,9.80,9.70 and 9.70,and the prescribed minimum was 4.23,4.45,4.30 and 4.30,and that of LC100 was 10.70,10.55,10.45 and 10.33,and the prescribed minimum was 3.55,3.70,3.92 and 4.03,respectively.The survival rate of abnormal tadpole within 96 hours was not affected in the water salinity between 2.0~3.0 g·L-1.When water pH was 7.0~8.5 and carbonate-alkalinity was 1.41mmol·L-1,the LC50 of the salinity within 24,48,72 and 96 hours was 8.21,7.25,5.17 and 3.70 g·L-1,the LC0 was 7.14,6.00,2.67 and 2.20 g·L-1,and the LC100 was 9.98,9.00,7.67 and 5.20 g·L-1,respectively,while the SC was 1.70 g·L-1.Under the same water pH and when the water salinity was 0.18 g·L-1,the LC50 of carbonate-alkalinity within 24,48,72 and 96 hours was 14.36,11.83,10.35,and 7.68 mmol·L-1,the LC0 was 8.76,8.51,4.65 and 3.88 mmol·L-1,and the LC100 was 19.96,15.14,16.05 and 11.48 mmol·L-1,respectively,while the SC was 1.70 mmol·L-1.The survival rate of abnormal tadpole (R.chensinensis) was decreased with increasing water pH,salinity and carbonate-alkalinity.The optimum water salinity and carbonate-alkalinity to the survival and the growth of abnormal tadpole (R.chensinensis) were below 2.0 g·L-1 and 3.0 mmol·L-1,respectively,and water pH was between 6.0 and 9.0.
    Niches of dominant grub populations in different athletic areas of golf course
    MA Zongren, CHANG Xiangqian, GUO Hui
    2004, (8):  1416-1422. 
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    The study on the temporal niche,spatial niche and spatial distribution of dominant grub populations in different athletic areas of golf courses in subtropics showed that except the lower temporal niche breadths of individual grubs in greens Ⅲ and Ⅳ,the dominant grub populations in 4 areas of fairways and greens all had a >0.9 temporal niche breadth.The temporal niche breadth of 4 grub species in fairway highland and greensⅠandⅡ was the highest,and that in rough highland and green Ⅳ was the lowest.For the grub species except Holotrichi-avata,the one-sided low vertical spatial niche breadth was 0.2~0.7.The temporal niche overlap in fairways and greens of 4 grub species was above 0.8,and the spatial niche overlap of great majority grub species was about 0.1~0.6.The spatial niche overlap between Anomala corpulenta and Anomala cupripes in fairways was the highest (>0.8),and that between Anomala corpulenta and Anomala cupripes and between Holotrichi asauteri and Holotrichi-avata in greens was the highest (>0.8).4 grub species in fairways and greens mainly activated in 0~5 and 5~10 cm soil layers,a few grubs in 10~15 cm soil layer of fairway,and 4 grub species almost could not activate and feed in 10~15 cm soil layer of green.
    Influence of temperature and light on the growth and development of Tenodera angustipennis and related preying functional responses
    ZHOU Xingmiao, JIANG Yong, NIU Changying, XIAO Jin, LEI Chaoliang
    2004, (8):  1423-1426. 
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    Tenodera angustipennis was raised under laboratory conditions to study the influence of temperature and light on the growth and development of its nymphs.The functional responses of T.angustipennis to Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae and adults and to Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) were also studied.The results showed that temperature remarkably affected the growth and development of T.angustipennis,but light did not.The Holling models could well describe the functional responses of T.angustipennis to P.xylostella and L.erysimi.
    Seasonal dynamics of arthropod community diversity,evenness and relative stability in peach orchards
    ZHOU Xiazhi, ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong, YIN Zhengbing, ZHANG Bingwang, LI Lei, GAO Caiqiu, DING Chengcheng
    2004, (8):  1427-1430. 
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    This study showed that the diversity index of total arthropod community in peach orchards was significantly correlated to the diversity index of both phytophages (r=0.9480) and predators sub-communities (r=0.7855),and the two sub-communities were correlative (r=0.6741).It was also significantly correlated to the evenness index of total community (r=0.7870),but not correlated to the evenness index of both sub-communities.The diversity index (H') of total community was significantly correlated to the ratio of predators individuals (Sd) and phytophages individuals (Sz) (r=0.8112) and of species (Ss) and individuals (Si) (r=0.9188),but not correlated to the ratio of predators (Spl) and phytophages (Szl).
    Effects of six host plants on the development and fecundity of Cicadulina bipunctella
    LI Xiaozhen, LIU Yinghong, TIAN Yan
    2004, (8):  1431-1434. 
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    The study on the development,survivorship and fecundity of Cicadulina bipunctella reared on corn,wheat,sorghum,rice,millet,barley and Leptochloa panacea showed that the insect could develop and reproduce on all test host plants except for Leptochloa panacea.The development duration of C.bipunctella at its immature stages reared on sorghum was the shortest(24.1 d),then on corn (24.2 d),and the longest on wheat (25.5 d).The survival rate (40.8%),longevity (12.2 d) and oviposition per female (12.3 eggs) of female adults reared on rice were lower than those reared on the other five host plants.Based on the life-table parameters,the most suitable host plants for the development and reproduction of C.bipunctella were millet and corn,followed by sorghum,barley,wheat and rice.
    Clustering analysis and optimal cut-apart of arthropod community in megranate orchard
    ZOU Yunding, LI Lei, ZHANG Bingwang, BI Shoudong, LOU Zhi, DING Chengcheng, GAO Caiqiu, LI Changgen
    2004, (8):  1435-1439. 
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    Based on the principles of community ecology and by the method of fuzzy clustering,this paper studied the temporal and quantitative dynamics of the arthropod community and sub-community in megranate orchard,aimed to utilize natural enemy resources for pests control.The results showed that both of total community and natural enemy sub-community could be grouped into 4 clusters,and non-natural enemy sub-community could be grouped into 3 clusters.This clustering reflected the complexity of the community structure.The optimal cut-apart could divide the total community and sub-community into 3 stages,i.e.,April-August,September-October,and November.
    Effect of nitrogen fertilization and square loss on cotton aphid population,cotton leafhopper population and cotton yield
    MEN Xingyuan, GE Feng, YIN Xinming, LIU Dongpo
    2004, (8):  1440-1442. 
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    The study on the effects of nitrogen fertilization(0~450 kg·hm-2)and square loss(0~12·plant-1)on cotton aphid population,cotton leafhopper population and cotton yield showed that there were no significant differences in cotton aphid population,cotton leafhopper population,and numbers of effective bolls between transgenic Bt cotton and non-transgenic cotton.Cotton aphid populations on the two cottons were significantly influenced by nitrogen fertilization and by the interaction of nitrogen fertilization and square loss,while leafhopper populations were not significantly influenced by them.Nitrogen fertilization at squaring and flowering stage was one of important factors affecting cotton yield.There was a positive correlation between the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer and cotton yield,but a negative correlation between the number of lost square per plant and the yield of the two cottons.
    Wastewater treatment efficiency of combined aluminum-starch flocculant
    ZHANG Kaisong, ZHOU Qixing, WU Weimin
    2004, (8):  1443-1446. 
