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    15 December 2019, Volume 30 Issue 12
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    Plastic responses of fine root morphological traits of Castanopsis fabri and Castanopsis carlesii to short-term nitrogen addition
    JIA Lin-qiao, CHEN Guang-shui, ZHANG Li-hong, CHEN Ting-ting, JIANG Qi, CHEN Yu-hui, FAN Ai-lian, WANG Xue
    2019, 30(12):  4003-4011.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.002
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    Nitrogen deposition will affect the morphology of fine roots and its absorption of nutrien-ts, resulting in changes nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. In order to understand the effects of nitrogen deposition on fine root morphological traits of Castanopsis fabri and C. carlesii, two ectomycorrhizas tree species, we carried out in situ experiment using the root bags method in an evergreen broadleaved forest in the subtropical zone. The results showed that the plastic responses of specific root length and specific root surface area of low-order roots (first to third order) to nitrogen addition was higher than that of high-order roots (fourth order). The plastic responses of root tissue density to nitrogen addition increased from the first-order to the fourth-order, while the average root diameter of each order had no significant plastic responses to nitrogen addition. There was a certain synergistic change between the plastic response of specific root length and specific surface area in the low order fine root and the plastic response of tissue density in the high order fine root. The specific root length, specific root surface area and root tissue density of the two species showed opposite plastic responses to nitrogen addition, indicating that different ectomycorrhizal tree species had different nutrient foraging strategies. C. fabri adopted rapid absorption strategy by increasing specific root length, specific root surface area, and proliferation rate of fine root length, while C. carlesii adopted a relatively conservative resource absorption strategy by increasing tissue density of fine roots.
    Characteristics of Leontopodium leontopodioides leaf stochiometry with altitude and their relationship with soil nutrients in Qilian Mountains, Northwest China
    ZHANG Xiao-fang, LIU Xian-de, JING Wen-mao, CAO Jian-jun
    2019, 30(12):  4012-4020.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.009
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    Foliar stoichiometry provides information on the biotic and abiotic changes of environment. We examined the stoichiometric characteristics of plant leaves at different altitudes to understand how plants adapt to environmental changes. Foliar stoichiometry of Leontopodium leontopodioides at various altitudes (2400, 2600, 2800, 3000 and 3200 m) were analyzed in the Qilian Mountains of China. Across the altitude gradient, mean value of leaf carbon content (LC), nitrogen content (LN), and phosphorous content (LP) of L. leontopodioides was 401.27, 23.99 and 1.22 g·kg-1, respectively. The mean value of LC:LN, LC:LP and LN:LP was 16.8, 352.5 and 20.7, respectively. LC, LC:LN, LC:LP and LN:LP initially increased with increases in altitude, rea-ching the maximum at 2600 m, then decreased, reaching the minimum at 3000 m, and finally increased again. LP exhibited the opposite trend. LN demonstrated an initial decrease with altitude, reaching the minimum at 2800 m, followed by an increase at higher altitudes. LC did not correlate with LN, but was significantly negatively correlated with LP. LN was significantly positively correlated with LP. There was no correlation between LN and any other stoichiometry ratios. LP showed a significantly negative correlation with other stoichiometry ratios. LC:LN, LC:LP, and LN:LP were positively correlated with each other. Both soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus affected LC and LN, whereas LP was significantly negatively correlated with soil total phosphorus. The results suggested that the growth of L. leontopodioides in the study region was mainly limited by P availability.
    Effects of fire intensity on leaf functional traits and functional diversity of Larix gmelinii community
    LI Ma-ling, SONG Zhao-peng, LIU Yan-hong, WANG Hong-lin
    2019, 30(12):  4021-4030.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.006
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    Fire is an important ecological factor in boreal coniferous forest, which directly affects plant taxonomic and functional diversity and consequently forest succession. We analyzed the changes of soil nutrient contents, leaf functional traits, taxonomic and functional diversity of a Larix gmelinii community under different fire intensity levels (low, medium, heavy). The forest stand had been naturally recovered for 12 years in Yakeshi area. The results showed that fire significantly reduced soil total nitrogen content, but did not affect soil total phosphorus content. Low and medium fire intensities could maintain higher species diversity and functional diversity of the community. Medium fire disturbance significantly increased species diversity of the community, with maximum species richness index, Shannon index, Simpson index and Pielou evenness index. Fire disturbance reduced functional richness and functional divergence of the community, which were the largest in medium and low fire intensity respectively (except unburned). Functional evenness and Rao qua-dratic entropy index increased after forest fire disturbance, and the largest was in the low intensity burned area. With the increases of fire intensity, leaf dry matter content, leaf tissue density and leaf total phosphorus content showed a significantly increased trend, while specific leaf area, leaf water content, leaf total nitrogen content and leaf N:P showed the trend unburned > medium fire > low fire > heavy fire, leaf thickness increased first and then decreased. Fire intensity had significant effects on leaf functional traits and functional diversity of forest community. Moderate fire distur-bance could promote forest restoration.
