Table of Content

15 November 2004, Volume 15 Issue 11

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Gap features of subalpine dark coniferous forest in Wolong Nature Reserve

WANG Wei, TAO Jianping, LI Zongfeng, ZHANG Weiyin, DING Yi

2004, (11):  1989-1993. 

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This paper studied the size structure and formation pattern of gaps and the characteristics of gap makers (GM) in subalpine dark coniferous forests in Wolong Giant Panda Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province,China.The results showed that the gap density was 18.5 per hm²,and the area of canopy gap and extended gap accounted for 28.4% and 60% of total forest area,respectively.Canopy gap varied from 10 m² to 1 134.7 m²,and expanded gap varied from 84.11 m² to 1 646.3 m².Canopy gaps and expanded gaps had an average area of 153.45 m² and 324.34 m²,respectively.The average number of gap makers (GM) per gap was 5.14,and only 8.1% of all gaps were created by just one GM.The order of GM contributed to gap formation was trunk snap > uproot > standing death > branch breakage.Abies faxoniana,Tsuga chinensis,and Betula utilis were the major gap makers,while Abies faxoniana in the canopy layer with 60～70 cm DBH and 30～35 m high had the greatest probability of gap making.

Soluble sugar content of clonal plant Neosinocalamus affinis at module and ramet levels

WANG Qiong, SU Zhixian, ZHANG Sulan, LI Yunxiang

2004, (11):  1994-1998. 

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In this paper,soluble sugar content of Neosinocalamus affinis was measured by anthrone colorimetry at two levels of module and ramet in order to reveal its ecological and physiological adaptability.The results showed that soluble sugar content decreased in the order of leaf > branch > culm.As for soluble sugar content,different modules responded to ramet age and position in different ways.The branch and culm of 1-year-old ramets contented more soluble sugar than those of other four ages,but soluble sugar content in leaf was independent to ramet age.For leaf and culm,lower parts of ramet contented more soluble sugar than middle and upper parts.Under high irradiance,the soluble sugar content of Neosinocalamus affinis leaf was more than that under low irradiance.Seasonal change had significant effect on soluble sugar content.The soluble sugar content of leaf presented a monthly change,with a bottom and upper value in January and in April,respectively,but there was no obvious difference between 2-year-old and 3-year-old ramets.The soluble sugar content of parent ramet leaves was positively correlative to that of daughter ramet in upper and middle parts of ramets.There was no significant difference between ramet ages at ramet level.Hierarchical response of physiological character to environmental changes existed at the module and ramet levels of Neosinocalamus affinis.

Vegetation biomass distribution characteristics of alpine tundra ecosystem in Changbai Mountains

WEI Jing, WU Gang, DENG Hongbing

2004, (11):  1999-2004. 

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Climate change is one of the hotspots in global environment concerns,while alpine tundra ecosystem is most sensitive to global climate change.Because of the relatively small area of tundra,researches on alpine tundra ecosystem were much less.Based on the measurement of species biomass,dominant species organ biomass and vegetation biomass,this paper discussed the biomass spatial variation in alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.The results showed that among 43 species investigated,the first five species in biomass were Rhododendron chrysanthum(159.01 kg穐m^-2),Vaccinium uliginosum var.alpinum(137.52 kg穐m^-2),Vaccinium uliginosum(134.7 kg穐m^-2),Dryas octopetala var.asiatica(131.5 kg穐m^-2) and Salix rotundifolia(128.4 kg穐m^-2),which were the dominant species in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.Along with increasing altitude,the ratio of below-/above-ground biomass and below-ground/total biomass gradually increased,while the vegetation biomass gradually decreased.The vegetation biomass showed a significant correlation with altitude in typical alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains,and the average vegetation biomass was 2.21 t穐m^-2 .Alpine tundra ecosystem is very important for microclimate regulation,soil improvement,water-holding,soil conservation,nutrient cycling,carbon fixation and oxygen production,and currently,it is the CO₂ sink of Changbai Mountains.

Numerical simulation of interaction between forest ecosystem and atmosphere boundary layer

LIU Shuhua, DENG Yi, HU Fei, LIANG Fuming, LIU Heping, Wang Jianhua

2004, (11):  2005-2012. 

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Based on the basic principles of atmosphere boundary layer and plant canopy micrometeorology,a numerical model of the interaction between forest ecosystem and atmosphere boundary layer was built,and used to simulate the diurnal variations of heat balance in forest ecosystem,canopy temperature,air temperature in canopy,and ground surface temperature,as well as those of the profiles and temporal and spatial distributions of potential temperature,wind speed,specific humidity and turbulence exchange coefficient.It indicated that the model could be used to study the interaction between land surface process and atmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surface and regional climate effect,which supplied a solid base to the researches on coupling climate models with the biosphere.

Biodiversity of tree species,their populations' spatial distribution pattern and interspecific association in mixed deciduous broadleaved forest in Changbai Mountains

GUO Zhongling, MA Yuandan, ZHENG Jiping, LIU Wande, JIN Zefeng

2004, (11):  2013-2018. 

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Based on the data collected from the sampling plot with an area of 1 hm² at the Experimental and Management Bureau of Jiaohe in Jilin Province,this paper analyzed and researched the community structure,biological diversity,spatial distribution pattern and interspecific association between tree species populations in a mixed deciduous broadleaved forest.The results indicated that there was no obvious dominant order among tree species populations,and the indices of tree species diversity such as Shannon-Wiener index (H'),Pielou evenness index (E) and Simpson ecological dominant index (D) were all low.Shrub and herb species diversity indices were also not high.The spatial distribution pattern of five dominant tree species all presented aggregative.Based on 2×2 contigency table,the interspecific associations of 15 tree species in the community were examined by means of χ ²-test,together with the association coefficient (AC).The results showed that there were 14 species pairs in 15 species showing significantly negative association.The proportion of species pairs showing negative association was much more than that of showing positive association.It could be deduced that the community was instable and at the stage of autogenic succession from soft deciduous broadleaved forest to hard deciduous broadleaved forest,and then,the Korean pine broadleaved forest.

Effects of forest restoration patterns on soil microbial communities

ZHENG Hua, OUYANG Zhiyun, WANG Xiaoke, FANG Zhiguo, ZHAO Tongqian, MIAO Hong

2004, (11):  2019-2024. 

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In this paper,soil microbial community properties of five vegetation patterns were measured by bacterial,microbial biomass carbon and metabolic diversity (BIOLOG) assays to evaluate the effects of different forest restoration patterns on soil microbial community.The results showed that among five sampling sites,soil microbial biomass carbon and bacterial amount were the highest under natural secondary forest,while those in CK were the least.In BIOLOG assays,the average well colour development (AWCD) and the richness and diversity indices indicated the differences of microbial metabolic diversity.The variation tendency of the indices was the same as that of microbial biomass and bacterial amount.It is suggested that under natural secondary forest,soil microbial community had a stronger ability of utilizing carbon source and a greater functional diversity than that in plantations and CK.The metabolic diversity of microbial communities in 0～20 and 20～40 cm soil layers showed a fairly good correlation with root biomass (r=0.933,P<0.05;r=0.925,P<0.05).In a word,soil microbial biomass,bacterial amount and metabolic diversity patterns were the highest under natural secondary forest,and natural restoration should be more propitious to improve the structure and function of soil microbial community.

A comparative study on water use characteristics and eco-adaptability of Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana korshinskii in semi-arid loess hilly-gully region

XU Bingcheng, SHAN Lun

2004, (11):  2025-2028. 

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This study compared the seasonal dynamics of soil water content,biomass productivity,and leaf photosynthetic physiology and water potential between about ten years old Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana korshinskii planted on the hilly slope land of semi-arid loess hilly-gully region.The results showed that there existed dry soil layer in the stands.The seasonal compensation depth of soil water in Hippophae rhamnoides stand was deeper and its water use capability was better than those of C.korshinskii.The yearly productivity of Hippophae rhamnoides was about 2.56 times of C.korshinski.Hippophae rhamnoides leaf had a increased water use efficiency under improved soil water condition.C.korshinskii had higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates,but its leaf WUE was smaller than Hippophae rhamnoides.These two forests all had drought resistance and tolerance characteristics,but Hippophae rhamnoides was more active than C.korshinskii adapting to drought.

Biomass and net primary productivity of secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in Huangmian Forest Farm,Guangxi

ZHANG Lin, LUO Tianxiang, DENG Kunmei, DAI Qiang, HUANG Yong, JIANG Zhengfu, TAO Mingyou, ZENG Kaiyi

2004, (11):  2029-2033. 

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By the methods of sampling plot harvesting method and allometric dimension analysis,we measured the belowground and aboveground standing biomass and net primary productivity(NPP) of the secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in Huangmian Forest farm of Guangxi,southern China,with the location of 24?51'N and 109?51'E and an altitude of about 315 m.The total biomass was 99.96 t穐m^-2,aboveground and belowground biomasses accounted for 69.41% and 30.59%,respectively.The leaf area index of trees and undergrowth shrubs was 6.50,and the total annual NPP was 24.65 t穐m^-2穣r^-1 by estimate,aboveground and belowground NPP accounted for 44.54% and 55.46%,respectively.The NPP of fine roots was 11.79 t穐m^-2穣r^-1,being 86.24% of the belowground NPP.

Effects of nitrogen stress on nutrient uptake by Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings and their biomass distribution

WU Chu, WANG Zhengquan, FAN Zhiqiang, SUN Hailong

2004, (11):  2034-2038. 

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Under environmental stresses,trees often change their morphological and physiological components to acquire the most limited resources.In northeastern forest region of China,the decomposition and mineralization of litters occur slowly due to low temperature,which often results in forest trees suffering from nutritional stress.With pot culture in greenhouse,this paper studied the effects of nitrogen stress on the physiological and morphological components of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings.The results showed that under N stress,the net uptake rate of nitrogen and phosphate by the seedlings decreased,while their nitrogen and phosphate use efficiency were higher than those of the seedlings supplied with 8 mmol稬^-1 or 16 mmol稬^-1 of nitrogen during the early growth stage.When suffering from N stress,the leaf mass ratio of the seedlings reduced,with specific leaf area and root mass ratio increased.The relative growth rate increased with the increasing N concentrations supplied to the seedlings during the whole growth period.Under N stress,the net assimilation rate decreased,which resulted in the decrease of total biomass,and the root/shoot ratio was significantly higher than that of the seedlings supplied with 8 mmol稬^-1 or 16 mmol稬^-1 of nitrogen during the early growth stage.There was no significant difference during the late growth stage.

Spatial and temporal variation of soil temperature extremum under plastic mulch in Xinjiang

LI Yi, SHAO Ming'an

2004, (11):  2039-2044. 

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The upper and lower limit values of soil temperature affect crop growth and development greatly.Observations on the soil maximal and minimal temperatures under different mulching and cropping conditions in Xinjiang showed that during crop growth period in 1998 and 1999,soil temperature extremums were both at 0 cm,and varied with different observation time.The soil minimal temperature under plastic mulch was higher than that without mulch,indicating that plastic mulch could remarkably increase soil temperature.The diurnal variation of soil minimal temperature could be expressed by quadratic function,while the maximal temperature at 14:00 and 20:00 could be expressed by ellipse function and linear function of soil depth,respectively.Soil temperature extremums correlated linearly with air temperature under different conditions.The correlation between soil minimal temperature and air temperature was higher for bare soil than for mulched soil,and higher for maize field than for cotton field,while the correlation between soil maximal temperature and air temperature was lower than that between soil minimal temperature and air temperature.

Response of soil-wheat ecosystem to soil magnetization and related ecological indicators

GU Jiguang, ZHOU Qixing, LIN Qiuqi, HU Ren, LIU Xiaoyi

2004, (11):  2045-2048. 