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    This paper examined the efficiency of a combined flocculants synthesized by aluminum and starch (noted as CAS) in treating kaolin suspension,domestic wastewater,municipal effluent and pulp-making wastewater.Jar test results showed that the flocculent performance of CAS was prior to polyaluminum-chloride (PAC) in treating different concentration kaolin suspension samples (100,400 and 2 000 mg稬-1).The optimal dose of CAS to each sample was 3.0,2.0 and 2.0 mg稬-1,being 60%,50% and 50% of PAC,respectively.CAS also showed a priority to PAC in removing the COD and turbidity of domestic and municipal effluents.When treating pulp-making wastewater,the optimal dose of CAS was 70% of PAC.The removal rate of COD was enhanced 10%,the sludge was reduced 40%,and the sediment time was greatly shortened.It was also identified that the optimal concentration required to affect flocculation depended on the concentration and the character of the wastewater within the range examined.CAS was more effective in treating high turbidity wastewater.
    Purification of eutrophicated water by aquatic plant
    TONG Changhua, YANG Xiao'e, PU Peimin
    2004, (8):  1447-1450. 
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    In this study,aquatic plants were used to control the pollution of eutrophicated water.The results showed that aquatic plants had a higher ability to remove total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP) and nitrate nitrogen.Among them,foxtail alga (Myriophyllum verticillatum) and grain leaf pondweed (Potamogeton maackianus) could effectively remove TN (83.84% and 77.54%),TP (91.3%) and nitrate nitrogen (95.85% and 90.65%),but had no significant effect on removing ammonia nitrogen (only 14% to 70%).Sediment shielded by plastic could prolong the release of the nutrients from it for 15 to 20 days,and show the compensation effect later.The results also showed that aquatic plants could greatly improve the transparency of water,but could not improve the COD and DO of water effectively.
    Lead absorption by weeds from lead-polluted soil
    WU Chunhua, CHEN Xin, WANG Zhaoqian
    2004, (8):  1451-1454. 
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    A pot experiment with red soil was installed in 2002 and 2003 to study the impact of lead pollution on weed growth,its lead and nutrients uptake,and AMF colonization.The results showed that lead pollution had no significant influence on weed growth,and the absorbed lead was mainly accumulated in root system.The impact of lead pollution on nutrients uptake by weeds was depended on weed species,their growth stages,and kinds of nutrients.No significant difference was found between lead treatment and control in nutrient contents except potassium in Digitaria adscendens at its early growth stages,and lead had little influence on the absorption of nutrients by Kummerowia striata,Ixeris chinensis,Digitaria adscendens and Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis.The phosphorus content in Ixeris chinensis and Digitaria adscendens at their ripen stage sampled from lead-polluted soil was significantly higher than that from control,while the nitrogen content in matured Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis sampled from polluted soil was significantly lower than that from the control.There existed great difference of mycorrhizal colonization among various weed species.The infection rate of Kummerowia striata and Digitaria adscendens showed a slight difference between lead treatment and control both at vegetative and ripen stage.Lead pollution hindered the colonization of Ixeris chinensis.In lead-polluted soil,the AMF infection rate of Ixeris chinensis was 45.52% at vegetative stage and 74.64% at ripen stage,while in the control,it was 69.44% at vegetative stage and 82.21% at ripen stage.Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis,an annual weed,showed an opposite response of AMF colonization to lead pollution.The colonization rate of AMF in Echinochloa crusgalli var.mitis root was higher under lead pollution condition,being 82.45% at vegetative stage and 91.36% at ripen stage,while in the control,it was 59.19% and 78^28%,respectively.
    Accumulation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in various genotype Ipomoea aquatica-paddy soil system
    CAI Quanying, MO Cehui, ZENG Qiaoyun, LI Yunhui, XIAO Kai'en, LI Haiqin, XU Guosheng, WANG Boguang, WU Qingzhu
    2004, (8):  1455-1458. 
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    Various genotypes of Ipomoea aquatica were pot-cultured on paddy soils with different pollution level of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP),and the concentrations of DEHP in plant and soil were determined by GC/MS.The results showed that the concentration of DEHP in plant varied directly with soil pollution level,and different genotypes of Ipomoea aquatica had significantly different concentrations of DEHP,which varied directly with leaf area.Soils grown with various genotypes of Ipomoea aquatica also had significantly different DEHP concentrations.The soil DEHP bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) of various Ipomoea aquatica genotypes were all under 1.0 and in inverse proportion to soil pollution level.The BCFs varied significantly among the genotypes of Ipomoea aquatica,with a relatively higher value for those genotypes with middle size leaves.
    Effect of organophosphorous insecticides on Chinese chive insect pests and their degradation by pesticide-degrading bacterium
    JIANG Jiandong, CAO Hui, ZHANG Ruifu, ZHANG Mingxing, LI Shunpeng
    2004, (8):  1459-1462. 
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    3.00 kg(a.i)穐m-2 phoxin and 2.63 kg(a.i)穐m-2 methyl parathion were respectively applied to control the Taeniothrips alliorum on Chinese chive.Compared to no pesticide treatment,the decline rate of the insect density was 98.28% and 98.39% at the 3rd day after spraying pesticides,and 89.94% and 94.04% at the 20th day after spraying pesticides,respectively.At the 3rd day after spraying 15.00,18.00 and 21.00 kg(a.i)穐m-2 phoxin,the insect density of Bradysia odoriphaga decreased 80.77%,93.10% and 96.98%,and at the 35th day after spraying,it decreased 92.44%,95.05% and 96.81%,respectively.The application of pesticide-degrading bacterium had not any effect on controlling insect pests,but could markedly degrade pesticide.At the 3rd day after spraying 45.00 L穐m-2 pesticide-degrading bacterium to control Taeniothrips alliorum,the degradion rate of phoxin and methyl parathion was 99.52% and 98.83%,and at the 3rd after spraying 75.00 L穐m-2 pesticide-degrading bacterium to control Bradysia odoriphaga,the degradation rate of three concentrations of phoxin was 100%,100% and 99.69%,respectively.
    Effect of Jinggang Mountain forests on regional ecological environment
    ZHONG Quanlin
    2004, (8):  1463-1467. 
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    Based on the late years' data of forest resources,climate,hydrology and atmosphere in Jinggang Mountain region and by the methods of canonical correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression,this paper analyzed the influence of forests on the climate,water quality and atmosphere of this region.The results showed that forest volume had an evident effect on maximum daily precipitation,extreme highest air temperature and atmospheric SO2 concentration,and on CODcr and ammonic nitrogen contents in river water.The greater the regional forest volume,the less maximum daily precipitation and the lower extreme highest air temperature,atmospheric SO2 concentration and water CODcr and ammonic nitrogen contents.Forest cover percentage could remarkably affect soil erosion modulus and atmospheric NOx concentration:the two latter were decreased as forest cover percentage increased.These results will provide theoretic foundation for the evaluation of the environmental value and ecological benefit of forest.
    Forest Inventory Data (FID)-based biomass models and their prospects
    ZHAO Min, ZHOU Guangsheng
    2004, (8):  1468-1472. 
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    Forest Inventory Data (FID)-based biomass models are important methods in assessing forest biomass at landscape,regional,and national scales,and play an important role in studying terrestrial carbon budget and global changes.In this paper,Forest Inventory Data were reviewed,FID-based models were summarized,and shortages of FID-based models were analyzed.Based on these analyses,the future tasks were pointed out:1)Comprehensive effect of forest biological factors and non-biological factors on forest biomass,especially on forest volume and age;2)Identification of the relationships between total forest biomass and live wood biomass;3)Development of remote sensing-and FID-based forest biomass models.These researches will provide new methods and theoretical bases for estimating forest biomass and carbon budget.
    A discussion on basic content and evaluation index system of agroecosystem health
    ZHANG Jia'en, LUO Shiming
    2004, (8):  1473-1476. 