    Inversion of aboveground biomass of Pinus tabuliformis plantations based on GF-2 data
    GOU Rui-kun, CHEN Jia-qi, DUAN Gao-hui, YANG Rui, BU Yuan-kun, ZHAO Jun, ZHAO Peng-xiang
    2019, 30(12):  4031-4040.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.003
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    Pinus tabuliformis is an important afforestation species in the Loess Plateau. Quick and accurate estimation of aboveground biomass (AGB) of P. tabuliformis plantations plays an important role in monitoring regional forest resources. Here, we used multi-spectral remote sensing data of domestic satellite GF-2 and the field data to estimate the aboveground biomass of P. tabuliformis plantations in Shibao forest farm of Huanglong Mountain in Shaanxi Province. We calculated eight texture features and five vegetation indices, and then built models based four texture windows (3×3, 5×5, 7×7, 9×9) by using five regression methods including normal regression, stepwise regression, ridge regression, Lasso regression and principal component regression. We used the leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) to test the estimation accuracy of each model. We found serious multi-collinearity relationships between the extracted remote sensing factors. Most of the remote sensing factors had significant correlations with aboveground biomass of P. tabuliformis plantations. GF-2 data could achieve higher accuracy in the inversion of aboveground biomass of P. tabuliformis plantations in the Shibao forest farm. The best estimation result was the principal component regression model using 9×9 texture window, and the worst one was the normal regression model using 3×3 texture window. Inversion of aboveground biomass of P. tabuliformis plantation using domestic high-resolution satellite imagery could provide a scientific basis for forestry biomass monitoring, resource management, and sustainable management in the forestry departments of northwest China.
    Variation of morphological and anatomical traits of fine roots of three plant species in Xiao-xing’an Mountains, China
    GAO Cai-long, JIN Guang-ze, LIU Zhi-li
    2019, 30(12):  4041-4048.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.007
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    We measured the morphological and anatomical traits of fine roots with 1-5 order in needleleaf species of Pinus koraiensis, broadleaf species of Acer mono, and shrub of Corylus mandshurica, with the aim to understand trait variations among root orders and species. The results showed that there was no significant difference in root diameter and root length among the three species, but was significant inter-specific differences in other traits. The stele diameter (117.91-2392.05 μm) and stele to diameter ratio (0.31-1.87) of P. koraiensis were significantly greater than that of A. mono and C. mandshurica, whereas tissue density of A. mono was significantly higher than that of P. koraiensis and C. mandshurica. Root diameter, root length, tissue density, stele diameter and stele to diameter ratio all increased with root order, but specific root length decreased for the three species. For all the species, there was a significant correlation between morphological and anatomical traits, such as root diameter and stele diameter, but the regression slope was significantly different between the absorption root (1-3 order) and the transport root (4-5 order). Root diameter was significantly positively correlated with stele diameter and cortical thickness of the three species, with the regression slope being significantly different among species.
    Site index model of Juglans mandshurica natural secondary mixed forest in Changbai Mountain area, Jilin Province, China
    LUO Ye, YANG Yu-chun, WANG Jun, JI Li, LIU Ting, YU Hai-yang, LI Yan-long, WANG Yuan-xing
    2019, 30(12):  4049-4058.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.008
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    According to slope direction and position of the distribution of Juglans mandshurica natural secondary mixed forest in 12 sites of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, and combined with the age structure of J. mandshurica, we set up 109 plots. Based on the age-tree height data, we complied the site index of the forests. We used the three times tree height standard deviation method to eliminate abnormal data, 379 pairs age and tree height data were obtained from the 80 plots. Then, we used seven mathematical models for comparison and got simplex site index-oriented curve equation as H=28.0181(1-e-0.0341A)1.0503. The coefficient of determination R2 and the sum of squared residuals were 0.85 and 0.89, respectively, the base age was 50 years, the exponential interval was 2 m, and 7 site index curves of 16-28 m were obtained. According to different site types, polymorphic sites index model was established, and the power function fitting effect was best. Its equation was H=B0tB1, in which B0=10-9e0.9213SI, B1=-0.2139SI+5.6183. Finally, the polymorphic site index model equation was H=10-9e0.9213SIt-0.2139SI+5.6183. The exponential difference method and drop point test were conducted to check the accuracy of the two site index models. The results showed that the polymorphic site index had higher precision and it could accurately reflect the difference in tree height growth under different site types of J. mandshurica. Therefore, it could evaluate the site quality of natural secondary mixed forests of J. mandshurica in Changbai Mountain area of Jilin Province.