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By using outdoor pot-culture method combined with biological magnetic effect analysis,this paper studied the effect of soil magnetization on soil-wheat ecosystem health.It was showed that there was an improvement in soil-wheat ecosystem health after soil magnetization,e.g.,the germination of wheat seeds promoted,and the seedling height,individuals of leaves and roots,overall and active absorption area of roots and their absorption rates,and biological yield of mature wheat were increased.The ecological indicators of magnetic health effect were also discussed.200 mT was the best parameter of magnetic treatment for wheat growth.

Spatial variability of farmland soil nutrients at Taihang piedmont

ZHANG Yuming, MAO Renzhao, HU Chunsheng, ZHANG Jiabao, ZHU Anning

2004, (11):  2049-2054. 

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By the method of geostatistics,this paper studied the spatial variability of soil nutrients in 30 490 hm² crop field in Luancheng region and in 15 hm² experimental field in Luancheng Ecological Agriculture Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences.The results showed that the variation of soil nutrient contents differed obviously,and the semivariograms could be simulated by Gaussian and spherical models with some nugget variances.The limit distance of spatial correlation was 4.2～15.6 km and 112～223 m in Luancheng region and in experimental field,respectively,and the spatial variability of soil organic matter,N,P and K was of semivariance structure.It revealed that there existed a spatial correlation in soil nutrient contents under relatively large-block scale,which made it possible to develop regionalized soil nutrient precision management.

Soil moisture characteristics of apple-planting subarea in Weibei dry highland,Shaanxi Province

LIU Xianzhao, YI Huapeng, LI Shitai

2004, (11):  2055-2060. 

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Based on the data of regional scale and located field measurement,this paper investigated the soil moisture characteristics of the apple-planting subarea in Weibei dry highland,Shanxi Province.The results showed that the soil moisture characteristics in this subarea were affected by precipitation and evapotranspiration.At regional scale,the apple-land evapotranspiration in east Weibei area was the largest,and that in tableland gully and in west Weibei area was the medium and the smallest,respectively.Soil water deficit phenomenon was observed in three type areas.In east Weibei area,the mean water deficit amount was about 390.9 mm,the maximum was 674.6 mm,and the minimum value was 186.3 mm.In tableland gully area,the average and maximum values were 264.4 and 441.2 mm,respectively,and sometimes water surplus occurred.As a whole,soil moisture in west Weibei area was deficit,but the phenomena of water surplus were more prevalent than those in tableland gully area,and the maximum value was 151.8 mm.Soil moisture storage amount existed spatial and temporal variations in 3 different areas.The value of 2 m profile in apple growth season in west Weibei area was the largest,and that in Weibei tableland gully area and in Weibei east area was the medium and the smallest,respectively.The characteristics of soil moisture storage depended mainly on precipitation and its spatial-temporal distribution,as well as its consumed amount by apple trees.Water consumption in east Weibei area was the largest,the second was in gully area,and that in west Weibei area was the smallest.During apple growth season,the water consumption in dry year was less than that in wet year.In dry year,except for available precipitation,a considerable part of water used by apple trees came from deep (exceeded 3 m) soil moisture storage,which resulted in a dried soil layer and would affected the sustainable development of fruit production.

Spatial variability of soil moisture,nutrients,and productivity on slopeland in loessial semiarid region

PAN Chengzhong, SHANGGUAN Zhouping

2004, (11):  2061-2066. 

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For the sustainable development and ecological construction in the loessial semiarid region,it is important to describe the variability of slopeland soil properties and the affecting factors of slopeland productivity.In this study,soil samples were taken from eroded steep slopeland,and leaf area index (LAI) and above-ground biomass (AGB) were measured at the sampling locations.The soil water content (WC) of 2 m depth at 20 cm intervals,and the soil organic matter (OM),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) contents of 0～20 and 20～40 cm soil layers were determined in the laboratory.The results showed that the majority of the properties was normally distributed,and the nutrient contents were higher in 0～20 cm than in 20～40 cm layer,but the variations of soil nutrients were much smaller in 0～20 cm than in 20～40 cm layer.Soil nutrients had a significantly larger variation than soil moisture.Soil nutrient contents in 20～40 cm layer kept increasing from upslope to downslope,while those in 0～20 cm layer varied slightly.Slope topography had more obvious impact on soil organic matter,total nitrogen and available phosphorus than other affecting factors.Soil water and nutrient contents on the shallow gully trough were notably higher than those on the upslope,but above-ground biomass was less than that on the upslope.Though longitudinal slope (35°～45°) was obviously larger than the horizontal one (5°～10°),horizontal slope position had a greater influence on soil nutrients,but much weaker effect on soil moisture than longitudinal direction.There were significant correlations between 0～120 cm soil moisture and 20～40 cm soil nutrients,and among soil nutrients except 0～20 cm soil available phosphorus.Slopeland position had a great impact on soil moisture and nutrients,but soil moisture and/or nutrients had no significant impact on above-ground biomass.

Adsorption characteristics of three types of surfactants in soils

LI Kebin, LIU Huijun, MA Yun, ZHANG Yong, LIU Weiping

2004, (11):  2067-2071. 

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Surfactants after entering soil may interact with other xenobiotics of sufactant and alter their behaviors.These interactions are very complex,and depend heavily on a range of parameters including surfactant concentration in soil-water,its CMC and adsorption characteristics of sufactant and pollutant etc.In this paper,batch sorption experiment was employed to study the adsorption characteristics of three types of surfactants,viz.an anionic,a cationic,and two nonionic surfactants,in 6 soils.The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) were L-shape,with distribution coefficients (K_d) varied between 300 to 4800 L·kg^-1 in lower concentration range.The adsorption isotherms of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate C₁₂ LABS,OP and Tween-20 were L- or S-shape,depending on surface-active molecular and soil properties.The affinity of anionic and nonionic surfactants to soil was weaker than that of cationic surfactant.The K_d for C₁₂ LABS,Tween-20 and OP was within 5.3～39,0.13～0.44 and 4.4～22.4 L·kg^-1,respectively.For sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,K_d was positively correlated with soil clay fraction,and the charge property of soil was also influential in its sorption.For OP and Tween-20,the empirical relations of K_d to soil properties,clay,silt,sand contents,and surface area,were established by using regression analysis.Cationic exchange capacity showed a strong positive correlation with the maximum adsorption capacity of soils,which might indicate that the ionic exchange mechanism played an important role in adsorption of CTMAB.

Relationship between canopy reflectance and plant water status of wheat

TIAN Yongchao, ZHU Yan, CAO Weixing, DAI Tingbo

2004, (11):  2072-2076. 

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The study on the relationship between canopy reflectance characteristics and plant water status of wheat under different soil water and nitrogen levels showed that the water contents of canopy leaf and plant had a significant correlation with the spectral reflectance of 460～510,610～680,1 480～1 500 and 810～870 nm bands at different growth stages and that of 460～1 500 and 560～1 480 nm bands over the whole growth period.The correlation degrees of canopy leaf(CL),upper-layer leaf(UL) and lower-layer leaf (LL) water content with spectral index were in the order of CL>LL>UL.In addition,the water contents of canopy leaf and plant after jointing stage were negatively linearly related to the ratio index R(610,560) and spectral index(R(610,560)/ND(810,610)),but positively correlated with the normalized difference index((R₈₁₀-R₆₁₀)/(R₈₁₀ +R₆₁₀)),indicating that spectral index(R(610,560)/ND(810,610)) could be a good indicator for monitoring water status in wheat plant.

Diurnal variation of winter wheat water and heat fluxes of a simulation with photosynthesis-evapotranspiration coupled model

WANG Jing, YU Qiang, LI Xiangge, SUN Xiaomin

2004, (11):  2077-2082. 

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A coupled model of winter wheat photosynthesis-evapotranspiration was established based on SPAC theory.Sensible heat and latent heat fluxes were calculated by two-layer model proposed by Shuttle worth and Wallace,and photosynthesis and evapotranspiration were coupled by the parameterization of canopy resistance.The model was validated with the data measured by eddy covariance method.The results showed that the simulated and observed values were accordant,and the model could simulate the diurnal variation of sensible heat and latent heat fluxes very well.Sensitivity analysis indicated that the sensitive parameters of canopy transpiration were wilting point,stomata conductance,reflectivity of leaves to infrared radiation,and convexity of photosynthesis response to light,while the sensitive parameter of soil evaporation was soil resistance.The model could be used to study the interactions between water and heat fluxes and environmental factors,and to instruct the irrigation scheme in the field.

Effect of hormones on regulating and controlling photosynthesis rate of wheat flag leaf at their different development phases

WEI Daozhi, NING Shuju, LIN Wenxiong

2004, (11):  2083-2086. 

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By the method of ELASA,this paper measured the ABA/ZRs ratio in wheat flag leaf at the relative steady phase (RSP),end steady phase (ESP) and sharply descending phase (SFP) of chlorophylls.The ABA,ZRs and their mixture were led to the transpiration current of plant to measure the changes of photosynthesis rate at these three phases.The results showed that the ABA/ZRs ratio in flag leaf was 4.20,41.83 and 14.40 at RSP,ESP and SFP,respectively.The time that the photosynthesis rate reduced by ABA to zero was 49.5,39.1 and 38.0 min,and that reduced by ZRs to half was 65,49 and 31min,respectively.The two preceding phases could be regulated,and the changes were reversible.

Changes of light energy distribution in reaction centers of Citrus unshiu leaf photosystem under different light intensities

GUO Yanping, SONG Lili, XU Kai, ZHANG Liangcheng

2004, (11):  2087-2090. 

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In order to further understand the light energy distribution in photochemical reaction centers of fruit trees,this paper employed modulated fluorescence technique to study the state transition of photosystem in Citrus unshill leaves under high and low light intensities.The results indicated that under low light intensity of 100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,the PQ pool was in reduction state due to Q_A reduction,which made the light energy distribution in photosystem changed from PSⅡ to PSⅠ; while under high light intensity of 1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,the PQ pool could not get electron and was in oxidation state,making light energy distribution changed from state 2 to state 1.When the leaves were treated by a phosphatase inhibitor NaF,the state 2 to state 1 transition of photosystem was inhibited under high light intensity,and the excessive light energy distribution from PSⅠ to PSⅡ caused damage to PSⅡ.These findings would be helpful to understand the mechanisms of the photoinhibition of photosynthesis and the photodamage of photosynthetic apparatus of fruit trees.

Effect of long-term suboptimal temperature and short-term low temperature under low light density on cucumber growth and its photosynthesis

AI Xizhen, MA Xingzhuang, YU Liming, XING Yuxian

2004, (11):  2091-2094. 

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The study on the effects of long-term suboptimal temperature (T₁) and short-term low temperature (T₂) under low light density on cucumber seedling's growth and its photosynthesis showed that the growth speed,photosynthetic rate (Pn),carboxylation efficiency (CE),apparent quantum yield (AQY) and actual quantum yield of P SⅡ electron transport (Ф_PSⅡ) all declined remarkably,and the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m) also decreased to some extent.The decreasing extents of Pn,CE and AQY of T₁ were less than those of T₂,while the recovery rate of T₁ was slower than that of T₂.The F_v/F_m and Ф_PSⅡ of T₁ declined to less extent and resiled quickly,while those of T₂ decreased to larger extent and recovered slowly.The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoid of T₁ increased remarkably after being treated,while those of T₂ decreased evidently.The Chl a/b of both T₁ and T₂ declined remarkably.With recovery time going,the pigment of T₁ declined under most conditions,while that of T₂ increased gradually.Three days later,the pigment content of T₁ and T₂ were both higher than control.The Chl a/b had no significant change during the recovery period,and was still obviously lower than control.