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    Agroecosystem health is the fundament of food security and human health,and becoming one of the hot spots and frontier fields in agricultural ecology study with more and more international concerns,which can be interpreted as a sustainable state and a dynamic process involving good eco-environment,healthy agricultural organisms,rational spatial and temporal structure,clean production pattern,optimal biodiversity and high productivity.Agroecosystem is a kind of typical artificial and natural compound ecosystem.Its health is strongly influenced and controlled by human activities,and usually linked with agro-products quality,food security and biological security.A series of indices including biological,environmental and eco-economic indicators could be integrated to assess the situation and level of agroecosystem health,and some methods including comprehensive index assessment,eco-toxicological assessment and ecological risk assessment could be used for the evaluation of agroecosystem health.
    Effect of ecological factors on citrus fruit quality
    BAO Jiangfeng, XIA Renxue, PENG Shu'ang
    2004, (8):  1477-1480. 
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    This paper summarized the research advance on the physiological foundation of citrus fruit's major quality factors such as color formation and organic acid and sugar accumulation,and analyzed the effects of main ecological factors such as temperature,sunshine,water,soil,terrain and landforms on them.The existing problems and the research prospects of citrus ecology were expounded,and a useful proposal on the quality sub-distribution of citrus in China was put forward.
    Research advance in application of RAPD techniques in entomology
    HU Yanhong, CHI Defu
    2004, (8):  1481-1486. 
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    This paper summarized the application of RAPD techniques in insect taxology and ecology,relative of species,systemic development,identification of pest,diagnosing for pest resistance,construction of molecular linkage map,and molecular assistant breeding.The problems existing in the applications of RAPD in entomology were indicated,and their countermeasures were given.It was mentioned that with the development of theories and experimental techniques,insect molecular biology would make new progress and conquer all those problems.
    Research Advance in polyphosphate-accumulating microorganisms in enhanced biological phosphorus removal process
    ZHENG Jinwei, RAN Wei, ZHONG Zengtao, HE Jian
    2004, (8):  1487-1490. 
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    This paper discussed the function of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in P pollution control,P containing wastewater treatment and P resources recovery,and summarized the metabolic characteristics,research progress and methodologies of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs).Although polyphosphate has been found in many organisms,only few of PAOs were isolated,cultured and identified.Culture medium formulation is the key to isolate PAOs and to study the microbial accumulation of polyphosphate,and the competition of glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) with PAOs for carbon resources is one of the reasons of low EBPR efficiency.Modern scientific methods such as fluorescent in situ hybridization,confocal laser scanning microscope,microautoradiography,and in vivo NMR spectroscopy,provided powerful tools to analyze PAO species composition,spatial structure and functional properties under field conditions.The knowledge of PAO is valuable to enhance the P removal efficiency in water treatment plant,and to improve our understanding on P transformation and transferring in environment.
    Dynamics of species diversity in artificial restoration process of subalpine coniferous forest
    WU Yan, LIU Qing, HE Hai, LIN Bo
    2004, (8):  1301-1306. 
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    Through plot investigation and by adopting the concept of space as a substitute for time,the developments of species diversity of trees,shrubs and herbaceous plants in subalpine coniferous plantations at different restoration stages were studied,and the correlation coefficients of species in each layer were discussed.The results indicated that in the restoration process,the species richness,diversity and evenness in subalpine coniferous plantations were gradually increased in a fluctuating way.The restoration process of Picea asperata plantations showed a tendency of development that in favor of resuming species diversity.The indices of species richness (species number and Margalef index) and species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index) of trees increased rapidly from the early stages of plantation establishment to the stage of canopy closing (about 30 yr of stand age) and then presented a tendency of decrease with some slight fluctuations,while the index of species evenness showed a periodical rising trend.For the shrub layer,the indices of species richness (Simpson index and MacIntosh index) gradually increased with increasing restoration years,whereas the indices of species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) decreased in the early stages,sharply increased during the stages of canopy closing,and then slowly decreased,which exhibited a tendency of high→low→high.In the layer of herbaceous plants,the indices of species richness (Margalef index and number of species) and species diversity (Simpson index,MacIntosh index and Shannon-Wiener index) presented a trend of decrease in the early stages of plantations establishment to canopy closing and increased later on.During this process,herbaceous species and their life forms changed greatly,with shade tolerant species gradually substituting the intolerant species.Among the plantations of different stand ages,the average correlation coefficients of trees,shrubs and herbaceous species were 41.88%,50.61% and 37.22%,respectively,indicating that in the 70 years of artificial forest restoration,the continuity and stability of shrub species were the highest,those of herbaceous species showed greatest fluctuation because of the disappearance and regeneration occurred with the alteration of the environmental conditions of plantations,and those of the trees were intermediary.
    Conservation priorities for plant species of forest-meadow ecotone in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve
    HE Youjun, CUI Guofa, FENG Zongwei, ZHENG Jie, DONG Jiansheng, LI Yongbo
    2004, (8):  1307-1312. 
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    Based on field survey,information collection and experts consultation,the quantitative grading index system and assessment standards for preference conservation of rare and endangered plant species of forest-meadow ecotone in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve were established by using the methods and principles of systematical analysis.The quantitative grading index system included endangered coefficient,genetic coefficient,and useful value coefficient.In addition,10 indicators used to evaluate endangered grading and conservation priorities sequenc,were also included in 3 subsystems respectively.Furthermore,the weights of 3 subsystem and 10 indicators were given through experts consultation and analytic hierarchy process.Endangered coefficient and conservation priorities coefficient,which respectively described the endangered grading,and preferential conservation of plant species were calculated by mathematic models and computer program. Contrasting to the standards of endangered grading and conservation priorities for plant species,we quantitatively evaluated the status of endangered and conservation priorities of plant species.The results showed that the number of endangered species was 4,vulnerable species 68,lower risk species 179,safety species 695;the number of the first class species was 8,the second class species 78,the third class species 164,and the delayed conservation species 696.Finally,we discussed the problems of indicator system and its weight,the relationship between endangered grading and conservation priorities sequence,and the spatial scale problem of plant species assessment.
    Climatic productivity of plantations in western Liaoning area
    WANG Jian, LIU Zuoxin, CAI Congguang
    2004, (8):  1313-1317. 
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    Calculations by six models of climatic productivity showed that the average climatic productivity of plantations in western Liaoning area was 8.8 t穐m-2 穣r-1,and had a decreasing trend from southeast to northwest,which was coincided with the distribution of rainfall.Three models were suitable to be used to calculate the climatic productivity of plantations in the area.The present plantation productivity was really lower than the potential climatic productivity,and the great potential was available in improving plantation productivity through the improvement of forest quality.
    A comparative study on Amomum villosum cultivation under tropical wet seasonal rainforest and secondary forest at Xishuangbanna
    FENG Zhili, GAN Jianmin, ZHENG Zheng, FENG Yulong
    2004, (8):  1318-1322. 