    Temporal stage and method selection of tree species classification based on GF-2 remote sensing image
    LI Zhe, ZHANG Qin-yu, QIU Xin-cai, PENG Dao-li
    2019, 30(12):  4059-4070.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.016
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    It’s important to master tree species composition and distribution in forests for the study of forest ecosystems. To promote the application of domestic Gaofen data in the classification of tree species and to explore the effects of different combining images, classification features and classifier on tree species classification results, three kinds of single temporal data and four kinds of multi-temporal data were constructed. Based on three GF-2 images, according to the multi-scale segmentation, C5.0 feature optimization as well as two classifiers including support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF), we finished the object-based classification of eight tree species of different temporal and feature dimensions respectively, and finally achieved good results with overall accuracy between 63.5% and 83.5% and the Kappa coefficient between 0.57 and 0.81. The results showed that the choice of temporal stage would affect the classification results. The results based on multi-temporal were generally better than that on single temporal stage. There were obvious precision differences between different image combinations of multi-temporal as well as different single temporal stage. It is notable that feature optimization played a positive role in the improvement of classification accuracy. SVM was relatively stable across different temporal and feature dimensions, which should be given priority when single temporal and classification features are difficult to distinguish tree species directly, while it should be noted that SVM was easy to overfit. RF was not easy to overfit, but it was more dependent on the quality of classification features and would get good results under favorable image combination.
    Effects of drought on leaf growth and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics parameters in Cyclobalanopsis glauca seedlings of Karst areas
    WU Min, DENG Ping, ZHAO Ying, ZHAO Shi-hua, CHEN Jin-ni, SHU Ying, HUANG Tian-feng
    2019, 30(12):  4071-4081.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.001
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    To uncover adaptation mechanism of Cyclobalanopsis glauca to the arid environment of Karst areas, current-year seedlings of C. glauca were potted and grown under four soil water conditions: Normal water supply (-0.1 MPa), light drought stress (-0.5 MPa), moderate drought stress (-0.9 MPa), and severe drought stress (-1.5 MPa). We measured leaf growth and parameters of fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction dynamics after treated by 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days. With the increase of drought stress intensity, leaf area, number of green leaves, leaf water content, the contents of chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids, the maximum fluorescence, maximum photochemical quantum yield and potential photochemical efficiency significantly decreased, while the number of dead leaves and the initial fluorescence significantly increased. There was no significant difference in these parameters between light drought and normal water treatments. There were no significant difference in the absorption flux per reaction center (ABS/RC), captured light energy used to restore qA (TRo/RC), number of active reaction centers per unit area (RC/CS), light energy captured per unit area (TRo/CS) and light energy used for electron transfer per unit area (ETo/CS) between light drought and normal water treatments. Among these parameters, RC/CS was slightly higher under light drought treatment than that of normal water treatment. TRo/CS and ETo/CS reached peaks at the 45th day, being 606.12 and 440.78, respectively. Leaf ABS/RC, TRo/RC, ETo/RC, DIRo/RC, RC/CS, TRo/CS and ETo/CS of C. glauca seedlings under mode-rate drought and severe drought treatment were lower than those of normal water treatment, and the parameters under severe drought stress decreased more significantly with the extension of drought stress time. With increasing intensity and duration of drought stress, the maximum quantum efficiency, probability of other electron acceptors, and quantum ratio of electron transfer decreased, but quantum yield for energy dissipation increased. These results demonstrated that C. glauca seedlings under light drought condition showed some degree of adaptability and resistance to drought. Mode-rate drought treatment caused a decline in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments, leading to slow growth of seedlings. Severe drought had a serious impact on growth of C. glauca seedlings, but did not lead to seedling death. Therefore, C. glauca seedlings showed strong drought tolerance, which were suitable for the application of vegetation restoration and reforestation projects in Karst areas.
    Effects of binary coverage on soil water content in apple orchards during low-water-consumption growth period
    JIA Ru-hao, YANG Jian-li, ZHAO Xi-ning, GAO Xiao-dong, SONG Xiao-lin, ZHANG Wei
    2019, 30(12):  4082-4090.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.024
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    To investigate the effects of intercropped rape and film mulching on soil water content in dryland apple orchards during the low-water consumption period on the Loess Plateau, soil water content and soil water storage were measured with in situ field observations. The results showed that at the sprout period of apple trees, mean water content in 0-200 cm soil layer under apple trees with film mulching + intercropping 50% width rape (PR1) and apple trees with film mulching + intercropping 100% width rape (PR2) treatments increased by 7.9% and 6.9% compared with the control (apple trees without film mulching+row clearing), respectively. At the blossom period of apple trees, mean soil water content under these two treatments increased by 3.5% and 6.9%, respectively. At the sprout period of apple trees, soil water competition between apple trees and rape occurred in both PR1 and PR2 treatments, with the competition being most severe at the boundaries. At the sprout period, competition in the PR1 treatment was less intense than that in the PR2 treatment. At the blossom period, competition in the PR1 treatment was not obvious, but the competition in the PR2 treatment was significant. Moreover, at the sprout and blossom period, a low-soil-water-content zone was observed in the PR2 treatment. Compared with the control, both PR1 and PR2 treatments increased soil water storage in 0-80 cm layer, and soil water was not deficit in the 0-200 cm layer. In conclusion, the implementation of PR1 model is conducive to improve soil water availability in the dryland apple orchard on the Loess Plateau during the low-water consumption period.