Effects of sulfur on physiological and biochemical indices and nutrition quality of garlic

YANG Fengjuan, LIU Shiqi, WANG Xiufeng, ZHANG Yunqi, ZANG Jinbo

2004, (11):  2095-2098. 

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The study on the effects of sulfur on physiological and biochemical indices and nutrition quality of garlic showed that when soil sulfur content was 8.41 mg穔g^-1,the NR and POD activities,photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic parameter (Pn,Gs,E) in garlic leaves were higher.The soluble protein content and CAT activity reached maximum when soil sulfur content was 7.92 mg穔g^-1,while the SOD activity was higher when soil sulfur content was 6.45 mg穔g^-1 .When soil sulfur content was 8.41 mg穔g^-1,the allicin,soluble sugar and Vc contents in bulb and the allicin,soluble sugar and soluble protein contents in bolt were increased by 33.67%,23.75%,68.82%,40.95%,3.45% and 7.45%,respectively.Higher content of soil sulfur (9.48 mg穔g^-1) increased the contents of Vc and free amino acid in bolt and those of free amino acid and soluble protein in bulb by 15.17%,20.93%,6.49% and 8.07%,respectively.

Photosynthetic characteristics of Gynostemma pentaphyllum under shade

HUANG Chenglin, WU Zemin, YAO Yongkang, XU Xiaoniu

2004, (11):  2099-2103. 

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The study showed that under summer shade condition,the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of Gynostemma pentaphyllum presented nontypical double apex,the first apex being 13.8 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 at 11:00,and the diurnal net photosynthetic rate was about 176.97 μmol CO₂·m^-2,3.1 times of that under full sunlight.There was a positive correlation between net photosynthetic rate and photon flux density (PFD),and relative humidity had a small effect on net photosynthetic rate.Under full sunlight,the typical "midday depression" of photosynthesis was observed,and the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate presented double apex,with the first apex being 3.0 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 at 10:00 and the second being 1.25 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 at 14:00.There was a positive correlation between net photosynthetic rate and relative humidity,and the latter had a strong effect on net photosynthetic rate.When PFD was higher than 700 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,it had a negative correlation with net photosynthetic rate.Stoma conductance was the main factor affecting the transpiration rate of Gynostemma pentaphyllum.Therefore,Gynostemma pentaphyllum was a typical sciophytic plant,and light factor should be considered firstly in its cultivation.

Judging method of individual age and age structure of Stellera chamaejasme population in degraded steppe

XING Fu, GUO Jixun, WEI Chunyan

2004, (11):  2104-2108. 

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Based on the minute observation of branches morphology of root-crown of Stellera chamaejasme in Cleistogenes squarosa community and its growth characteristics,this paper studied the age structure of S.chamaejasme population,and an individual age judging method "the times of quasi-dichotomous branching plus two" was put forward for the first time.Remnant stubbles,branch trace,and annular trace on the root crown were regarded as important morphological features,and used to confirm the times of quasi-dichotomous branching.The results showed that the oldest individuals at three grazing succession stages (i.e.,heavy grazing,over grazing and extreme grazing) were 15,16 and 19 years old,respectively.Among all age classes,the numbers of eight years old individuals were the largest,and the age ratio was 18.71%,24.20% and 19.06%,respectively,at the different succession stages.There were no one- and two-year old individuals at heavy grazing stage,and no one-year old individuals at the other two grazing stages.The age structures of the populations were "early declining types",and the survival curves were similar to protuberant type or Deevey I type.The numbers of old age individuals (thirteen years old and more) at the three succession stages accounted for 4.83%,2.84% and 14.02%,respectively.The age structure of the population tended to aging with the increase of grazing intensity.

Clone growth and its age structure of Leymus secalimus modules in the Songnen Plain of China

YANG Yunfei, ZHANG Baotian

2004, (11):  2109-2112. 

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Leymus secalimus,a species of typical clonal plant,is a long-rhizome grass.Under cultivated condition in the Songnen Plain of China,its transplanted single tiller could form 215 tillers at most by vegetative reproduction of a clone in a growth season,and the largest clone was 5.4 times of the smallest one among four sampling clones in the first year.In the second year,the largest clone could form 2852 tillers at most,which was 2.7 times of the smallest one in two growth seasons.At unitary level,the expanding area of the clones and the number of the tillers increased by 13.2 and 13.3 times,respectively,and the accumulative length,nodes number and rhizomes biomass increased by 15.9,11.2 and 14.7 times averagely by the end of the growth season in the second year than in the first year,respectively.The tillers consisted of two age classes and showed expanding age structure,which was more obvious with the growth of clones.The bud banks consisted of three age classes and showed expanding age structure,which decreased gradually with the growth of clones.The tillers could be developed through forming lots of topmost buds and node buds of rhizome,and the clones achieved the spatial niche expansion and repetitive regeneration.

Actual productivities of different vegetations in northwest plateau of Hebei Province and strategies of converting farmland to forest and pasture land

LIU Yuhua, ZHANG Lifeng

2004, (11):  2113-2116. 

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Basing on the climate and soil conditions in northwest plateau of Hebei Province,this study compared the actual productivities of different vegetation types.The results showed that the productivity of crop and grass was much higher than that of forest either on meadow chestnut soil or on sand chestnut soil,and the difference of productivities between crop and grass was small.As for different soil types,the productivity of grassland chestnut soil was higher than that of sand chestnut soil.According to the differences of productivities between crop,forest and grass,most farmland should be converted to grassland but not forest land.After farmland converted,the production structure should be adjusted in considering both the protection of ecological environment and the development of local economy.

Environmental physiological characteristics of some mosses in Shanghai:A preliminary study

XUAN Xuemei, WANG Yan, CAO Tong, CAI Weimin

2004, (11):  2117-2121. 

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The preliminary study on the environmental physiological characteristics of bryophytes collected from Shanghai area,including their responses to drought,temperature,humidity,light and growth substrate,as well as their tissue culture technology showed that different species of bryophytes under same conditions and the same species under different conditions had different drought resistance.Adding organic matter to sand soil and short-illumination benefited the growth of bryophytes.Treating with proper growth hormones could accelerate the reproduction and growth of bryophyte.Hogland medium was suitable for the tissue culture of bryophytes.

Growth of Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis,Cylindrotheca closterium and Karenia mikimotoi and their survival strategies under different N/P ratios

SUN Jun, LIU Dongyan, CHEN Zongtao, WEI Tiandi

2004, (11):  2122-2126. 

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In this study,laboratory culture experiments were carried out in a batch culture system,with the focus on the effect of different N/P ratios (1:1,4:1,16:1,80:1 and 160:1) on the growth of Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis,Cylindrotheca closterium and Karenia mikimotoi.The cell abundance,growth rate,and chlorophyll a and protein contents were measured every 24 h for one week.The results showed that N/P ratio significantly affected the growth of three kinds of algae.Cylindrotheca closterium grew fastest under 160:1 N/P ratio,while Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis and Karenia mikimotoi grew fastest under 4:1 and 80:1 N/P ratio,respectively.The maximum cell density of the phytoplankton was mainly influenced by cell size and specific growth rate,the synthesis of chlorophyll a was mainly affected by nitrogen,and high N/P ratio benefited the increase of chlorophyll a content.The protein concentration in cells correlated significantly with N/P ratio,cell size and cell period.As for survival strategy,Cylindrotheca closterium showed obvious features of fast-reproductioned r-selective species,whereas Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis and Karenia mikimotoi were most likely to be the more competitive K-selected species.

Chlorophyll a content and primary productivity of phytoplankton in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake

ZHANG Yunlin, QIN Boqiang, CHEN Weimin, GAO Guang, CHEN Yuwei

2004, (11):  2127-2131. 

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Based on the investigations on primary productivity of phytoplankton and related factors at four stations in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake from May 1998 to August 1999,this paper studied the distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a,its primary productivity,and their relationships with environmental factors.The results showed that there were obvious temporal and spatial differences in chlorophyll a and primary productivity.The high values of chlorophyll a content and primary productivity were recorded in spring and summer.Generally,chlorophyll a content and primary productivity decreased from inner to outer in the bay.The vertical profile of primary productivity showed that the maximum of primary productivity was recorded at 20～50 cm water depth in spring,summer and autumn,while there was no remarkable difference in winter.The primary productivity exponentially increased with water temperature from 10 to 30 ℃.There was a significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a content and primary productivity.The correlation coefficients between nutrients and primary productivity varied greatly,which presented that nutrient was not the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth.The analysis of P-I curves based on different photosynthesis-irradiance models showed that obvious light inhibition was occurred at surface water in spring and summer.

Regional spatial patterns of water circumstances in Loess Plateau area based GIS

HU Liangjun, SHAO Ming'an

2004, (11):  2132-2136. 

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Based on the integration of GIS and geo-synthesis analysis,the water circumstances for plant growth in the Shaanxi Loess Plateau area were studied and a map reflecting regional water circumstances at the scale of 1: 500 000 was made.The results showed that the water circumstances for plant growth in the Loess Plateau area were affected by the integration of precipitation soil texture,loess deposition,geomorphology and coverage,and could be measured by sub-indicators from the mentioned aspects.The index from the view point of plant development was used for the water circumstance assessment.The water circumstances of the Loess Plateau including forest zone,shrub zone and grassland zone appeared a complex spatial mosaic structure,and the main of the plateau was suitable for forestry which meant the plateau had an expected potential for eco-restoration.

Ecological effects of low dosage mixed rare earth elements accumulation on major soil microbial groups in a yellow cinnamon soil

TANG Xinyun, SUN Yiyang, XIA Mizhen, WEN Chongqing, ZHANG Zili

2004, (11):  2137-2141. 

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A combination of field plot experiment and simulated low dosage accumulation test was adopted to study the ecological effects of low dosage mixed rare earth elements(REE) accumulation on major soil microbial groups in a yellow cinnamon soil.The continuous accumulation of REE had the alternative effects of stimulation,inhibition and re-stimulation on soil bacteria and actinomycetes,and a continuous stimulation on soil fungi.The inhibitory intensity of REE on the three groups of soil microorganisms was in the order of bacteria > actinomycetes > fungi.At the accumulation of 150 mg·kg^-1 of REE,the population structure of three groups changed remarkably.The number of REE-tolerant microbes increased,with Gram negative bacteria,white spore group and penicillium being predominant in bacteria,actinomycetes and fungi population,respectively.The median effect concentration(EC₅₀) of REE was 24.1,41.6～73.8 and 55.3～150.1 mg·kg^-1 for soil bacteria,actinomycetes and fungi,respectively.The EC₅₀ value of 30 mg·kg^-1 might be taken as the critical value of mixed REE in yellow cinnamon soil.

Effects of phosphate-dissolving fungi on transformation,fixation and efficiency of fertilizer ³²P

FAN Bingquan, JIN Jiyun, GE Cheng

2004, (11):  2142-2146. 

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By using a radioactive ³²P-labeled technique,this paper studied the effects of P-dissolving Penicillium oxalicum P8 inoculum on the transformation,fixation and efficiency of fertilizer P.The results showed that the inoculum could prevent available P from fixation by soil,and promoted the uptake of applied P by maize and peanut.Additionally,it reduced the amount of Ca₁₀ -P fraction derived from available P,increased the pool of available P,and maintained more ³²P in forms of Ca₂-P and Ca₈-P.With time extending,the ratio of Ca₁₀ -P fraction in soil was gradually increased,and the treatment with P.oxalicum P8 showed the lowest ratio of Ca₁₀-P form,compared with treatment without P.oxalicum P8.The inoculum not only prevented available ³²P from turning into Ca₁₀ -P form,but also had a longer effective period.

Effects of silicon supply and Sphaerotheca fuliginea inoculation on resistance of cucumber seedlings against powdery mildew

WEI Guoqiang, ZHU Zhujun, LI Juan, YAO Qiuju

2004, (11):  2147-2151. 