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    In order to protect rainforests,change the present Amomum villosum cultivation model,and explore the possibility of cultivating A.villosum under secondary forest,a comparative study was made on the growth and fruit yield of A.villosum cultivated under tropical wet seasonal rainforest and secondary forest at Xishuangbanna.The results showed that A.villosum cultivation had a significant effect on rainforest biomass and net productivity,but no effect on secondary forest.Under both rainforest and secondary forest,the order of plant density and biomass,from big to small,was vigorous plant,senescent plant,seedling,and shoot.The sum of shoot and seedlings was 3.95 and 1.66 times of senescent plant under rainforest and secondary forest,respectively,which meant that A.villosum could maintain population stability.Under rainforest,many of A.villosum seedlings were poorly growing old ones,and most of them could not grow and develop normally.The density and biomass of vigorous plant were not significantly different under rainforest and secondary forest,but those of shoot,seedling and senescent plant were significantly higher under secondary forest than under rainforest,suggesting that A.villosum rejuvenescence was faster under secondary forest.A.villosum fruit yield was 78.068 kg穐m-2 in secondary forest,slightly higher than that in rainforest.It was worthwhile to notice that A.villosum yield was very low,its stem biomass ratio was very high (above 0.6),and the fruit biomass ratio was extremely low (about 0.01),which showed that the yield-increasing potency of A.villosum was great through improving biomass partition between fruit and stem.The biomass and canopy coverage of secondary forest was lower than those of rainforest,but the soil water content of secondary forest was similar to that of rainforest,which was favorable to the growth and development of A.villosum.The results presented above indicated that A.villosum could be cultivated in secondary forest.
    Linear consociation equation set model of forest ecological benefits
    LANG Kuijian
    2004, (8):  1323-1328. 
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    Based on the similar irrelative model of forest ecological benefits,the study analyzed the subordinate relations of numerous ecological benefits,and introduced end genetic variables Y1 and Y2 as the independent variables of another ecological equation to construct consociation equation set model.Leading from the forest's water absorption benefits,it deeply depicted the dependent and subordinate relations between the forest ecological benefits dependent variable set.Staring from the basic rule of forest ecological benefits,constructed the consociation equation set structure parameters matrix B and Γ restricted by parameter to get linear limit equation HA=L,which is the key to the forest ecological benefits consociation equation set.Especially,the study on the non-linear relation of forest ecological benefits dependent and independent variable was the foundation of forest ecological benefits consociation equation set.The model was excessiveness identified and error structure matrix,not cross matrix.The forest absorbing water and stabling soil and keeping fertilizer and defending sand benefits estimate equations were gotten through the three steps least square estimation method with Matlab program,and the average precision was morn than 80%.From this method,the whole country forest absorbing water benefit was estimated as 4.7×108 t,forest fixing soil benefits was 39×108 t,forest keeping fertilizer benefit was 4.7×108 t and defending sand benefits was 22.8 ×108 t.
    Biomass and yield of Betula platyphylla population in Mila Mount of Tibet
    LUO Daqing, ZHENG Weilie, WANG Jingsheng, FANG Jiangping, XIN Xuebing, ZHONG Guohui
    2004, (8):  1329-1333. 
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    Mila Mount in Southeast Tibet is the west boundary of the horizontal distribution of Betula platyphlla.It is also the highest altitude area in China and the world,where Betula platyphlla is distributed.Based on the investigation of regional sample plots and the analysis of analytic trees,this paper compared the biomass and yield of Betula platyphlla population at different slope orientation and different altitude.The results showed that the growth of Betula platyphlla was greatly interfered by human activities.The yearly productivity of Betula platyphylla grown in Mila Mount was 363.1~2 072.94 kg·hm-2,and the biomass was 7 625.00~33 167.00 kg·hm-2,indicating that the biomass of Betula platyphlla was quite different for different population.The productivity and biomass of Betula platyphylla coppice after cutting were lower than those of seedling forest,and there existed youth broken-down in the coppice.The zonal changes of water resources had no significant effect on the water allocation and the biomass of Betula platyphylla.
    Dynamics of microbial biomass C in a black soil under long-term fertilization and related affecting factors
    LI Dongpo, WU Zhijie, CHEN Lijun, ZHU Ping, REN Jun, PENG Chang, LIANG Chenghua
    2004, (8):  1334-1338. 
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    The effect of long-term fertilization on the dynamics of microbial biomass C in a typical black soil of Northeastern China was studied in a field trail treated by different fertilizations.The results showed that the amount of soil microbial biomass C under different fertilizations varied significantly with growth stages.It was the highest in farmyard manure (M2 and M4) treatments,with a less seasonal fluctuation,second in NPK treatment,the peak at sowing period,and the lowest in CK,the peak at wax maturity stage.No significant correlation was found between the dynamic changes of soil microbial biomass C and soil biological,physical and chemical properties in all treatments,but the correlation of soil microbial biomass C with the contents of N,P and K in plants and that of crude protein in grain was significantly positive.
    Influence of water deficit and supplemental irrigation on nitrogen uptake by winter wheat and nitrogen residual in soil
    WANG Zhaohui, WANG Bing, LI Shengxiu
    2004, (8):  1339-1343. 
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    Pot experiment in greenhouse showed that water deficit at all growth stages and supplemental irrigation at tillering stage significantly decreased the nitrogen uptake by winter wheat and increased the mineral N residual (79.8~113.7 mg·kg-1) in soil.Supplemental irrigation at over-wintering,jointing or filling stage significantly increased the nitrogen uptake by plant and decreased the nitrogen residual (47.2~60.3 mg·kg-1) in soil.But,the increase of nitrogen uptake caused by supplemental irrigation did not always mean a high magnitude of efficient use of nitrogen by plants.Supplemental irrigation at over-wintering stage didn't induce any significant change in nitrogen content of grain,irrigation at filling stage increased the nitrogen content by 20.9%,and doing this at jointing stage decreased the nitrogen content by 19.6%,as compared to the control.
    Population of entophytic bacteria in maize roots and its dynamic analysis
    GAO Zenggui, ZHUANG Jinghua, CHEN Jie, LIU Xian, TANG Shuge
    2004, (8):  1344-1348. 
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    In 2001~2002,14 maize cultivars in Liaoning Province were used for the analysis of their entophytic bacteria population.The entophytic bacteria strains with a higher frequency in maize roots were Bacillus spp.,Enterobacter spp.,Serratia spp.,Pseudomonas spp.,Xanthomonas spp.,Clavibacter spp.,Bacillus spp.,Enterobacter spp.and Serratia spp.Comparatively,Bacillus spp.was the most prevalent entophytic bacterium,including 8 species,B.subtilis,B.megaterium,B.cereus,B.licheniformis,B.anthracis, B.mycoides,B.pumilus and B.circulans,and with an average isolation frequency of 75.5% at seedling stage and 77.6% at adult stage.There existed significant differences in the population and dynamics of endophytic bacteria among maize cultivars and growth periods,and a significant correlation was found between maize genetic background and entophytic bacteria population.
    Effect of potassium application stage on photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat flag leaves and on starch accumulation in wheat grains
    LIANG Xiaofang, YU Zhenwen
    2004, (8):  1349-1352. 
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    In this study,the same amount of potassium was applied as basal dressing (treatment 1) and as basal dressing and top-dressing at jointing stage (treatment 2).The results showed that treatment 2 improved the photosynthetic rate and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of winter wheat flag leaves and the adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphortlase (ADPGPPase) activity in wheat grains.It increased the supplying strength of sucrose and the accumulation rate of starch in the grain,and also,the grain yield.Both of the treatments improved the synthesis capacity of sucrose in wheat flag leaf and the transformation capacity from sucrose to starch in wheat grain,due to the coordinative relationship between source and sink of starch synthesis,including the synthesis,transport and transformation of photosynthate.
    Effect of heat hardening on allocation of excitation energy in Brassica oleracea seedling leaves
    FU Zhenshu, ZHAO Shijie, MENG Qingwei, ZOU Qi
    2004, (8):  1353-1357. 