    Tolerance and vegetation restoration prospect of seedlings of five oak species for Pb/Zn mine tailing
    SHI Xiang, WANG Shu-feng, CHEN Yi-tai, XU Qin-di, SUN Hai-jing, AN Ran, LU Xiao-hong, LU Yan, FAN Sui-jun
    2019, 30(12):  4091-4098.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.039
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    A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth response and vegetation restoration prospect of seedlings of five oak species for the phytoremediation of lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings. Seedlings of Quercus imbricaria, Q. coccinea, Q. pagoda, Q. shumardii, Q. fabri were transplanted into pots containing Pb/Zn mine tailings to comparatively examine their biomass, root morphology, absorption and transfer characteristics of nutrient elements and heavy metals 30 months later. The results showed that all the seedlings could survive in the Pb/Zn tailings after 30 months. The biomass of Q. coccinea and Q. fabri decreased in Pb/Zn tailings compared with the control, while no significant difference were found for other three species. Compared with the control, root biomass was increased to some extent in Pb/Zn tailings except Q. coccinea. The lateral root morphological parameters were reduced only for Q. coccinea . Under heavy metal stress, nutrient concentrations of root and stem of oak seedlings did not change compared with the control. Generally, the concentrations of heavy metals in plant tissues were low, and the values of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) were less than 1. Q. pagoda could accumulate more Cd, with concentrations of 22.4 and 15.1 mg·kg-1 in leaf and stem, respectively, and could translocate more Cd from root to shoot with TF of 2.3. Our results suggested that the seedlings of tested oak species could be used as the potential species for contaminated soil. Q. shumardii had the highest tole-rance with a low BCF and TF, implying that they were better potential candidates for afforestation and ecological restoration of mine tailings.
    Grassland vegetation phenology change and its response to climate changes in North China
    QIN Ge-xia, WU Jing, LI Chun-bin, QIN An-ning, NI Lu, YAO Xiao-qiang
    2019, 30(12):  4099-4107.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.015
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    Understanding phenological change of grasslands has scientific significance to reveal their responses to global climate change. Based on the data of GIMMS NDVI 3g, climate data from 1983 to 2015 and digital elevation model (DEM), dynamic threshold method was used to extract the phenological information of northern grassland [the start of growth season (SOS), the end of growth season (EOS), and the length of growth season (LOS)]. We analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of phenology of grassland vegetation and the influence of climate on LOS. The results showed that 88.9% of SOS occurred from late March to late May (90-150 d), and 68.1% of pixels were advanced with a rate of -1.5-0 d·(32 a)-1. 79.7% of EOS occurred from early October to late October (270-300 d), with a delay rate of 0-1.5 d·(32 a)-1, accounting for 70.3% of the pixel number. LOS lasted for 100-140 days and became longer (73.7%), with a rate of 0-1.5 d·(32 a)-1. LOS was significantly positively correlated with temperature (R=0.628) and weakly negatively correlated with precipitation (R=-0.091). There was a significant spatial variation. The 2000 m line above sea level was recognized as the demarcation line. LOS had a weak positive correlation with altitude under 2000 m (R=0.235) and a significant negative correlation with altitude above 2000 m (R=-0.861). Above 3000 m altitude, LOS decreased by about 10 d for every 1000 m elevation.
    Spatial variation of ecological environment quality and its influencing factors in Poyang Lake area, Jiangxi, China
    ZHU Qing, GUO Jia-xin, GUO Xi, XU Zhe, DING Hui, HAN Yi
    2019, 30(12):  4108-4116.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.035
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    Based on Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS remote sensing image data, indices including NDVI, WET, NDSI and LST were selected from the aspects of greenness, humidity, dryness and heat respectively, and remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) was constructed by principal component analysis to analyze the spatial distribution of ecological environment quality in Poyang Lake area in 2014. The spatial heterogeneity and its influencing factors of the original remote sensing ecological index (RSEI0) were quantitatively analyzed using spatial autocorrelation, semi-variance function, maximum information coefficient, and factor detection. The results showed that ecological environment quality of Poyang Lake area was generally at a moderate level in 2014 and that the overall spatial distribution pattern from southwest to northeast gradually improved. The exploratory spatial data analysis showed that RSEI0 had strong spatial clustering and spatial heterogeneity under the sampling of 2 km grid element. The nugget effect value of RSEI0 was 25.8%, which belonged to medium spatial variability and was mainly affected by structural factors. The results of maximum information coefficient and factor detection analysis showed that slope had the strongest positive correlation with RSEI0. Slope, elevation, curvature, annual average rainfall, annual average temperature, proportion of garden forest area, proportion of cultivated land area, proportion of construction land area, annual average population density and annual average GDP significantly affected RSEI0, but with different magnitude of influences. Among them, the slope independent explanatory power was 57.1%, which was the main factor affecting spatial variation of RSEI0 in Poyang Lake area. Our results could provide reference for the protection and management of ecological environment in the Poyang Lake area.