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By the method of hydroponic culture,this paper studied the effects of soluble silicon (Si) supply and Sphaerotheca fuliginea inoculation on the active oxygen metabolism,SiO₂ content and disease resistance of a susceptible cultivar.The results showed that the O₂^-_? producing rate and H₂O₂ and MDA contents of cucumber leaf were increased by Sphaerotheca fuliginea inoculation,but reduced by the inoculation plus Si supply.The inoculation enhanced the catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities in plant leaves but decreased their superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,while inoculation plus Si supply increased the activities of these enzymes.Inoculation increased the scorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents in plant leaves.The AsA content in Si-supplied plant leaves was lower than that of Si-deprived ones,whereas the GSH content was in reverse.Whether inoculated or not,the SiO₂ content in Si-supplied plant leaves was significantly higher than that of Si-deprived ones.The disease index was significantly decreased by Si-supply.

Effects of different vegetation restoration of degraded red soil on earthworm population dynamics

LIU Manqiang, HU Feng, CHEN Xiaoyun, HE Yuanqiu, LI Huixin

2004, (11):  2152-2156. 

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This study was conducted at the long-term experimental plots in Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil in Yujiang County (28°15'30″N,116°55'30″E),Jiangxi Province,subtropical China.Earthworm population was investigated seasonally from May 1999 to February 2000,under different vegetations including four artificial woodlands [deciduous broadleaf woodland (Quercus chenii,Qc),evergreen broadleaf woodland (Schima superba,Ss),coniferous woodland (Pinus massonina,Pm) and mixed woodland (Schima superba-Pinus massonina,Sm)],two grasslands [gently-disturbed grassland (G₁),undisturbed grassland (G₂)] and control wasteland (CK).The results indicated that the population structure was very simple.Only Drawinda gisti characterized by pioneer was found.The seasonal averages of density and biomass were in the order of G₂>G₁>Qc>Ss>Pm>Sm>CK,and those of G₂,G₁ and Qc were significantly higher than those of the latters (P<0.05).Seasonal fluctuations were obvious with dry-hot summer depressing the earthworm population sharply,leading to the aestivation of earthworm.Based on the variation coefficients of density and biomass,Qc had the highest ecosystem stability,followed by Sm and Ss,and G₁,G₂,and Pm had the lowest stability.The overall differentiation of earthworm population could be drawn through canonical discriminant analysis.There were significant correlations between earthworms and some soil properties (P<0.01).Overall,the differentiation of earthworm population was driven by the quantity and quality of soil organic matter returned by the vegetations.Additionally,based on earthworm population,the importance of selecting appropriate vegetation types during the restoration of degraded red soil was emphasized.

Component and content changes of volatiles from Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella

YANG Guang, YOU Minsheng, WEI Hui

2004, (11):  2157-2160. 

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The study showed that Chinese cabbage,Brassica campestris could release a variety of volatiles,especially when infested by Plutella xylostella larvae.Among these volatiles,saturated hydrocarbon was dominant,aromatic hydrocarbon was the second,and unsaturated hydrocarbon,aldehyde,alcohol,ketone,acid and heteroaromatic compounds were existed with a small amount.Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella larvae produced 3 times of volatiles in amount with more species than the control.The volatiles from control plants were mostly of small molecular weight,and those from Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella were mostly of high molecular weight.

Secondary compounds in rice varieties resistant to Nilaparvata lugens

ZHAO Ying, HUANG Fengkuan, TONG Xiaoli, LING Bing, PANG Xiongfei

2004, (11):  2161-2164. 

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By the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),this paper studied the contents of 13 secondary compounds from 130 samples of 26 rice varieties resistant to brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens biotype Ⅱ.A prediction model was established through principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis: Y=3.4593-0.02491X₁+0.08475X₂-0.04227X₈+0.1174X₁₂.The relationships between the BPH-resistant level of rice varieties and the area values of chromatographic peaks were significant (r²=0.84,P<0.01).The results demonstrated that Peak 1,Peak 2,Peak 8 and Peak 12 were the major secondary compounds affecting the resistance to BPH biotype Ⅱ,which suggested that the BPH resistance of the varieties came from the action of several secondary compounds that varied in contribution to the resistance.

Effect of temperature and food concentration on the population dynamics of three Brachionus calyciflorus strains

DONG Lili, XI Yilong, LIU Guiyun, CHEN Fang, GE Yali, WEN Xinli

2004, (11):  2165-2169. 

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Effects of temperature (20 ℃,25 ℃,30 ℃) and food concentration (1.5,3.0,6.0,9.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1) on the population dynamics of Brachionus calyciflorus of Qingdao,Wuhu and Guangzhou strains were studied by means of individual culture.The result showed that the temperature was an important factor affecting generation time and intrinsic rate of population increase.With rising of temperature,the intrinsic rate of population increase increased,but generation time decreased.There were significant effects of food concentration on life expectancy and average lifespan.The effect of strain on net reproductive rate,generation time,life expectancy and average lifespan was also significant.Net reproductive rate,generation time,life expectancy,and average lifespan of Guangzhou strain was all the maximum,and that of Wuhu strain minimum among the three strains.The rotifers fed on the algae at the concentration of 3.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1 had the longest life expectancy and average lifespan,but those at 9.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1 had the shortest.Net reproductive rate,generation time,gross reproductive rate,life expectancy,and average lifespan of the three strains decreased linearly with the rise of temperature,except for the net reproductive rate of Guangzhou strain,while the intrinsic rate of population increase of all the three strains and gross reproductive rate of Guangzhou strain increased linearly with the rise of temperature.The relationships between all the life history parameters of Qingdao and Guangzhou strains and food concentration were all curvilinear,however,those between generation time,average lifespan,and life expectancy of Wuhu strain and food concentration could all be described by linear regression.

Effects of controlled release fertilizers on N₂O emission from paddy field

LI Fangmin, FAN Xiaolin, LIU Fang, WANG Qiang

2004, (11):  2170-2174. 

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With close chamber method,this paper studied the effects of controlled release fertilizer (CRF),non-coated compound fertilizer (Com) and conventional urea (CK) on N₂O emission from paddy field. The results showed that within 10 days after transplanting,the ammonium and nitrate concentrations in the surface water of the plot treated with CRF were significantly different from those treated with Com. The partial coefficient between N₂O emission rates and corresponding nitrate concentrations in the water was significantly high (r=0.6834). Compared with Com,CRF was able to reduce N₂O emission from the paddy field. Within 100 days after basal application,the N₂O emission rate of treatment CRF was only 13.45%～21.26% of Com and 71.17%～112.47% of CK. The N₂O emission of Com was mainly concentrated in 1～25 d after basal fertilization and mid-aeration period,but that of CRF was remarkably lower during same period,while the peak of N₂O emission of CK was postponed and reduced. It was concluded that both one-time fertilization of CRF and several-time fertilizations of conventional urea were able to reduce N₂O emission from the paddy field.

Microbial degradation of Abamectin in soil

ZHANG Wei, YU Yunlong, LIN Kuangfei, LI Shaonan, WU Jialun, FAN Defang

2004, (11):  2175-2178. 

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Incubation test on the degradation dynamics of Abamectin in soil showed that the half-life of its non-biodegradation plus microbial biodegradation,non-biodegradation,and microbial biodegradation was 34.8,277.3 and 49.9 d,respectively,and its degradation in soil was mostly by microbes.A dominant bacterium which could effectively degrade Abamectin was isolated from test soil,and identified as Stenotrophomonas maltrophilia by 16S rDNA.The crude enzyme extracted from the dominant bacteria had a Michaelis-Mentn's constant 6.78 nmol穖l^-1 and a maximum rate 81.5 nmol穖in -1穖g^-1.

Variation of oxygen concentration during aerobic composting of pig manure

CHEN Tongbin, ZHENG Yuqi, GAO Ding, KONG Jiansong, LUO Wei

2004, (11):  2179-2183. 

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Analysis with oxygen monitoring system on the variation of oxygen concentration at different stages of pig manure composting showed that in a short time after ventilation at different composting stages,the oxygen concentration increased by 17% or more,and the oxygen consumption rate at temperature increasing stage and at the beginning of high temperature stage could reach up to more than 900 μl·L^-1·s^-1,while decreased at the stages of high temperature and of dehydration as the composting process going on.The oxygen consumption rate decreased to lower than 100 μl·L^-1·s^-1 after 5～7 days at the stage of high temperature.A ventilation strategy was proposed based on the analyses.

Advances in study of factors affecting soil N mineralization in grassland ecosystems

WANG Changhui, XING Xuerong, HAN Xingguo

2004, (11):  2184-2188. 

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The biological and non-biological factors affecting soil N availability in grassland ecosystems were reviewed in this paper.Nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems is one of the focuses widely concerned.Nitrogen mineralization is affected by many factors in grassland ecosystem,which can be classified into biological and non-biological ones.Biological factors include soil animals,soil microorganisms and plants.Soil animals could accelerate the organic matter to degrade.The species,structure and function of soil microorganisms correlate significantly with N degradation and mineralization.Different vegetation has different effects on soil nitrogen mineralization.The non-biological factors include environmental factors and anthropogenic disturbance,which have direct and obvious effects on N mineralization.The effects of soil temperature and moisture on N mineralization are given more attention,but many phenomena,such as the effects of soil type,soil structure and vegetation type on N mineralization still could not be explained clearly,and no general agreements were reached.Anthropogenic disturbance such as grazing,firing and fertilization influence N mineralization evidently.It is of great significance to understand the N cycling pattern and N availability in different grassland ecosystems all around the world.

Research advance in soil organic phosphorus

ZHAO Shaohua, YU Wantai, ZHANG Lu, SHEN Shanmin, MA Qiang

2004, (11):  2189-2194. 

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Soil organic phosphorus (P) plays an important role in the material cycling in agro-ecosystem,and its research is vital for understanding the characteristics of P cycle in soil-plant system.This paper summed up the latest research achievements at home and abroad about soil organic P content and its affecting factors,soil organic P forms,their fractionation and determination methods,effects of fertilization on soil organic P forms,and mineralization of soil organic P.The existing problems in soil organic P study and its hotspots in future were also discussed.

Utilization of powdered peanut hull as biosorbent for removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution

YANG Chao, GONG Renmin, LIU Birong, LIU Huijun, SUN Yingzhi, KE Lixia

2004, (11):  2195-2198. 

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An untried,low cost,locally available biosorbent for its anionic dye removal capacity from aqueous solution was investigated.Powder prepared from peanut hull had been used for biosorption of three anionic dyes,amaranth (Am),sunset yellow (SY) and fast green FCF (FG).The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g.initial pH and dye concentration,sorbent dosage,particle size,ion strength,contact time etc.) were examined and optimal experimental conditions were decided.At initial pH 2.0,three dyes studied could be removed effectively.When the dye concentration was 50 mg·L^-1,the percentages of dyes sorbed was 95.5% in Am,91.3% in SY and 94.98% in FG,respectively.The ratios of dyes sorbed had neared maximum values in all three dyes when sorbent dose of 5.0 g·L^-1 and the sorbent particle size in 80～100 mesh was used.The increasing the ion strength of solution caused the decrease in biosorption percentages of dyes.The equilibrium values arrived at about 36 hour for all three dyes.The isothermal data of biosorption followed the Langmuir and Freundlich models.The biosorption processes conformed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics.The results indicated that powdered peanut hull was an attractive candidate for removing anionic dyes from dye wastewater.

Gap features of subalpine dark coniferous forest in Wolong Nature Reserve

WANG Wei, TAO Jianping, LI Zongfeng, ZHANG Weiyin, DING Yi

2004, (11):  1989-1993. 