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    In this paper,Brassica oleracea was used to investigate the effect of heat hardening (HH) on its photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters.No distinct changes were observed in the variable fluorescence(Fv),photochemical quenching coefficient(qP),non-photochemical quenching coefficient(qN),and quantum yield of PSⅡ electron transport(PSⅡ) between HH treatment and control when the leaf temperature was 25~35 ℃.When the leaf temperature was higher than 35℃,there were obvious differences in the levels of Fv,qP, PSⅡ and qN between HH treatment and control.For example,at 37 ℃,the Fv,qP and PSⅡ in HH treatment were 53%,24%,and 86% higher than those in control,respectively,but the qN was 22% lower.The photoinhibitory quenching(qNs) in HH treatment was significantly decreased.The results showed that high energy' quenching(qNf) was an important photoprotection mechanism that effectively dissipated the excess excitation energy,protected the PSⅡ reaction center complexes from photodamage,and increased the ability of resisting photoinhibition,which were consistent with high photosynthesis rates.
    Earthworm feces-induced systemic resistance of cucumber against anthracnose
    HU Yanxia, SUN Zhenjun, SUN Yongming, WANG Chehui
    2004, (8):  1358-1362. 
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    Pot experiment showed that mixing earthworm feces into soil induced a significantly lower(P<0.05)cucumber anthracnose than mixing peat,but had no significant difference(P>0.05)with the treatment of system acquired resistance.The activities of polyphenol oxidase,peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in cucumber leaves treated with and without pathogen were increased in different degrees by mixing earthworm feces,compared with by mixing peat.All these suggested that mixing with earthworm feces could induce the system resistance of cucumber and suppress the plant disease via starting up the recovery enzyme system in plant.
    Correlation analysis of simulated MODIS vegetation indices and rice leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll content
    CHENG Qian, HUANG Jingfeng, WANG Renchao, TANG Yanlin
    2004, (8):  1363-1367. 
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    This paper studied the correlations between rice leaf area index(LAI),leaf chlorophyll content(CHL.C),hyper-spectral data,normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),enhanced vegetation index(EVI),and red-edge position(REP).The results showed that LAI had a close correlation with visible and NIR bands,and CHL.C had the highest correlation with red band.A strong non-linear correlation was found between the LAI and REP of two rice varieties.For common rice,REP,EVI and NDVI were well related with LAI,but for hybrid rice,REP and EVI were more sensitive than NDVI to LAI.In 2003,REP,EVI and NDVI were well related with CHL.C.
    Landform-based pedodiversity of some soil chemical properties in Hainan Island,China
    ZHANG Xuelei, CHEN Jie, ZHANG Ganlin
    2004, (8):  1368-1372. 
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    Diversity indices and abundance distribution models are the statistical tools having been applied by ecologists for decades to analyze the intrinsic regularities of various ecological entities.In this work,similar techniques were used to analyze the pedodiversity of some soil chemical properties in Hainan Island,China,and discussions were conducted on the basis of related SOTER digital databases.Through the calculation of the richness (S),diversity (H') and evenness (E) of pH value,CEC and organic matter content in surface soil of different landforms and the establishment and application of the multi-distribution models of these soil chemical properties,the pedodiversity of some soil chemical properties of different landforms in Hainan Island in the GIS environment could be expressed digitally.
    Adaptation of Eupatorium adenophorum photosynthetic characteristics to light intensity
    WANG Junfeng, FENG Yulong, LIANG Hongzhu
    2004, (8):  1373-1377. 
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    As an invasive species,Eupatorium adenophorum threatens the biodiversity security in Southwest China.To explore its light adaptation characteristics and related eco-physiological mechanism,this paper studied the physiological and morphological properties,e.g.,gas exchange,fluorescence kinetics,chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight (SLW),of E.adenophorum grown in Xishuangbanna,China,during the dry season under four light regimes (100%,36%,12.5% and 4.5% full sunshine).Under full sunshine,the Fv/Fm and ΦPSⅡ decreased with increasing diurnal light intensity,but quickly re-increased when light intensity decreased,indicating that photoinhibition was occurred but not serious.E.adenophorum under full sunshine could increase excessive light energy dissipation through the enhancement of diurnal thermal dissipation and anti-oxidation and the reversible inactivation of PSⅡ reaction center,increase light energy utilization,and decrease light absorption by increasing SLW and decreasing chlorophyll concentration.All these processes enabled E.adenophorum to avoid the photodamage of photosynthetic apparatus.Under low light intensities (36%,12.5% and 4.5% of full sunshine),E.adenophorum had a higher light absorption and utilization efficiency through decreasing SLW and diurnal thermal dissipation,increasing chlorophyll concentration,and keeping high photosynthetic capacity.The effective dissipation of excessive light energy under high light and the sufficient absorption of light energy under low light allowed E.adenophorum to utilize light energy effectively and grow healthily in a wide range of light intensity,which might be one of the reasons that made E.adenophorum a vigorous invader.
    Biomass structure and production pattern of Hordeum brevisubulatum clonal modules under cultivated condition in the Songnen Plains
    YANG Yunfei, ZHANG Baotian
    2004, (8):  1378-1382. 
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    Hordeum brevisubulatum is a typical clonal plant of grass family with short rhizome.In the Songnen Plains of China,the ramets of the clones were made up of stemming tillers and rosette seedlings by the end of the growing season.According to age class of the vegetative generations of tiller node,the tillers of the clones were divided into three age classes,and the seedlings were divided into four age classes.The age structures of their biomass under cultivated condition for two years were all of expanding types.The productivities of the ramets,both of the tillers and of the seedlings in the 1st age class of the clones,were the highest,and decreased with the increasing age class by the end of the growing season.The diameter of the tufts was the important quantitative index to measure the special size of the clones,and the number of the ramets could be useful to measure the growth of the clones.Statistical results showed that the total biomass and the biomass of the tillers,seedlings and rhizomes were all increased by power function with the size of tuft diameters and the number of total ramets,and the correlations were all significant.
    Clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics of Lysimachia congestiflora growing under different light conditions
    CHEN Jinsong, DONG Ming, YU Dan, LIU Qing
    2004, (8):  1383-1388. 
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    The response of clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics to resource heterogeneity is of great ecological significance.This paper studied the variations of clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics of stoloniferous herb Lysimachia congestiflora growing at the open land of forest edge,forest edge,and forest understory of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mt.Lingyan of Dujiangyan,Sichuan Province,and compared the stolon internode length,frequency distribution of stolon internode length,braching intensity,branching angle,frequency distribution of branching angle,ramet population density,ramet population height,ramet population biomass,and root/shoot of ramet population among the three habitats.The results showed that the stolon internode length,branching intensity,ramet population density and ramet population biomass were different among three habitats.Kruskal Wallis test indicated that the distributions of stolon internode length and branching angle were significantly different among three habitats.The skewness in distribution of stolon internode length was in the order of open land of forest edge>forest edge>forest understory;and the branching angle,ramet population height,and root/shoot of ramet population were significant greater in open land of forest edge than in forest edge and forest understory.The skewness in distribution of branching angle in open land of forest edge was smaller than that in forest edge and forest understory.The branching angle,ramet population height,and root/shoot of ramet population were not significantly different between forest edge and forest understory.These results were discussed in the context of resource acquisition strategy by clonal plants.
    Ecological characteristics of phytoplankton in coastal area of Pearl River estuary
    DAI Ming, LI Chunhou, JIA Xiaoping, Zhang Hanhua, Chen Ruiwen
    2004, (8):  1389-1394. 