    Ecological pattern of urban forest landscape of Ji’nan City, China
    LU Min, LUO Xiao-nan, WANG Yong-hua, GAO Xin, LIU Guo-heng
    2019, 30(12):  4117-4126.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.017
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    The ecological pattern research on urban forest landscape is the foundation and premise of urban forest system planning and urban ecological construction, as well as an important way of optimizing urban spatial structure, giving full play to urban forest ecological function and creating ecological and livable environment. Ecological pattern of urban forest landscape in built-up area of Ji’nan city was quantitatively analyzed and the corresponding optimization countermeasures were put forward through quantitative analysis and gradient analysis of the overall landscape ecological pattern by RS and GIS technology with 10 landscape indices at patch level and landscape level. The results showed that urban forest coverage rate in built-up areas was 15.8%. At the landscape level, the overall landscape ecological pattern of urban forest showed following patterns: relatively complete types of urban forest landscape patches, greater degree of landscape fragmentation, different area of various types of urban forest, large major patches, and highly connected same patch types. At the level of patch type, the ecological public welfare forest was dominated by large patches. The shape of scenic recreational forest was regular and dominated by large and medium patches. The shape of road forest and subsidiary forest was complex and dominated by small patches. The production and management forest was lacking. At the level of patch type, landscape recreational forest was the dominant type, ecological public welfare forest patch area was the largest, road forest and ancillary forest fragmentation was large. At the level of landscape, urban central forest landscape fragmentation was large, human interference was serious, and landscape shape was complex. Based on the analysis of the ecological pattern of urban forest landscape, we proposed the construction scheme of Ji’nan urban forest ecological network, which was “one ring, two networks, three four axes, and multi-point chessboard”. Such scheme would help strengthen the connectivity of various types of urban forests and exert overall ecological benefits of large-scale ecosystems.
    Distribution characteristic of soil organic carbon pool in the plow layer of sloping farmland with different cultivation years in black soil region
    ZHAI Guo-qing, LI Yong-jiang, HAN Ming-zhao, WANG En-heng
    2019, 30(12):  4127-4134.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.030
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    Tillage and erosion simultaneously cause soil movement from the top-slope position to the foot-slope position in a sloping farmland, with consequences on variation of soil organic carbon (SOC) content as well as its stability mechanism. To identify the accumulation-loss characteristics of organic carbon pool (OCP) of black soil under long-term cultivation, the distribution characteristics of different OCPs (free unprotected, physical protection, chemical protection, biochemical protection) of sloping farmland with different years of cultivation were quantified by Stewart physical-chemical fractionation method. The results showed that long-term cultivation and associated erosion resulted in significant accumulation of SOC in the foot-slope deposition area. The contents of four OCPs in the foot deposition area were significantly higher than those in top-slope eroded areas. SOC of sloping farmland was dominated by chemically protected carbon and biochemically protected carbon (>90%). Furthermore, the top-slope erosion areas and foot-slope deposition areas mainly accumulated chemically protected organic carbon (84.6%) and biochemically protected organic carbon (51.4%), respectively. With the increases of cultivation years, the accumulation rate of four OCPs increased with the stability degree of SOC, that is, biochemical protection carbon pool (48%) > chemical protection carbon pool (42.2%) > physical protection carbon pool (6.4%) > free unprotected carbon pool (3.4%). The proportion and accumulation rate of the free unprotected organic carbon pool were the smallest, but they were most sensitive to external interference. Thus, more attention should be paid to free unprotected organic carbon during the management of black soil.
    Effects of temperature and phosphorus application on wheat growth at seedling stage and phosphorus form in calcareous fluvo-aquic soil
    WANG Hai-long, ZHANG Min, LIU Zhi-guang, YU Xiao-jing, ZHAO Hong-meng
    2019, 30(12):  4135-4142.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.027
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    The effects of temperature and phosphate fertilizer application on wheat seedling growth and soil inorganic phosphorus transformation in calcareous fluvo-aquic soil were examined in a pot experiment. The results showed that temperature and phosphorus were important factors affecting wheat growth but without significant interaction. The effect of temperature on wheat growth was greater than that of phosphate fertilizer, and 15 ℃ was the suitable temperature for wheat seedling. Compared with the treatment without P application (-P) at 5 ℃, phosphate fertilizer treatment (+P) promoted the growth of wheat seedling. Shoot and root biomass increased by 18.2% and 33.3%, the accumulation of phosphorus in shoot and root were increased by 30.6% and 13.3%, and the root-shoot ratio, plant height, tillering number and root activity were increased by 3.5%, 10.0%, 10.5% and 70.3%, respectively. At 15 ℃, the effect of phosphorus fertilizer application did not affect wheat biomass and tiller, increased P accumulation in shoot and root of wheat by 32.3% and 23.8%, and increased the ratio of root to shoot, plant height and root activity by 15.6%, 2.5% and 32.8% respectively. There were no significant promoting effects on wheat growth between different phosphate applications at 25 ℃. At three temperatures, phosphate application significantly increased the contents of Olsen-P, Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P. When treated with -P and +P, temperature had no significant effect on Ca2-P content, but had significant effect on the Olsen-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P contents. The contents of Ca8-P and Fe-P were 5 ℃>15 ℃>25 ℃; Al-P content was 25 ℃>15 ℃>5 ℃. Wheat could absorb and utilize Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe-P at seedling stage. The availability of Al-P, Fe-P to wheat was significantly lower than that of Ca2-P, Ca8-P. There was no significant difference of soil pH, O-P and Ca10-P across all treatments. In conclusion, temperature mainly affected the absorption of phosphorus by affecting wheat growth, and the application of phosphorus fertilizer at low temperature could significantly promote the growth of wheat. High temperature could accelerate the fixation of available phosphorus in calcareous soil, a process could be alleviated by phosphorus application.
    Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope compositions of soil water in deep loess profile under different land use types of northern Shaanxi, China
    JI Wang-jia, HUANG Ya-nan, LI Bing-bing, LI Zhi
    2019, 30(12):  4143-4149.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.020
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    Investigation of stable isotope composition under different land use types is helpful for understanding soil water movement and hydrological effects of land use change. We collected soil samples in profiles > 15 m deep under four land use types (i.e. farmland, grassland, Salix cheilophila and Populus sp.) in the loess deposits of northern Shaanxi. We measured hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition of soil water to explore the mechanism of soil water movement and the impacts of land use types. The isotope compositions of soil water under four land use types were significantly different. The δD values of soil water under farmland, grassland, S. cheilophila and Populus sp. were -81.1‰--60.1‰, -91.2‰--61.0‰, -87.4‰--63.6‰ and -73.5‰--62.2‰, while the δ18O values were -11.2‰--7.6‰, -12.6‰--8.2‰, -11.5‰--8.1‰ and -9.9‰--7.7‰, respectively. The soil water stable isotopes fluctuated across the profiles. The soil water isotope compositions in the layers of 0-3 m changed sharply, with the δD values being -80.2‰--61.8‰, -75.9‰--65.5‰, -76.0‰--63.6‰ and -73.5‰--62.2‰, respectively. In the layers of 3-12 m, the isotope profiles of farmland and grassland were parabolic, whereas those of S. cheilophila and Populus sp. were relatively stable. Soil water isotope compositions in the layers deeper than 12 m were generally stable with the δD values of -80.8‰--71.5‰, -83.0‰--67.5‰, -87.4‰--76.0‰ and -67.5‰--64.3‰, respectively. Across the four land use types, soil water stable isotope compositions were not significantly different either in the shallow layers or in the deep soil layers, but their differences in the layers of 3-12 m were significant. Soil moisture was mainly recharged from precipitation with piston flow as the main form of soil water movement. Soil water under four land use types might be recharged by wet events of different intensities. Soil water under farmland and grassland could be recharged by wet events of small intensity, but that under S. cheilophila and Populus sp. may be mainly recharged by the rainstorm in summer and autumn.
    Effects of bundled straw mulching on water consumption characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat in rain-fed semiarid region
    CHANG Lei, HAN Fan-xiang, CHAI Yu-wei, BAO Zheng-yu, CHENG Hong-bo, HUANG Cai-xia, YANG De-long, CHAI Shou-xi
    2019, 30(12):  4150-4158.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.026
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    To explore a new technique of planting wheat with high yield and efficiency by mulching technology in rain-fed semiarid regions in Northwest China, a two-year fixed-site trail was conducted during 2013-2015. There were five mulching modes: (1) three sowing rows by bundled straw mul-ching with alternating 30-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt (SM1), (2) four sowing rows by bundled straw mulching with alternating 40-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt with (SM2), (3) five sowing rows by bundled straw mulching with alternating 50-cm-wide mulching belt and planting belt (SM3), (4) whole plastic film mulching with dibbling (PMF), (5) bare field planting without any mulching (CK). We examined the effects of different mulching modes on water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield of winter wheat in rain-fed region in Northwest China. The results showed that bundled straw mulching significantly increased soil water storage. Soil water storage with bundled straw mulching was remarkably higher than that with the whole plastic mul-ching with SM1＞SM2＞SM3. Soil water storage at 0-200 cm soil layer in flowering period was increased by 15.4%-20.8%,11.2%-14.7%and 10.1%-14.5% respectively over that in the bare field. Bundled straw mulching significantly increased water consumption during the whole growing period while reduced water consumption from sowing and flowering periods. Further, it increased water consumption from flowering to maturity periods and the ratio of water consumption during this period to the total water consumption during the whole growing periods. The results showed that mulching could increase the consumption ratio of deep water storage from the soil layer below 120 cm. Compared with CK, PMF and SM significantly increased grain yield and water use efficiency by 11.9%-19.5%, 26.9%-27.1%, respectively, and increased water use efficiency by 9.8%-13.9%, 18.4%-22.0% respectively. In all, bundled straw mulching could reduce water consumption ratio in the early growing periods, improve moisture condition, increase grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Therefore, we concluded that bundled straw mulching is an environment-friendly cultivation technology suitable for the winter wheat in semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China.