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This paper studied the size structure and formation pattern of gaps and the characteristics of gap makers (GM) in subalpine dark coniferous forests in Wolong Giant Panda Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province,China.The results showed that the gap density was 18.5 per hm²,and the area of canopy gap and extended gap accounted for 28.4% and 60% of total forest area,respectively.Canopy gap varied from 10 m² to 1 134.7 m²,and expanded gap varied from 84.11 m² to 1 646.3 m².Canopy gaps and expanded gaps had an average area of 153.45 m² and 324.34 m²,respectively.The average number of gap makers (GM) per gap was 5.14,and only 8.1% of all gaps were created by just one GM.The order of GM contributed to gap formation was trunk snap > uproot > standing death > branch breakage.Abies faxoniana,Tsuga chinensis,and Betula utilis were the major gap makers,while Abies faxoniana in the canopy layer with 60～70 cm DBH and 30～35 m high had the greatest probability of gap making.

Soluble sugar content of clonal plant Neosinocalamus affinis at module and ramet levels

WANG Qiong, SU Zhixian, ZHANG Sulan, LI Yunxiang

2004, (11):  1994-1998. 

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In this paper,soluble sugar content of Neosinocalamus affinis was measured by anthrone colorimetry at two levels of module and ramet in order to reveal its ecological and physiological adaptability.The results showed that soluble sugar content decreased in the order of leaf > branch > culm.As for soluble sugar content,different modules responded to ramet age and position in different ways.The branch and culm of 1-year-old ramets contented more soluble sugar than those of other four ages,but soluble sugar content in leaf was independent to ramet age.For leaf and culm,lower parts of ramet contented more soluble sugar than middle and upper parts.Under high irradiance,the soluble sugar content of Neosinocalamus affinis leaf was more than that under low irradiance.Seasonal change had significant effect on soluble sugar content.The soluble sugar content of leaf presented a monthly change,with a bottom and upper value in January and in April,respectively,but there was no obvious difference between 2-year-old and 3-year-old ramets.The soluble sugar content of parent ramet leaves was positively correlative to that of daughter ramet in upper and middle parts of ramets.There was no significant difference between ramet ages at ramet level.Hierarchical response of physiological character to environmental changes existed at the module and ramet levels of Neosinocalamus affinis.

Vegetation biomass distribution characteristics of alpine tundra ecosystem in Changbai Mountains

WEI Jing, WU Gang, DENG Hongbing

2004, (11):  1999-2004. 

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Climate change is one of the hotspots in global environment concerns,while alpine tundra ecosystem is most sensitive to global climate change.Because of the relatively small area of tundra,researches on alpine tundra ecosystem were much less.Based on the measurement of species biomass,dominant species organ biomass and vegetation biomass,this paper discussed the biomass spatial variation in alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.The results showed that among 43 species investigated,the first five species in biomass were Rhododendron chrysanthum(159.01 kg穐m^-2),Vaccinium uliginosum var.alpinum(137.52 kg穐m^-2),Vaccinium uliginosum(134.7 kg穐m^-2),Dryas octopetala var.asiatica(131.5 kg穐m^-2) and Salix rotundifolia(128.4 kg穐m^-2),which were the dominant species in the alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains.Along with increasing altitude,the ratio of below-/above-ground biomass and below-ground/total biomass gradually increased,while the vegetation biomass gradually decreased.The vegetation biomass showed a significant correlation with altitude in typical alpine tundra ecosystem of Changbai Mountains,and the average vegetation biomass was 2.21 t穐m^-2 .Alpine tundra ecosystem is very important for microclimate regulation,soil improvement,water-holding,soil conservation,nutrient cycling,carbon fixation and oxygen production,and currently,it is the CO₂ sink of Changbai Mountains.

Numerical simulation of interaction between forest ecosystem and atmosphere boundary layer

LIU Shuhua, DENG Yi, HU Fei, LIANG Fuming, LIU Heping, Wang Jianhua

2004, (11):  2005-2012. 

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Based on the basic principles of atmosphere boundary layer and plant canopy micrometeorology,a numerical model of the interaction between forest ecosystem and atmosphere boundary layer was built,and used to simulate the diurnal variations of heat balance in forest ecosystem,canopy temperature,air temperature in canopy,and ground surface temperature,as well as those of the profiles and temporal and spatial distributions of potential temperature,wind speed,specific humidity and turbulence exchange coefficient.It indicated that the model could be used to study the interaction between land surface process and atmospheric boundary layer over various underlying surface and regional climate effect,which supplied a solid base to the researches on coupling climate models with the biosphere.

Biodiversity of tree species,their populations' spatial distribution pattern and interspecific association in mixed deciduous broadleaved forest in Changbai Mountains

GUO Zhongling, MA Yuandan, ZHENG Jiping, LIU Wande, JIN Zefeng

2004, (11):  2013-2018. 

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Based on the data collected from the sampling plot with an area of 1 hm² at the Experimental and Management Bureau of Jiaohe in Jilin Province,this paper analyzed and researched the community structure,biological diversity,spatial distribution pattern and interspecific association between tree species populations in a mixed deciduous broadleaved forest.The results indicated that there was no obvious dominant order among tree species populations,and the indices of tree species diversity such as Shannon-Wiener index (H'),Pielou evenness index (E) and Simpson ecological dominant index (D) were all low.Shrub and herb species diversity indices were also not high.The spatial distribution pattern of five dominant tree species all presented aggregative.Based on 2×2 contigency table,the interspecific associations of 15 tree species in the community were examined by means of χ ²-test,together with the association coefficient (AC).The results showed that there were 14 species pairs in 15 species showing significantly negative association.The proportion of species pairs showing negative association was much more than that of showing positive association.It could be deduced that the community was instable and at the stage of autogenic succession from soft deciduous broadleaved forest to hard deciduous broadleaved forest,and then,the Korean pine broadleaved forest.

Effects of forest restoration patterns on soil microbial communities

ZHENG Hua, OUYANG Zhiyun, WANG Xiaoke, FANG Zhiguo, ZHAO Tongqian, MIAO Hong

2004, (11):  2019-2024. 

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In this paper,soil microbial community properties of five vegetation patterns were measured by bacterial,microbial biomass carbon and metabolic diversity (BIOLOG) assays to evaluate the effects of different forest restoration patterns on soil microbial community.The results showed that among five sampling sites,soil microbial biomass carbon and bacterial amount were the highest under natural secondary forest,while those in CK were the least.In BIOLOG assays,the average well colour development (AWCD) and the richness and diversity indices indicated the differences of microbial metabolic diversity.The variation tendency of the indices was the same as that of microbial biomass and bacterial amount.It is suggested that under natural secondary forest,soil microbial community had a stronger ability of utilizing carbon source and a greater functional diversity than that in plantations and CK.The metabolic diversity of microbial communities in 0～20 and 20～40 cm soil layers showed a fairly good correlation with root biomass (r=0.933,P<0.05;r=0.925,P<0.05).In a word,soil microbial biomass,bacterial amount and metabolic diversity patterns were the highest under natural secondary forest,and natural restoration should be more propitious to improve the structure and function of soil microbial community.

A comparative study on water use characteristics and eco-adaptability of Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana korshinskii in semi-arid loess hilly-gully region

XU Bingcheng, SHAN Lun

2004, (11):  2025-2028. 

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This study compared the seasonal dynamics of soil water content,biomass productivity,and leaf photosynthetic physiology and water potential between about ten years old Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana korshinskii planted on the hilly slope land of semi-arid loess hilly-gully region.The results showed that there existed dry soil layer in the stands.The seasonal compensation depth of soil water in Hippophae rhamnoides stand was deeper and its water use capability was better than those of C.korshinskii.The yearly productivity of Hippophae rhamnoides was about 2.56 times of C.korshinski.Hippophae rhamnoides leaf had a increased water use efficiency under improved soil water condition.C.korshinskii had higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates,but its leaf WUE was smaller than Hippophae rhamnoides.These two forests all had drought resistance and tolerance characteristics,but Hippophae rhamnoides was more active than C.korshinskii adapting to drought.

Biomass and net primary productivity of secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in Huangmian Forest Farm,Guangxi

ZHANG Lin, LUO Tianxiang, DENG Kunmei, DAI Qiang, HUANG Yong, JIANG Zhengfu, TAO Mingyou, ZENG Kaiyi

2004, (11):  2029-2033. 

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By the methods of sampling plot harvesting method and allometric dimension analysis,we measured the belowground and aboveground standing biomass and net primary productivity(NPP) of the secondary evergreen broadleaved forest in Huangmian Forest farm of Guangxi,southern China,with the location of 24?51'N and 109?51'E and an altitude of about 315 m.The total biomass was 99.96 t穐m^-2,aboveground and belowground biomasses accounted for 69.41% and 30.59%,respectively.The leaf area index of trees and undergrowth shrubs was 6.50,and the total annual NPP was 24.65 t穐m^-2穣r^-1 by estimate,aboveground and belowground NPP accounted for 44.54% and 55.46%,respectively.The NPP of fine roots was 11.79 t穐m^-2穣r^-1,being 86.24% of the belowground NPP.

Effects of nitrogen stress on nutrient uptake by Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings and their biomass distribution

WU Chu, WANG Zhengquan, FAN Zhiqiang, SUN Hailong

2004, (11):  2034-2038. 

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Under environmental stresses,trees often change their morphological and physiological components to acquire the most limited resources.In northeastern forest region of China,the decomposition and mineralization of litters occur slowly due to low temperature,which often results in forest trees suffering from nutritional stress.With pot culture in greenhouse,this paper studied the effects of nitrogen stress on the physiological and morphological components of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings.The results showed that under N stress,the net uptake rate of nitrogen and phosphate by the seedlings decreased,while their nitrogen and phosphate use efficiency were higher than those of the seedlings supplied with 8 mmol稬^-1 or 16 mmol稬^-1 of nitrogen during the early growth stage.When suffering from N stress,the leaf mass ratio of the seedlings reduced,with specific leaf area and root mass ratio increased.The relative growth rate increased with the increasing N concentrations supplied to the seedlings during the whole growth period.Under N stress,the net assimilation rate decreased,which resulted in the decrease of total biomass,and the root/shoot ratio was significantly higher than that of the seedlings supplied with 8 mmol稬^-1 or 16 mmol稬^-1 of nitrogen during the early growth stage.There was no significant difference during the late growth stage.

Spatial and temporal variation of soil temperature extremum under plastic mulch in Xinjiang

LI Yi, SHAO Ming'an

2004, (11):  2039-2044. 

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The upper and lower limit values of soil temperature affect crop growth and development greatly.Observations on the soil maximal and minimal temperatures under different mulching and cropping conditions in Xinjiang showed that during crop growth period in 1998 and 1999,soil temperature extremums were both at 0 cm,and varied with different observation time.The soil minimal temperature under plastic mulch was higher than that without mulch,indicating that plastic mulch could remarkably increase soil temperature.The diurnal variation of soil minimal temperature could be expressed by quadratic function,while the maximal temperature at 14:00 and 20:00 could be expressed by ellipse function and linear function of soil depth,respectively.Soil temperature extremums correlated linearly with air temperature under different conditions.The correlation between soil minimal temperature and air temperature was higher for bare soil than for mulched soil,and higher for maize field than for cotton field,while the correlation between soil maximal temperature and air temperature was lower than that between soil minimal temperature and air temperature.

Response of soil-wheat ecosystem to soil magnetization and related ecological indicators

GU Jiguang, ZHOU Qixing, LIN Qiuqi, HU Ren, LIU Xiaoyi

2004, (11):  2045-2048. 