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    Five cruises of phytoplankton survey were made in costal area of Pearl River estuary in 1998~1999.The results showed that 239 species were identified,72.4% of which belonging to Bacillariophyta,23.8% to Pyrrophyta,and 3.8% to others.The dominant species were warm and eurythermic species Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii,Nitzschia delicatissima,Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii and Thalassiosira subtilis,and changed with an obvious seasonal succession.The cell density ranged from 0.2×104 to 2 767.1×104 cell·m-3,with an average of 98.7×104 cell·m-3,and the mean cell density was obviously higher in summer and winter than in spring and autumn.The regional variation revealed that the cell density in shore area was visibly higher than that in offshore area,and the largest density area was at the southeast of Shangchuan Island all the year around.The range of mean Shannon-Wiener index,Pielou evenness index and biodiversity threshold was 2.63~3.17,0.53~0.71 and 1.74~2.23,respectively.According to the diversity index,it was concluded that the diversity level of phytoplankton community in coastal area of Pearl River estuary was relatively high and stable.
    Ecological regulation services of Hainan Island ecosystem and their valuation
    OUYANG Zhiyun, ZHAO Tongqian, ZHAO Jingzhu, XIAO Han, WANG Xiaoke
    2004, (8):  1395-1402. 
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    Ecosystem services imply the natural environmental conditions on which human life relies for existence,and their effectiveness formed and sustained by ecosystem and its ecological processes.In newly research reports,they were divided into four groups,i.e.,provisioning services,regulation services,cultural services,and supporting services.To assess and valuate ecosystem services is the foundation of regional environmental reserve and development.Taking Hainan Island as an example and based on the structure and processes of natural ecosystem,this paper discussed the proper methods for regulation services assessment.The ecosystems were classified into 13 types including valley rain forest,mountainous rain forest,tropical monsoon forest,mountainous coppice forest,mountainous evergreen forest,tropical coniferous forest,shrubs,plantation,timber forest,windbreak forest,mangrove,savanna,and cropland,and then,the regulation services and their economic values of Hainan Island ecosystem were assessed and evaluated by terms of water-holding,soil conservancy,nutrient cycle,C fixation,and windbreak function.The economic value of the regulation services of Hainan Island ecosystem was estimated as 2035.88×108~2153.39×108 RMB yuan,8 times higher to its provisioning services (wood and agricultural products) which were estimated as only 254.06×108 RMB yuan.The result implied that ecosystem regulation services played an even more important role in the sustainable development of society and economy in Hainan Island.
    Landscape spatial changes in Shenzhen and their driving factors
    LI Weifeng, WANG Yanglin, PENG Jian, LI Guicai
    2004, (8):  1403-1410. 
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    Based on GIS technology,the MSS image in 1978 and the TM images in 1986,1990,1995 and 1999 were used to study the landscape spatial changes in Shenzhen during the past two decades.The results showed that the regional landscape in Shenzhen changed dramatically,from a typical agricultural landscape to a rapidly urbanizing landscape.The percentage of cultivated land decreased from 31.06% to 2.67%,while that of built-up area increased from 0.33% to 22.52%.The landscape diversity index showed a tendency of increase in 1978~1995,followed by a decrease in 1999.The index of landscape contagion decreased firstly and then increased,and the landscape fragmentation index increased from 0.0042 to 0.0073.Modified fractal dimension index showed the same tendency as landscape contagion index.Human activity was the main driving factor for landscape change.The change of geometry shape of landscape patches was driven by the economic interests of individual economic cells,and that of spatial configuration of landscape components was associated with the allocation of industries.The diversity of the whole landscape was mainly associated with the natural and ecological conditions such as topography and landform,while its change was strongly affected by the whole level of social and economic development.
    Adaptability of abnormal tadpole (Rana chensinensis) to water pH,salinity and alkalinity in Changbai Mountain of China
    YANG Fuyi, SHAO Qingchun, LI Jinglin, CHEN Guoshuang
    2004, (8):  1411-1415. 
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    Under field condition with 16~18℃ water temperature,single-factor acute toxicity test was used to study the toxicity effects of water pH,salinity and carbonate-alkalinity on abnormal tadpole (R.chensinensis).The results showed that when the water salinity was 0.18 g·L-1,carbonate-alkalinity was 1.41 mmol·L-1,and water pH was 4.3~9.7,the survival rate of abnormal tadpole within 96 hours was not affected.The upper limit of LC50 for the pH within 24,48,72 and 96 hours was 10.33,10.18,10.08 and 10.02,and the prescribed minimum was 3.92,4.07,4.11 and 4.16,respectively.The upper limit of LC0 was 9.95,9.80,9.70 and 9.70,and the prescribed minimum was 4.23,4.45,4.30 and 4.30,and that of LC100 was 10.70,10.55,10.45 and 10.33,and the prescribed minimum was 3.55,3.70,3.92 and 4.03,respectively.The survival rate of abnormal tadpole within 96 hours was not affected in the water salinity between 2.0~3.0 g·L-1.When water pH was 7.0~8.5 and carbonate-alkalinity was 1.41mmol·L-1,the LC50 of the salinity within 24,48,72 and 96 hours was 8.21,7.25,5.17 and 3.70 g·L-1,the LC0 was 7.14,6.00,2.67 and 2.20 g·L-1,and the LC100 was 9.98,9.00,7.67 and 5.20 g·L-1,respectively,while the SC was 1.70 g·L-1.Under the same water pH and when the water salinity was 0.18 g·L-1,the LC50 of carbonate-alkalinity within 24,48,72 and 96 hours was 14.36,11.83,10.35,and 7.68 mmol·L-1,the LC0 was 8.76,8.51,4.65 and 3.88 mmol·L-1,and the LC100 was 19.96,15.14,16.05 and 11.48 mmol·L-1,respectively,while the SC was 1.70 mmol·L-1.The survival rate of abnormal tadpole (R.chensinensis) was decreased with increasing water pH,salinity and carbonate-alkalinity.The optimum water salinity and carbonate-alkalinity to the survival and the growth of abnormal tadpole (R.chensinensis) were below 2.0 g·L-1 and 3.0 mmol·L-1,respectively,and water pH was between 6.0 and 9.0.
    Niches of dominant grub populations in different athletic areas of golf course
    MA Zongren, CHANG Xiangqian, GUO Hui
    2004, (8):  1416-1422. 
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    The study on the temporal niche,spatial niche and spatial distribution of dominant grub populations in different athletic areas of golf courses in subtropics showed that except the lower temporal niche breadths of individual grubs in greens Ⅲ and Ⅳ,the dominant grub populations in 4 areas of fairways and greens all had a >0.9 temporal niche breadth.The temporal niche breadth of 4 grub species in fairway highland and greensⅠandⅡ was the highest,and that in rough highland and green Ⅳ was the lowest.For the grub species except Holotrichi-avata,the one-sided low vertical spatial niche breadth was 0.2~0.7.The temporal niche overlap in fairways and greens of 4 grub species was above 0.8,and the spatial niche overlap of great majority grub species was about 0.1~0.6.The spatial niche overlap between Anomala corpulenta and Anomala cupripes in fairways was the highest (>0.8),and that between Anomala corpulenta and Anomala cupripes and between Holotrichi asauteri and Holotrichi-avata in greens was the highest (>0.8).4 grub species in fairways and greens mainly activated in 0~5 and 5~10 cm soil layers,a few grubs in 10~15 cm soil layer of fairway,and 4 grub species almost could not activate and feed in 10~15 cm soil layer of green.