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By using outdoor pot-culture method combined with biological magnetic effect analysis,this paper studied the effect of soil magnetization on soil-wheat ecosystem health.It was showed that there was an improvement in soil-wheat ecosystem health after soil magnetization,e.g.,the germination of wheat seeds promoted,and the seedling height,individuals of leaves and roots,overall and active absorption area of roots and their absorption rates,and biological yield of mature wheat were increased.The ecological indicators of magnetic health effect were also discussed.200 mT was the best parameter of magnetic treatment for wheat growth.

Spatial variability of farmland soil nutrients at Taihang piedmont

ZHANG Yuming, MAO Renzhao, HU Chunsheng, ZHANG Jiabao, ZHU Anning

2004, (11):  2049-2054. 

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By the method of geostatistics,this paper studied the spatial variability of soil nutrients in 30 490 hm² crop field in Luancheng region and in 15 hm² experimental field in Luancheng Ecological Agriculture Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences.The results showed that the variation of soil nutrient contents differed obviously,and the semivariograms could be simulated by Gaussian and spherical models with some nugget variances.The limit distance of spatial correlation was 4.2～15.6 km and 112～223 m in Luancheng region and in experimental field,respectively,and the spatial variability of soil organic matter,N,P and K was of semivariance structure.It revealed that there existed a spatial correlation in soil nutrient contents under relatively large-block scale,which made it possible to develop regionalized soil nutrient precision management.

Soil moisture characteristics of apple-planting subarea in Weibei dry highland,Shaanxi Province

LIU Xianzhao, YI Huapeng, LI Shitai

2004, (11):  2055-2060. 

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Based on the data of regional scale and located field measurement,this paper investigated the soil moisture characteristics of the apple-planting subarea in Weibei dry highland,Shanxi Province.The results showed that the soil moisture characteristics in this subarea were affected by precipitation and evapotranspiration.At regional scale,the apple-land evapotranspiration in east Weibei area was the largest,and that in tableland gully and in west Weibei area was the medium and the smallest,respectively.Soil water deficit phenomenon was observed in three type areas.In east Weibei area,the mean water deficit amount was about 390.9 mm,the maximum was 674.6 mm,and the minimum value was 186.3 mm.In tableland gully area,the average and maximum values were 264.4 and 441.2 mm,respectively,and sometimes water surplus occurred.As a whole,soil moisture in west Weibei area was deficit,but the phenomena of water surplus were more prevalent than those in tableland gully area,and the maximum value was 151.8 mm.Soil moisture storage amount existed spatial and temporal variations in 3 different areas.The value of 2 m profile in apple growth season in west Weibei area was the largest,and that in Weibei tableland gully area and in Weibei east area was the medium and the smallest,respectively.The characteristics of soil moisture storage depended mainly on precipitation and its spatial-temporal distribution,as well as its consumed amount by apple trees.Water consumption in east Weibei area was the largest,the second was in gully area,and that in west Weibei area was the smallest.During apple growth season,the water consumption in dry year was less than that in wet year.In dry year,except for available precipitation,a considerable part of water used by apple trees came from deep (exceeded 3 m) soil moisture storage,which resulted in a dried soil layer and would affected the sustainable development of fruit production.

Spatial variability of soil moisture,nutrients,and productivity on slopeland in loessial semiarid region

PAN Chengzhong, SHANGGUAN Zhouping

2004, (11):  2061-2066. 

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For the sustainable development and ecological construction in the loessial semiarid region,it is important to describe the variability of slopeland soil properties and the affecting factors of slopeland productivity.In this study,soil samples were taken from eroded steep slopeland,and leaf area index (LAI) and above-ground biomass (AGB) were measured at the sampling locations.The soil water content (WC) of 2 m depth at 20 cm intervals,and the soil organic matter (OM),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),available nitrogen (AN) and available phosphorus (AP) contents of 0～20 and 20～40 cm soil layers were determined in the laboratory.The results showed that the majority of the properties was normally distributed,and the nutrient contents were higher in 0～20 cm than in 20～40 cm layer,but the variations of soil nutrients were much smaller in 0～20 cm than in 20～40 cm layer.Soil nutrients had a significantly larger variation than soil moisture.Soil nutrient contents in 20～40 cm layer kept increasing from upslope to downslope,while those in 0～20 cm layer varied slightly.Slope topography had more obvious impact on soil organic matter,total nitrogen and available phosphorus than other affecting factors.Soil water and nutrient contents on the shallow gully trough were notably higher than those on the upslope,but above-ground biomass was less than that on the upslope.Though longitudinal slope (35°～45°) was obviously larger than the horizontal one (5°～10°),horizontal slope position had a greater influence on soil nutrients,but much weaker effect on soil moisture than longitudinal direction.There were significant correlations between 0～120 cm soil moisture and 20～40 cm soil nutrients,and among soil nutrients except 0～20 cm soil available phosphorus.Slopeland position had a great impact on soil moisture and nutrients,but soil moisture and/or nutrients had no significant impact on above-ground biomass.

Adsorption characteristics of three types of surfactants in soils

LI Kebin, LIU Huijun, MA Yun, ZHANG Yong, LIU Weiping

2004, (11):  2067-2071. 

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Surfactants after entering soil may interact with other xenobiotics of sufactant and alter their behaviors.These interactions are very complex,and depend heavily on a range of parameters including surfactant concentration in soil-water,its CMC and adsorption characteristics of sufactant and pollutant etc.In this paper,batch sorption experiment was employed to study the adsorption characteristics of three types of surfactants,viz.an anionic,a cationic,and two nonionic surfactants,in 6 soils.The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) were L-shape,with distribution coefficients (K_d) varied between 300 to 4800 L·kg^-1 in lower concentration range.The adsorption isotherms of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate C₁₂ LABS,OP and Tween-20 were L- or S-shape,depending on surface-active molecular and soil properties.The affinity of anionic and nonionic surfactants to soil was weaker than that of cationic surfactant.The K_d for C₁₂ LABS,Tween-20 and OP was within 5.3～39,0.13～0.44 and 4.4～22.4 L·kg^-1,respectively.For sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate,K_d was positively correlated with soil clay fraction,and the charge property of soil was also influential in its sorption.For OP and Tween-20,the empirical relations of K_d to soil properties,clay,silt,sand contents,and surface area,were established by using regression analysis.Cationic exchange capacity showed a strong positive correlation with the maximum adsorption capacity of soils,which might indicate that the ionic exchange mechanism played an important role in adsorption of CTMAB.

Relationship between canopy reflectance and plant water status of wheat

TIAN Yongchao, ZHU Yan, CAO Weixing, DAI Tingbo

2004, (11):  2072-2076. 

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The study on the relationship between canopy reflectance characteristics and plant water status of wheat under different soil water and nitrogen levels showed that the water contents of canopy leaf and plant had a significant correlation with the spectral reflectance of 460～510,610～680,1 480～1 500 and 810～870 nm bands at different growth stages and that of 460～1 500 and 560～1 480 nm bands over the whole growth period.The correlation degrees of canopy leaf(CL),upper-layer leaf(UL) and lower-layer leaf (LL) water content with spectral index were in the order of CL>LL>UL.In addition,the water contents of canopy leaf and plant after jointing stage were negatively linearly related to the ratio index R(610,560) and spectral index(R(610,560)/ND(810,610)),but positively correlated with the normalized difference index((R₈₁₀-R₆₁₀)/(R₈₁₀ +R₆₁₀)),indicating that spectral index(R(610,560)/ND(810,610)) could be a good indicator for monitoring water status in wheat plant.

Diurnal variation of winter wheat water and heat fluxes of a simulation with photosynthesis-evapotranspiration coupled model

WANG Jing, YU Qiang, LI Xiangge, SUN Xiaomin

2004, (11):  2077-2082. 

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A coupled model of winter wheat photosynthesis-evapotranspiration was established based on SPAC theory.Sensible heat and latent heat fluxes were calculated by two-layer model proposed by Shuttle worth and Wallace,and photosynthesis and evapotranspiration were coupled by the parameterization of canopy resistance.The model was validated with the data measured by eddy covariance method.The results showed that the simulated and observed values were accordant,and the model could simulate the diurnal variation of sensible heat and latent heat fluxes very well.Sensitivity analysis indicated that the sensitive parameters of canopy transpiration were wilting point,stomata conductance,reflectivity of leaves to infrared radiation,and convexity of photosynthesis response to light,while the sensitive parameter of soil evaporation was soil resistance.The model could be used to study the interactions between water and heat fluxes and environmental factors,and to instruct the irrigation scheme in the field.

Effect of hormones on regulating and controlling photosynthesis rate of wheat flag leaf at their different development phases

WEI Daozhi, NING Shuju, LIN Wenxiong

2004, (11):  2083-2086. 

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By the method of ELASA,this paper measured the ABA/ZRs ratio in wheat flag leaf at the relative steady phase (RSP),end steady phase (ESP) and sharply descending phase (SFP) of chlorophylls.The ABA,ZRs and their mixture were led to the transpiration current of plant to measure the changes of photosynthesis rate at these three phases.The results showed that the ABA/ZRs ratio in flag leaf was 4.20,41.83 and 14.40 at RSP,ESP and SFP,respectively.The time that the photosynthesis rate reduced by ABA to zero was 49.5,39.1 and 38.0 min,and that reduced by ZRs to half was 65,49 and 31min,respectively.The two preceding phases could be regulated,and the changes were reversible.

Changes of light energy distribution in reaction centers of Citrus unshiu leaf photosystem under different light intensities

GUO Yanping, SONG Lili, XU Kai, ZHANG Liangcheng

2004, (11):  2087-2090. 

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In order to further understand the light energy distribution in photochemical reaction centers of fruit trees,this paper employed modulated fluorescence technique to study the state transition of photosystem in Citrus unshill leaves under high and low light intensities.The results indicated that under low light intensity of 100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,the PQ pool was in reduction state due to Q_A reduction,which made the light energy distribution in photosystem changed from PSⅡ to PSⅠ; while under high light intensity of 1 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,the PQ pool could not get electron and was in oxidation state,making light energy distribution changed from state 2 to state 1.When the leaves were treated by a phosphatase inhibitor NaF,the state 2 to state 1 transition of photosystem was inhibited under high light intensity,and the excessive light energy distribution from PSⅠ to PSⅡ caused damage to PSⅡ.These findings would be helpful to understand the mechanisms of the photoinhibition of photosynthesis and the photodamage of photosynthetic apparatus of fruit trees.

Effect of long-term suboptimal temperature and short-term low temperature under low light density on cucumber growth and its photosynthesis

AI Xizhen, MA Xingzhuang, YU Liming, XING Yuxian

2004, (11):  2091-2094. 

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The study on the effects of long-term suboptimal temperature (T₁) and short-term low temperature (T₂) under low light density on cucumber seedling's growth and its photosynthesis showed that the growth speed,photosynthetic rate (Pn),carboxylation efficiency (CE),apparent quantum yield (AQY) and actual quantum yield of P SⅡ electron transport (Ф_PSⅡ) all declined remarkably,and the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (F_v/F_m) also decreased to some extent.The decreasing extents of Pn,CE and AQY of T₁ were less than those of T₂,while the recovery rate of T₁ was slower than that of T₂.The F_v/F_m and Ф_PSⅡ of T₁ declined to less extent and resiled quickly,while those of T₂ decreased to larger extent and recovered slowly.The contents of chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoid of T₁ increased remarkably after being treated,while those of T₂ decreased evidently.The Chl a/b of both T₁ and T₂ declined remarkably.With recovery time going,the pigment of T₁ declined under most conditions,while that of T₂ increased gradually.Three days later,the pigment content of T₁ and T₂ were both higher than control.The Chl a/b had no significant change during the recovery period,and was still obviously lower than control.

Effects of sulfur on physiological and biochemical indices and nutrition quality of garlic

YANG Fengjuan, LIU Shiqi, WANG Xiufeng, ZHANG Yunqi, ZANG Jinbo

2004, (11):  2095-2098. 

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The study on the effects of sulfur on physiological and biochemical indices and nutrition quality of garlic showed that when soil sulfur content was 8.41 mg穔g^-1,the NR and POD activities,photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic parameter (Pn,Gs,E) in garlic leaves were higher.The soluble protein content and CAT activity reached maximum when soil sulfur content was 7.92 mg穔g^-1,while the SOD activity was higher when soil sulfur content was 6.45 mg穔g^-1 .When soil sulfur content was 8.41 mg穔g^-1,the allicin,soluble sugar and Vc contents in bulb and the allicin,soluble sugar and soluble protein contents in bolt were increased by 33.67%,23.75%,68.82%,40.95%,3.45% and 7.45%,respectively.Higher content of soil sulfur (9.48 mg穔g^-1) increased the contents of Vc and free amino acid in bolt and those of free amino acid and soluble protein in bulb by 15.17%,20.93%,6.49% and 8.07%,respectively.

Photosynthetic characteristics of Gynostemma pentaphyllum under shade

HUANG Chenglin, WU Zemin, YAO Yongkang, XU Xiaoniu

2004, (11):  2099-2103. 

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The study showed that under summer shade condition,the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate of Gynostemma pentaphyllum presented nontypical double apex,the first apex being 13.8 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 at 11:00,and the diurnal net photosynthetic rate was about 176.97 μmol CO₂·m^-2,3.1 times of that under full sunlight.There was a positive correlation between net photosynthetic rate and photon flux density (PFD),and relative humidity had a small effect on net photosynthetic rate.Under full sunlight,the typical "midday depression" of photosynthesis was observed,and the diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate presented double apex,with the first apex being 3.0 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 at 10:00 and the second being 1.25 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1 at 14:00.There was a positive correlation between net photosynthetic rate and relative humidity,and the latter had a strong effect on net photosynthetic rate.When PFD was higher than 700 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,it had a negative correlation with net photosynthetic rate.Stoma conductance was the main factor affecting the transpiration rate of Gynostemma pentaphyllum.Therefore,Gynostemma pentaphyllum was a typical sciophytic plant,and light factor should be considered firstly in its cultivation.

Judging method of individual age and age structure of Stellera chamaejasme population in degraded steppe

XING Fu, GUO Jixun, WEI Chunyan

2004, (11):  2104-2108. 

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Based on the minute observation of branches morphology of root-crown of Stellera chamaejasme in Cleistogenes squarosa community and its growth characteristics,this paper studied the age structure of S.chamaejasme population,and an individual age judging method "the times of quasi-dichotomous branching plus two" was put forward for the first time.Remnant stubbles,branch trace,and annular trace on the root crown were regarded as important morphological features,and used to confirm the times of quasi-dichotomous branching.The results showed that the oldest individuals at three grazing succession stages (i.e.,heavy grazing,over grazing and extreme grazing) were 15,16 and 19 years old,respectively.Among all age classes,the numbers of eight years old individuals were the largest,and the age ratio was 18.71%,24.20% and 19.06%,respectively,at the different succession stages.There were no one- and two-year old individuals at heavy grazing stage,and no one-year old individuals at the other two grazing stages.The age structures of the populations were "early declining types",and the survival curves were similar to protuberant type or Deevey I type.The numbers of old age individuals (thirteen years old and more) at the three succession stages accounted for 4.83%,2.84% and 14.02%,respectively.The age structure of the population tended to aging with the increase of grazing intensity.

Clone growth and its age structure of Leymus secalimus modules in the Songnen Plain of China

YANG Yunfei, ZHANG Baotian

2004, (11):  2109-2112. 

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Leymus secalimus,a species of typical clonal plant,is a long-rhizome grass.Under cultivated condition in the Songnen Plain of China,its transplanted single tiller could form 215 tillers at most by vegetative reproduction of a clone in a growth season,and the largest clone was 5.4 times of the smallest one among four sampling clones in the first year.In the second year,the largest clone could form 2852 tillers at most,which was 2.7 times of the smallest one in two growth seasons.At unitary level,the expanding area of the clones and the number of the tillers increased by 13.2 and 13.3 times,respectively,and the accumulative length,nodes number and rhizomes biomass increased by 15.9,11.2 and 14.7 times averagely by the end of the growth season in the second year than in the first year,respectively.The tillers consisted of two age classes and showed expanding age structure,which was more obvious with the growth of clones.The bud banks consisted of three age classes and showed expanding age structure,which decreased gradually with the growth of clones.The tillers could be developed through forming lots of topmost buds and node buds of rhizome,and the clones achieved the spatial niche expansion and repetitive regeneration.

Actual productivities of different vegetations in northwest plateau of Hebei Province and strategies of converting farmland to forest and pasture land

LIU Yuhua, ZHANG Lifeng

2004, (11):  2113-2116. 

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Basing on the climate and soil conditions in northwest plateau of Hebei Province,this study compared the actual productivities of different vegetation types.The results showed that the productivity of crop and grass was much higher than that of forest either on meadow chestnut soil or on sand chestnut soil,and the difference of productivities between crop and grass was small.As for different soil types,the productivity of grassland chestnut soil was higher than that of sand chestnut soil.According to the differences of productivities between crop,forest and grass,most farmland should be converted to grassland but not forest land.After farmland converted,the production structure should be adjusted in considering both the protection of ecological environment and the development of local economy.

Environmental physiological characteristics of some mosses in Shanghai:A preliminary study

XUAN Xuemei, WANG Yan, CAO Tong, CAI Weimin

2004, (11):  2117-2121. 

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The preliminary study on the environmental physiological characteristics of bryophytes collected from Shanghai area,including their responses to drought,temperature,humidity,light and growth substrate,as well as their tissue culture technology showed that different species of bryophytes under same conditions and the same species under different conditions had different drought resistance.Adding organic matter to sand soil and short-illumination benefited the growth of bryophytes.Treating with proper growth hormones could accelerate the reproduction and growth of bryophyte.Hogland medium was suitable for the tissue culture of bryophytes.

Growth of Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis,Cylindrotheca closterium and Karenia mikimotoi and their survival strategies under different N/P ratios

SUN Jun, LIU Dongyan, CHEN Zongtao, WEI Tiandi

2004, (11):  2122-2126. 

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In this study,laboratory culture experiments were carried out in a batch culture system,with the focus on the effect of different N/P ratios (1:1,4:1,16:1,80:1 and 160:1) on the growth of Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis,Cylindrotheca closterium and Karenia mikimotoi.The cell abundance,growth rate,and chlorophyll a and protein contents were measured every 24 h for one week.The results showed that N/P ratio significantly affected the growth of three kinds of algae.Cylindrotheca closterium grew fastest under 160:1 N/P ratio,while Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis and Karenia mikimotoi grew fastest under 4:1 and 80:1 N/P ratio,respectively.The maximum cell density of the phytoplankton was mainly influenced by cell size and specific growth rate,the synthesis of chlorophyll a was mainly affected by nitrogen,and high N/P ratio benefited the increase of chlorophyll a content.The protein concentration in cells correlated significantly with N/P ratio,cell size and cell period.As for survival strategy,Cylindrotheca closterium showed obvious features of fast-reproductioned r-selective species,whereas Platymonas helgolandica var.tsingtaoensis and Karenia mikimotoi were most likely to be the more competitive K-selected species.

Chlorophyll a content and primary productivity of phytoplankton in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake

ZHANG Yunlin, QIN Boqiang, CHEN Weimin, GAO Guang, CHEN Yuwei

2004, (11):  2127-2131. 

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Based on the investigations on primary productivity of phytoplankton and related factors at four stations in Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake from May 1998 to August 1999,this paper studied the distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll a,its primary productivity,and their relationships with environmental factors.The results showed that there were obvious temporal and spatial differences in chlorophyll a and primary productivity.The high values of chlorophyll a content and primary productivity were recorded in spring and summer.Generally,chlorophyll a content and primary productivity decreased from inner to outer in the bay.The vertical profile of primary productivity showed that the maximum of primary productivity was recorded at 20～50 cm water depth in spring,summer and autumn,while there was no remarkable difference in winter.The primary productivity exponentially increased with water temperature from 10 to 30 ℃.There was a significant positive correlation between chlorophyll a content and primary productivity.The correlation coefficients between nutrients and primary productivity varied greatly,which presented that nutrient was not the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth.The analysis of P-I curves based on different photosynthesis-irradiance models showed that obvious light inhibition was occurred at surface water in spring and summer.

Regional spatial patterns of water circumstances in Loess Plateau area based GIS

HU Liangjun, SHAO Ming'an

2004, (11):  2132-2136. 

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Based on the integration of GIS and geo-synthesis analysis,the water circumstances for plant growth in the Shaanxi Loess Plateau area were studied and a map reflecting regional water circumstances at the scale of 1: 500 000 was made.The results showed that the water circumstances for plant growth in the Loess Plateau area were affected by the integration of precipitation soil texture,loess deposition,geomorphology and coverage,and could be measured by sub-indicators from the mentioned aspects.The index from the view point of plant development was used for the water circumstance assessment.The water circumstances of the Loess Plateau including forest zone,shrub zone and grassland zone appeared a complex spatial mosaic structure,and the main of the plateau was suitable for forestry which meant the plateau had an expected potential for eco-restoration.

Ecological effects of low dosage mixed rare earth elements accumulation on major soil microbial groups in a yellow cinnamon soil

TANG Xinyun, SUN Yiyang, XIA Mizhen, WEN Chongqing, ZHANG Zili

2004, (11):  2137-2141. 

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A combination of field plot experiment and simulated low dosage accumulation test was adopted to study the ecological effects of low dosage mixed rare earth elements(REE) accumulation on major soil microbial groups in a yellow cinnamon soil.The continuous accumulation of REE had the alternative effects of stimulation,inhibition and re-stimulation on soil bacteria and actinomycetes,and a continuous stimulation on soil fungi.The inhibitory intensity of REE on the three groups of soil microorganisms was in the order of bacteria > actinomycetes > fungi.At the accumulation of 150 mg·kg^-1 of REE,the population structure of three groups changed remarkably.The number of REE-tolerant microbes increased,with Gram negative bacteria,white spore group and penicillium being predominant in bacteria,actinomycetes and fungi population,respectively.The median effect concentration(EC₅₀) of REE was 24.1,41.6～73.8 and 55.3～150.1 mg·kg^-1 for soil bacteria,actinomycetes and fungi,respectively.The EC₅₀ value of 30 mg·kg^-1 might be taken as the critical value of mixed REE in yellow cinnamon soil.

Effects of phosphate-dissolving fungi on transformation,fixation and efficiency of fertilizer ³²P

FAN Bingquan, JIN Jiyun, GE Cheng

2004, (11):  2142-2146. 

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By using a radioactive ³²P-labeled technique,this paper studied the effects of P-dissolving Penicillium oxalicum P8 inoculum on the transformation,fixation and efficiency of fertilizer P.The results showed that the inoculum could prevent available P from fixation by soil,and promoted the uptake of applied P by maize and peanut.Additionally,it reduced the amount of Ca₁₀ -P fraction derived from available P,increased the pool of available P,and maintained more ³²P in forms of Ca₂-P and Ca₈-P.With time extending,the ratio of Ca₁₀ -P fraction in soil was gradually increased,and the treatment with P.oxalicum P8 showed the lowest ratio of Ca₁₀-P form,compared with treatment without P.oxalicum P8.The inoculum not only prevented available ³²P from turning into Ca₁₀ -P form,but also had a longer effective period.