    Influence of temperature and light on the growth and development of Tenodera angustipennis and related preying functional responses
    ZHOU Xingmiao, JIANG Yong, NIU Changying, XIAO Jin, LEI Chaoliang
    2004, (8):  1423-1426. 
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    Tenodera angustipennis was raised under laboratory conditions to study the influence of temperature and light on the growth and development of its nymphs.The functional responses of T.angustipennis to Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae and adults and to Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) were also studied.The results showed that temperature remarkably affected the growth and development of T.angustipennis,but light did not.The Holling models could well describe the functional responses of T.angustipennis to P.xylostella and L.erysimi.
    Seasonal dynamics of arthropod community diversity,evenness and relative stability in peach orchards
    ZHOU Xiazhi, ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong, YIN Zhengbing, ZHANG Bingwang, LI Lei, GAO Caiqiu, DING Chengcheng
    2004, (8):  1427-1430. 
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    This study showed that the diversity index of total arthropod community in peach orchards was significantly correlated to the diversity index of both phytophages (r=0.9480) and predators sub-communities (r=0.7855),and the two sub-communities were correlative (r=0.6741).It was also significantly correlated to the evenness index of total community (r=0.7870),but not correlated to the evenness index of both sub-communities.The diversity index (H') of total community was significantly correlated to the ratio of predators individuals (Sd) and phytophages individuals (Sz) (r=0.8112) and of species (Ss) and individuals (Si) (r=0.9188),but not correlated to the ratio of predators (Spl) and phytophages (Szl).
    Effects of six host plants on the development and fecundity of Cicadulina bipunctella
    LI Xiaozhen, LIU Yinghong, TIAN Yan
    2004, (8):  1431-1434. 
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    The study on the development,survivorship and fecundity of Cicadulina bipunctella reared on corn,wheat,sorghum,rice,millet,barley and Leptochloa panacea showed that the insect could develop and reproduce on all test host plants except for Leptochloa panacea.The development duration of C.bipunctella at its immature stages reared on sorghum was the shortest(24.1 d),then on corn (24.2 d),and the longest on wheat (25.5 d).The survival rate (40.8%),longevity (12.2 d) and oviposition per female (12.3 eggs) of female adults reared on rice were lower than those reared on the other five host plants.Based on the life-table parameters,the most suitable host plants for the development and reproduction of C.bipunctella were millet and corn,followed by sorghum,barley,wheat and rice.
    Clustering analysis and optimal cut-apart of arthropod community in megranate orchard
    ZOU Yunding, LI Lei, ZHANG Bingwang, BI Shoudong, LOU Zhi, DING Chengcheng, GAO Caiqiu, LI Changgen
    2004, (8):  1435-1439. 
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    Based on the principles of community ecology and by the method of fuzzy clustering,this paper studied the temporal and quantitative dynamics of the arthropod community and sub-community in megranate orchard,aimed to utilize natural enemy resources for pests control.The results showed that both of total community and natural enemy sub-community could be grouped into 4 clusters,and non-natural enemy sub-community could be grouped into 3 clusters.This clustering reflected the complexity of the community structure.The optimal cut-apart could divide the total community and sub-community into 3 stages,i.e.,April-August,September-October,and November.
    Effect of nitrogen fertilization and square loss on cotton aphid population,cotton leafhopper population and cotton yield
    MEN Xingyuan, GE Feng, YIN Xinming, LIU Dongpo
    2004, (8):  1440-1442. 
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    The study on the effects of nitrogen fertilization(0~450 kg·hm-2)and square loss(0~12·plant-1)on cotton aphid population,cotton leafhopper population and cotton yield showed that there were no significant differences in cotton aphid population,cotton leafhopper population,and numbers of effective bolls between transgenic Bt cotton and non-transgenic cotton.Cotton aphid populations on the two cottons were significantly influenced by nitrogen fertilization and by the interaction of nitrogen fertilization and square loss,while leafhopper populations were not significantly influenced by them.Nitrogen fertilization at squaring and flowering stage was one of important factors affecting cotton yield.There was a positive correlation between the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer and cotton yield,but a negative correlation between the number of lost square per plant and the yield of the two cottons.
    Wastewater treatment efficiency of combined aluminum-starch flocculant
    ZHANG Kaisong, ZHOU Qixing, WU Weimin
    2004, (8):  1443-1446. 
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    This paper examined the efficiency of a combined flocculants synthesized by aluminum and starch (noted as CAS) in treating kaolin suspension,domestic wastewater,municipal effluent and pulp-making wastewater.Jar test results showed that the flocculent performance of CAS was prior to polyaluminum-chloride (PAC) in treating different concentration kaolin suspension samples (100,400 and 2 000 mg稬-1).The optimal dose of CAS to each sample was 3.0,2.0 and 2.0 mg稬-1,being 60%,50% and 50% of PAC,respectively.CAS also showed a priority to PAC in removing the COD and turbidity of domestic and municipal effluents.When treating pulp-making wastewater,the optimal dose of CAS was 70% of PAC.The removal rate of COD was enhanced 10%,the sludge was reduced 40%,and the sediment time was greatly shortened.It was also identified that the optimal concentration required to affect flocculation depended on the concentration and the character of the wastewater within the range examined.CAS was more effective in treating high turbidity wastewater.
    Purification of eutrophicated water by aquatic plant
    TONG Changhua, YANG Xiao'e, PU Peimin
    2004, (8):  1447-1450. 
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    In this study,aquatic plants were used to control the pollution of eutrophicated water.The results showed that aquatic plants had a higher ability to remove total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP) and nitrate nitrogen.Among them,foxtail alga (Myriophyllum verticillatum) and grain leaf pondweed (Potamogeton maackianus) could effectively remove TN (83.84% and 77.54%),TP (91.3%) and nitrate nitrogen (95.85% and 90.65%),but had no significant effect on removing ammonia nitrogen (only 14% to 70%).Sediment shielded by plastic could prolong the release of the nutrients from it for 15 to 20 days,and show the compensation effect later.The results also showed that aquatic plants could greatly improve the transparency of water,but could not improve the COD and DO of water effectively.
    Lead absorption by weeds from lead-polluted soil
    WU Chunhua, CHEN Xin, WANG Zhaoqian
    2004, (8):  1451-1454. 
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    A pot experiment with red soil was installed in 2002 and 2003 to study the impact of lead pollution on weed growth,its lead and nutrients uptake,and AMF colonization.The results showed that lead pollution had no significant influence on weed growth,and the absorbed lead was mainly accumulated in root system.The impact of lead pollution on nutrients uptake by weeds was depended on weed species,their growth stages,and kinds of nutrients.No significant difference was found between lead treatment and control in nutrient contents except potassium in Digitaria adscendens at its early growth stages,and lead had little influence on the absorption of nutrients by Kummerowia striata,Ixeris chinensis,Digitaria adscendens and Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis.The phosphorus content in Ixeris chinensis and Digitaria adscendens at their ripen stage sampled from lead-polluted soil was significantly higher than that from control,while the nitrogen content in matured Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis sampled from polluted soil was significantly lower than that from the control.There existed great difference of mycorrhizal colonization among various weed species.The infection rate of Kummerowia striata and Digitaria adscendens showed a slight difference between lead treatment and control both at vegetative and ripen stage.Lead pollution hindered the colonization of Ixeris chinensis.In lead-polluted soil,the AMF infection rate of Ixeris chinensis was 45.52% at vegetative stage and 74.64% at ripen stage,while in the control,it was 69.44% at vegetative stage and 82.21% at ripen stage.Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis,an annual weed,showed an opposite response of AMF colonization to lead pollution.The colonization rate of AMF in Echinochloa crusgalli var.mitis root was higher under lead pollution condition,being 82.45% at vegetative stage and 91.36% at ripen stage,while in the control,it was 59.19% and 78^28%,respectively.