Effects of silicon supply and Sphaerotheca fuliginea inoculation on resistance of cucumber seedlings against powdery mildew

WEI Guoqiang, ZHU Zhujun, LI Juan, YAO Qiuju

2004, (11):  2147-2151. 

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By the method of hydroponic culture,this paper studied the effects of soluble silicon (Si) supply and Sphaerotheca fuliginea inoculation on the active oxygen metabolism,SiO₂ content and disease resistance of a susceptible cultivar.The results showed that the O₂^-_? producing rate and H₂O₂ and MDA contents of cucumber leaf were increased by Sphaerotheca fuliginea inoculation,but reduced by the inoculation plus Si supply.The inoculation enhanced the catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities in plant leaves but decreased their superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,while inoculation plus Si supply increased the activities of these enzymes.Inoculation increased the scorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents in plant leaves.The AsA content in Si-supplied plant leaves was lower than that of Si-deprived ones,whereas the GSH content was in reverse.Whether inoculated or not,the SiO₂ content in Si-supplied plant leaves was significantly higher than that of Si-deprived ones.The disease index was significantly decreased by Si-supply.

Effects of different vegetation restoration of degraded red soil on earthworm population dynamics

LIU Manqiang, HU Feng, CHEN Xiaoyun, HE Yuanqiu, LI Huixin

2004, (11):  2152-2156. 

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This study was conducted at the long-term experimental plots in Ecological Experimental Station of Red Soil in Yujiang County (28°15'30″N,116°55'30″E),Jiangxi Province,subtropical China.Earthworm population was investigated seasonally from May 1999 to February 2000,under different vegetations including four artificial woodlands [deciduous broadleaf woodland (Quercus chenii,Qc),evergreen broadleaf woodland (Schima superba,Ss),coniferous woodland (Pinus massonina,Pm) and mixed woodland (Schima superba-Pinus massonina,Sm)],two grasslands [gently-disturbed grassland (G₁),undisturbed grassland (G₂)] and control wasteland (CK).The results indicated that the population structure was very simple.Only Drawinda gisti characterized by pioneer was found.The seasonal averages of density and biomass were in the order of G₂>G₁>Qc>Ss>Pm>Sm>CK,and those of G₂,G₁ and Qc were significantly higher than those of the latters (P<0.05).Seasonal fluctuations were obvious with dry-hot summer depressing the earthworm population sharply,leading to the aestivation of earthworm.Based on the variation coefficients of density and biomass,Qc had the highest ecosystem stability,followed by Sm and Ss,and G₁,G₂,and Pm had the lowest stability.The overall differentiation of earthworm population could be drawn through canonical discriminant analysis.There were significant correlations between earthworms and some soil properties (P<0.01).Overall,the differentiation of earthworm population was driven by the quantity and quality of soil organic matter returned by the vegetations.Additionally,based on earthworm population,the importance of selecting appropriate vegetation types during the restoration of degraded red soil was emphasized.

Component and content changes of volatiles from Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella

YANG Guang, YOU Minsheng, WEI Hui

2004, (11):  2157-2160. 

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The study showed that Chinese cabbage,Brassica campestris could release a variety of volatiles,especially when infested by Plutella xylostella larvae.Among these volatiles,saturated hydrocarbon was dominant,aromatic hydrocarbon was the second,and unsaturated hydrocarbon,aldehyde,alcohol,ketone,acid and heteroaromatic compounds were existed with a small amount.Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella larvae produced 3 times of volatiles in amount with more species than the control.The volatiles from control plants were mostly of small molecular weight,and those from Chinese cabbage damaged by Plutella xylostella were mostly of high molecular weight.

Secondary compounds in rice varieties resistant to Nilaparvata lugens

ZHAO Ying, HUANG Fengkuan, TONG Xiaoli, LING Bing, PANG Xiongfei

2004, (11):  2161-2164. 

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By the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),this paper studied the contents of 13 secondary compounds from 130 samples of 26 rice varieties resistant to brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens biotype Ⅱ.A prediction model was established through principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis: Y=3.4593-0.02491X₁+0.08475X₂-0.04227X₈+0.1174X₁₂.The relationships between the BPH-resistant level of rice varieties and the area values of chromatographic peaks were significant (r²=0.84,P<0.01).The results demonstrated that Peak 1,Peak 2,Peak 8 and Peak 12 were the major secondary compounds affecting the resistance to BPH biotype Ⅱ,which suggested that the BPH resistance of the varieties came from the action of several secondary compounds that varied in contribution to the resistance.

Effect of temperature and food concentration on the population dynamics of three Brachionus calyciflorus strains

DONG Lili, XI Yilong, LIU Guiyun, CHEN Fang, GE Yali, WEN Xinli

2004, (11):  2165-2169. 

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Effects of temperature (20 ℃,25 ℃,30 ℃) and food concentration (1.5,3.0,6.0,9.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1) on the population dynamics of Brachionus calyciflorus of Qingdao,Wuhu and Guangzhou strains were studied by means of individual culture.The result showed that the temperature was an important factor affecting generation time and intrinsic rate of population increase.With rising of temperature,the intrinsic rate of population increase increased,but generation time decreased.There were significant effects of food concentration on life expectancy and average lifespan.The effect of strain on net reproductive rate,generation time,life expectancy and average lifespan was also significant.Net reproductive rate,generation time,life expectancy,and average lifespan of Guangzhou strain was all the maximum,and that of Wuhu strain minimum among the three strains.The rotifers fed on the algae at the concentration of 3.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1 had the longest life expectancy and average lifespan,but those at 9.0×10⁶ cells·ml^-1 had the shortest.Net reproductive rate,generation time,gross reproductive rate,life expectancy,and average lifespan of the three strains decreased linearly with the rise of temperature,except for the net reproductive rate of Guangzhou strain,while the intrinsic rate of population increase of all the three strains and gross reproductive rate of Guangzhou strain increased linearly with the rise of temperature.The relationships between all the life history parameters of Qingdao and Guangzhou strains and food concentration were all curvilinear,however,those between generation time,average lifespan,and life expectancy of Wuhu strain and food concentration could all be described by linear regression.

Effects of controlled release fertilizers on N₂O emission from paddy field

LI Fangmin, FAN Xiaolin, LIU Fang, WANG Qiang

2004, (11):  2170-2174. 

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With close chamber method,this paper studied the effects of controlled release fertilizer (CRF),non-coated compound fertilizer (Com) and conventional urea (CK) on N₂O emission from paddy field. The results showed that within 10 days after transplanting,the ammonium and nitrate concentrations in the surface water of the plot treated with CRF were significantly different from those treated with Com. The partial coefficient between N₂O emission rates and corresponding nitrate concentrations in the water was significantly high (r=0.6834). Compared with Com,CRF was able to reduce N₂O emission from the paddy field. Within 100 days after basal application,the N₂O emission rate of treatment CRF was only 13.45%～21.26% of Com and 71.17%～112.47% of CK. The N₂O emission of Com was mainly concentrated in 1～25 d after basal fertilization and mid-aeration period,but that of CRF was remarkably lower during same period,while the peak of N₂O emission of CK was postponed and reduced. It was concluded that both one-time fertilization of CRF and several-time fertilizations of conventional urea were able to reduce N₂O emission from the paddy field.

Microbial degradation of Abamectin in soil

ZHANG Wei, YU Yunlong, LIN Kuangfei, LI Shaonan, WU Jialun, FAN Defang

2004, (11):  2175-2178. 

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Incubation test on the degradation dynamics of Abamectin in soil showed that the half-life of its non-biodegradation plus microbial biodegradation,non-biodegradation,and microbial biodegradation was 34.8,277.3 and 49.9 d,respectively,and its degradation in soil was mostly by microbes.A dominant bacterium which could effectively degrade Abamectin was isolated from test soil,and identified as Stenotrophomonas maltrophilia by 16S rDNA.The crude enzyme extracted from the dominant bacteria had a Michaelis-Mentn's constant 6.78 nmol穖l^-1 and a maximum rate 81.5 nmol穖in -1穖g^-1.

Variation of oxygen concentration during aerobic composting of pig manure

CHEN Tongbin, ZHENG Yuqi, GAO Ding, KONG Jiansong, LUO Wei

2004, (11):  2179-2183. 

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Analysis with oxygen monitoring system on the variation of oxygen concentration at different stages of pig manure composting showed that in a short time after ventilation at different composting stages,the oxygen concentration increased by 17% or more,and the oxygen consumption rate at temperature increasing stage and at the beginning of high temperature stage could reach up to more than 900 μl·L^-1·s^-1,while decreased at the stages of high temperature and of dehydration as the composting process going on.The oxygen consumption rate decreased to lower than 100 μl·L^-1·s^-1 after 5～7 days at the stage of high temperature.A ventilation strategy was proposed based on the analyses.

Advances in study of factors affecting soil N mineralization in grassland ecosystems

WANG Changhui, XING Xuerong, HAN Xingguo

2004, (11):  2184-2188. 

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The biological and non-biological factors affecting soil N availability in grassland ecosystems were reviewed in this paper.Nitrogen cycling in grassland ecosystems is one of the focuses widely concerned.Nitrogen mineralization is affected by many factors in grassland ecosystem,which can be classified into biological and non-biological ones.Biological factors include soil animals,soil microorganisms and plants.Soil animals could accelerate the organic matter to degrade.The species,structure and function of soil microorganisms correlate significantly with N degradation and mineralization.Different vegetation has different effects on soil nitrogen mineralization.The non-biological factors include environmental factors and anthropogenic disturbance,which have direct and obvious effects on N mineralization.The effects of soil temperature and moisture on N mineralization are given more attention,but many phenomena,such as the effects of soil type,soil structure and vegetation type on N mineralization still could not be explained clearly,and no general agreements were reached.Anthropogenic disturbance such as grazing,firing and fertilization influence N mineralization evidently.It is of great significance to understand the N cycling pattern and N availability in different grassland ecosystems all around the world.

Research advance in soil organic phosphorus

ZHAO Shaohua, YU Wantai, ZHANG Lu, SHEN Shanmin, MA Qiang

2004, (11):  2189-2194. 

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Soil organic phosphorus (P) plays an important role in the material cycling in agro-ecosystem,and its research is vital for understanding the characteristics of P cycle in soil-plant system.This paper summed up the latest research achievements at home and abroad about soil organic P content and its affecting factors,soil organic P forms,their fractionation and determination methods,effects of fertilization on soil organic P forms,and mineralization of soil organic P.The existing problems in soil organic P study and its hotspots in future were also discussed.

Utilization of powdered peanut hull as biosorbent for removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution

YANG Chao, GONG Renmin, LIU Birong, LIU Huijun, SUN Yingzhi, KE Lixia

2004, (11):  2195-2198. 

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An untried,low cost,locally available biosorbent for its anionic dye removal capacity from aqueous solution was investigated.Powder prepared from peanut hull had been used for biosorption of three anionic dyes,amaranth (Am),sunset yellow (SY) and fast green FCF (FG).The effects of various experimental parameters (e.g.initial pH and dye concentration,sorbent dosage,particle size,ion strength,contact time etc.) were examined and optimal experimental conditions were decided.At initial pH 2.0,three dyes studied could be removed effectively.When the dye concentration was 50 mg·L^-1,the percentages of dyes sorbed was 95.5% in Am,91.3% in SY and 94.98% in FG,respectively.The ratios of dyes sorbed had neared maximum values in all three dyes when sorbent dose of 5.0 g·L^-1 and the sorbent particle size in 80～100 mesh was used.The increasing the ion strength of solution caused the decrease in biosorption percentages of dyes.The equilibrium values arrived at about 36 hour for all three dyes.The isothermal data of biosorption followed the Langmuir and Freundlich models.The biosorption processes conformed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics.The results indicated that powdered peanut hull was an attractive candidate for removing anionic dyes from dye wastewater.