    Accumulation of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in various genotype Ipomoea aquatica-paddy soil system
    CAI Quanying, MO Cehui, ZENG Qiaoyun, LI Yunhui, XIAO Kai'en, LI Haiqin, XU Guosheng, WANG Boguang, WU Qingzhu
    2004, (8):  1455-1458. 
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    Various genotypes of Ipomoea aquatica were pot-cultured on paddy soils with different pollution level of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP),and the concentrations of DEHP in plant and soil were determined by GC/MS.The results showed that the concentration of DEHP in plant varied directly with soil pollution level,and different genotypes of Ipomoea aquatica had significantly different concentrations of DEHP,which varied directly with leaf area.Soils grown with various genotypes of Ipomoea aquatica also had significantly different DEHP concentrations.The soil DEHP bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) of various Ipomoea aquatica genotypes were all under 1.0 and in inverse proportion to soil pollution level.The BCFs varied significantly among the genotypes of Ipomoea aquatica,with a relatively higher value for those genotypes with middle size leaves.
    Effect of organophosphorous insecticides on Chinese chive insect pests and their degradation by pesticide-degrading bacterium
    JIANG Jiandong, CAO Hui, ZHANG Ruifu, ZHANG Mingxing, LI Shunpeng
    2004, (8):  1459-1462. 
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    3.00 kg(a.i)穐m-2 phoxin and 2.63 kg(a.i)穐m-2 methyl parathion were respectively applied to control the Taeniothrips alliorum on Chinese chive.Compared to no pesticide treatment,the decline rate of the insect density was 98.28% and 98.39% at the 3rd day after spraying pesticides,and 89.94% and 94.04% at the 20th day after spraying pesticides,respectively.At the 3rd day after spraying 15.00,18.00 and 21.00 kg(a.i)穐m-2 phoxin,the insect density of Bradysia odoriphaga decreased 80.77%,93.10% and 96.98%,and at the 35th day after spraying,it decreased 92.44%,95.05% and 96.81%,respectively.The application of pesticide-degrading bacterium had not any effect on controlling insect pests,but could markedly degrade pesticide.At the 3rd day after spraying 45.00 L穐m-2 pesticide-degrading bacterium to control Taeniothrips alliorum,the degradion rate of phoxin and methyl parathion was 99.52% and 98.83%,and at the 3rd after spraying 75.00 L穐m-2 pesticide-degrading bacterium to control Bradysia odoriphaga,the degradation rate of three concentrations of phoxin was 100%,100% and 99.69%,respectively.
    Effect of Jinggang Mountain forests on regional ecological environment
    ZHONG Quanlin
    2004, (8):  1463-1467. 
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    Based on the late years' data of forest resources,climate,hydrology and atmosphere in Jinggang Mountain region and by the methods of canonical correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression,this paper analyzed the influence of forests on the climate,water quality and atmosphere of this region.The results showed that forest volume had an evident effect on maximum daily precipitation,extreme highest air temperature and atmospheric SO2 concentration,and on CODcr and ammonic nitrogen contents in river water.The greater the regional forest volume,the less maximum daily precipitation and the lower extreme highest air temperature,atmospheric SO2 concentration and water CODcr and ammonic nitrogen contents.Forest cover percentage could remarkably affect soil erosion modulus and atmospheric NOx concentration:the two latter were decreased as forest cover percentage increased.These results will provide theoretic foundation for the evaluation of the environmental value and ecological benefit of forest.
    Forest Inventory Data (FID)-based biomass models and their prospects
    ZHAO Min, ZHOU Guangsheng
    2004, (8):  1468-1472. 
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    Forest Inventory Data (FID)-based biomass models are important methods in assessing forest biomass at landscape,regional,and national scales,and play an important role in studying terrestrial carbon budget and global changes.In this paper,Forest Inventory Data were reviewed,FID-based models were summarized,and shortages of FID-based models were analyzed.Based on these analyses,the future tasks were pointed out:1)Comprehensive effect of forest biological factors and non-biological factors on forest biomass,especially on forest volume and age;2)Identification of the relationships between total forest biomass and live wood biomass;3)Development of remote sensing-and FID-based forest biomass models.These researches will provide new methods and theoretical bases for estimating forest biomass and carbon budget.
    A discussion on basic content and evaluation index system of agroecosystem health
    ZHANG Jia'en, LUO Shiming
    2004, (8):  1473-1476. 
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    Agroecosystem health is the fundament of food security and human health,and becoming one of the hot spots and frontier fields in agricultural ecology study with more and more international concerns,which can be interpreted as a sustainable state and a dynamic process involving good eco-environment,healthy agricultural organisms,rational spatial and temporal structure,clean production pattern,optimal biodiversity and high productivity.Agroecosystem is a kind of typical artificial and natural compound ecosystem.Its health is strongly influenced and controlled by human activities,and usually linked with agro-products quality,food security and biological security.A series of indices including biological,environmental and eco-economic indicators could be integrated to assess the situation and level of agroecosystem health,and some methods including comprehensive index assessment,eco-toxicological assessment and ecological risk assessment could be used for the evaluation of agroecosystem health.
    Effect of ecological factors on citrus fruit quality
    BAO Jiangfeng, XIA Renxue, PENG Shu'ang
    2004, (8):  1477-1480. 
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    This paper summarized the research advance on the physiological foundation of citrus fruit's major quality factors such as color formation and organic acid and sugar accumulation,and analyzed the effects of main ecological factors such as temperature,sunshine,water,soil,terrain and landforms on them.The existing problems and the research prospects of citrus ecology were expounded,and a useful proposal on the quality sub-distribution of citrus in China was put forward.
    Research advance in application of RAPD techniques in entomology
    HU Yanhong, CHI Defu
    2004, (8):  1481-1486. 
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    This paper summarized the application of RAPD techniques in insect taxology and ecology,relative of species,systemic development,identification of pest,diagnosing for pest resistance,construction of molecular linkage map,and molecular assistant breeding.The problems existing in the applications of RAPD in entomology were indicated,and their countermeasures were given.It was mentioned that with the development of theories and experimental techniques,insect molecular biology would make new progress and conquer all those problems.
    Research Advance in polyphosphate-accumulating microorganisms in enhanced biological phosphorus removal process
    ZHENG Jinwei, RAN Wei, ZHONG Zengtao, HE Jian
    2004, (8):  1487-1490. 
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    This paper discussed the function of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in P pollution control,P containing wastewater treatment and P resources recovery,and summarized the metabolic characteristics,research progress and methodologies of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs).Although polyphosphate has been found in many organisms,only few of PAOs were isolated,cultured and identified.Culture medium formulation is the key to isolate PAOs and to study the microbial accumulation of polyphosphate,and the competition of glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) with PAOs for carbon resources is one of the reasons of low EBPR efficiency.Modern scientific methods such as fluorescent in situ hybridization,confocal laser scanning microscope,microautoradiography,and in vivo NMR spectroscopy,provided powerful tools to analyze PAO species composition,spatial structure and functional properties under field conditions.The knowledge of PAO is valuable to enhance the P removal efficiency in water treatment plant,and to improve our understanding on P transformation and transferring in environment.