    Effects of the frequency and amount of drip irrigation on yield, tuber quality and water use efficiency of potato in sandy soil of Yulin, northern Shaanxi, China
    WANG Ying, ZHANG Fu-cang, WANG Hai-dong, BI Li-fei, CHENG Ming-hui, YAN Fu-lai, FAN Jun-liang, XIANG You-zhen
    2019, 30(12):  4159-4168.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.021
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    Reasonable irrigation is still lacking for potato production in the sandy areas of Yulin, northern Shaanxi Province. To solve this problem, field drip fertigation was conducted to examine the growth, yield and quality of potato during the whole growing season. We further analyzed the responses of these indices to different irrigation frequencies and amounts. There were three irrigation frequencies (d), i.e. 4 (D1), 8 (D2) and 10 (D3), and three irrigation amounts, i.e. 60%ETc (W1), 80%ETc(W2) and 100%ETc(W3), where ETc was the crop water requirement, resulting in a total of nine treatments. Under the same irrigation frequency, plant height, leaf area index, dry matter, tuber yield and economic benefits of W3 were higher than those of W1 and W2. W1 had the highest irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), while water use efficiency was not significantly affected by irrigation amount. The average tuber yield of W3 was 43442 kg·hm-2, which was 23.3% and 11.6% higher than that of W1 and W2, respectively. The net income of W3 was 23492 yuan·hm-2, which was 40.4% and 18.7% higher than that of W1 and W2, respectively. Tubers from W3 had the highest starch and vitamin C contents but the lowest reducing sugar content, which were 14.4%, 18.54 mg·(100 g)-1 FW and 0.7%, respectively. At the same irrigation amount, tuber yield, IWUE, starch and vitamin C contents of D1 were the highest, but the reducing sugar content was the lowest at the low and medium irrigation amounts. At the high irrigation amount, D2 had the highest tuber yield, IWUE, net income, starch and vitamin C contents but the lowest reducing sugar content, which were 46572 kg·hm-2, 23.04 kg·m-3, 26,622 yuan·hm-2,14.6%, 19.53 mg·(100 g)-1 FW and 0.7%, respectively. Based on the interacting effects of drip irrigation frequency and amount, both yield and quality of D2W3 reached the maximum. Results from the principal component analysis showed that D2W3 had the highest score. D2W3(8 d, 100%ETc) had the greatest yield and quality and relatively higher water use efficiency, which was thus considered as the optimal combination of drip irrigation frequency and amount. The results could provide a scientific basis for the drip irrigation scheduling design for high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality potato production in the sandy areas of Yulin, northern Shaanxi.
    Responses of cotton canopy structure characteristics to drip irrigation quota in north Xinjiang, China
    WANG Xiu-yuan, MA Hui, GAO Hong-yun, LI Nan-nan, LI Jun-hong, XIA Jun, LUO Hong-hai
    2019, 30(12):  4169-4176.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.023
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    We investigated the effects of different drip irrigation quotas on leaf area index (LAI), diffuse non-interceptance (DIFN), light interception rate (LIR), canopy apparent photosynthetic rate (CAP), and cotton yield of Xinluzao 45 in field of north Xinjiang. There were five drip irrigation treatments, i.e. W1: 600 m3·hm-2, W2: 540 m3·hm-2, W3: 480 m3·hm-2, W4: 420 m3·hm-2, W5: 360 m3·hm-2. The results showed that with the decrease in drip irrigation quota, LAI, LIR and CAP of cotton substantially decreased, with the difference between W1 and W2 being not statistically significant from the full squaring to boll opening stage. Moreover, DIFN was enhanced with the reduction in drip irrigation quota. Highest seed and lint yield (6549 kg·hm-2 and 2677 kg·hm-2, respectively) presented in W1. W2 got a 6.5% reduction of seed cotton yield compared with W1, but the irrigation water use efficiency was enhanced by 3.9%. LAI, LIR and CAP were positively correlated with seed cotton yield from full flowering stage to full boll stage. Therefore, drip irrigation quota at 540 m3·hm-2 could increase irrigation water use efficiency, maintain higher leaf area index, increase diffuse non-interceptance, and ensure light interception rate from full flowering stage to full boll stage, which could enhance canopy apparent photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency without sacrificing yield.
    Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer on spring maize yield and soil physicochemical properties under drip irrigation condition in Yellow River pumping irrigation area, Ningxia, China
    WU Peng-nian, WANG Yan-li, LI Pei-fu, WANG Xi-na, HOU Xian-qing
    2019, 30(12):  4177-4185.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.022
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    Soil compaction and nutrient deficiency are common problems in Ningxia Yellow River pumping irrigation area, which adversely affect crop yield. A two-year (2017-2018) field experiment of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer were designed. Four nitrogen application levels (pure N with 0, 150, 300 and 450 kg·hm-2) were set under the condition of full smashing of maize straw (12000 kg·hm-2) returning, with the conventional nitrogen application (pure N with 225 kg·hm-2) without straw returning as the control (CK) to investigate the effects of straw returning combined with different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on soil physical and chemical properties and maize yield under drip irrigation condition. The results showed that, compared with no-straw returning treatment, the treatments of straw returning combined nitrogen fertilizer with 300 and 450 kg·hm-2 reduced soil bulk density (0-20 cm) by 3.3% and 5.4%, but increased soil porosity by 3.7% and 7.1%, respectively. Straw returning combined with nitrogen with 300 kg·hm-2 and 450 kg·hm-2 was the best treatment which increased soil organic matter content, available K, P, alkaline N and total N in 0-40 cm soil layer. Compared with the non-returning treatment, straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer 300 kg·hm-2 significantly increased soil water storage by 13.6% and 22.1%, increased maize yield by 31.1% and 46.0 % in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The analysis of yield components showed that the high maize yield was achieved mainly by increasing grain number and the100-grain weight. Curve fitting showed that the optimum amount of nitrogen fertilizer was 260 kg·hm-2. Our results provide important basis for soil fertility improvement and sustainable production.
    Change of extreme chilling and its impact on winter planting in Guangdong Province, China
    WANG Hua, TANG Li-sheng, ZHANG Liu-hong, LI Cai-ling
    2019, 30(12):  4186-4194.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.019
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    Based on daily temperature data of 86 weather stations during winter producing season from 1961 to 2017 in Guangdong Province, the temporal and spatial distribution of extreme chilling was analyzed. The return periods of extreme chilling at county level were calculated with the theory of generalized extreme value distribution to provide technical support for extreme chilling risk assessment and early warning together with real-time meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation in winter planting areas. Results showed that there was a general downward trend of the extreme values of chilling accumulation in main winter planting zones. Zhanjiang and Meizhou had declined significantly since the mid-1980s, while Maoming, Shaoguan and Guangzhou had declined significantly since the 21st century. The extreme minimum temperature followed a curve trending generally downward first and upward later on, with a significant rising in Shaoguan from later 1980s while a descending in Guangzhou in the last five years. The order of the number of extreme value stations of chilling accumulation was 1970s > the 21st century > 1990s > 1960s > 1980s. The order of the number of stations of extreme minimum temperature was 1960s > 1990s > the 21st century > 1970s > 1980s. The theoretical forecast values of cold disaster of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 year return period showed obvious zonal distribution characteristics. The chilling accumulation diminished from the north to the south and the extreme minimum temperature was higher in the south and lower in the north, which was consistent with the distribution trend in the actual occurrence of cold damage. Typical cases showed more extended chilling return periods in the south than in the north. In Zhanjiang and Maoming, the main producing areas of winter crops in Guangdong Province, the return period of cold damage was long, the probability of extreme cold damage was small but the damage was heavy, and the area of winter crops was in the front rank, which should be paid attention. Our results could provide scientific reference for local government and relevant departments in Guangdong Province to guide winter planting and develop countermeasures against climate change.
    Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on aggregate stability of black soil
    JIN Wan-peng, FAN Hao-ming, LIU Bo, JIANG Yu-zhe, JIANG Yu, MA Ren-ming
    2019, 30(12):  4195-4201.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.025
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    The stability of 3-5 mm aggregates of black soil collected from Heilongjiang Province were analyzed by Le Bissonnais method under different freeze-thaw cycle treatments (0, 1, 3, 5 and 9). The aggregate porosity were measured by wax-coated method. The results showed that the contents of different size aggregates fluctuated with the freeze-thaw cycles, and the variation coefficient of aggregate content turned stable gradually. There were significant differences of the content of above 0.25 mm aggregate among the treatments of fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet stirring. Aggregate porosity increased with increasing freeze-thaw cycles, ranging from 32.4% to 41.4%. Low variation of aggregate contents occurred in different breakdown patterns with increasing freeze-thaw cycles. There was negative correlation between porosity and mean weight diameter, suggesting the aggregate porosity was important in the aggregate stability under freeze-thaw condition.
    Effects of spraying salicylic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate on physiological cha-racteristics and grain yield of single-season rice under high temperature condition
    YANG Jun, CAI Zhe, LIU Dan, HU Li-yue, QU Wen-bo, ZHANG Chong-hua, WANG Shang-ming, TIAN Jun
    2019, 30(12):  4202-4210.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.029
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    To explore new practical means of alleviating the negative effect of heat stress on rice plants during the heading-flowering stage, a field experiment was conducted in Ji’an, Yugan, and Nanchang counties of Jiangxi Province from 2017 to 2018 with three indica hybrid rice varieties. Under ambient high temperature condition during the heading-flowering period, we sprayed five concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) (SA1-SA5: 100, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 μmol·L-1) and five concentrations of KH2PO4 (K1-K5: 7.35, 14.70, 22.05, 29.40, 36.75 mmol·L-1) on the leave of rice, with deionized water as the control (CK), to mesure the physiological characteristics and grain yield. The results showed that compared to CK,plants treated with SA and KH2PO4 had higher chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, proline content, supero-xide dismutase activity, and peroxidase activity, but a lower malonaldehyde content, among which SA2 and K3 treatments performed the best. The treatments of SA2, SA3, K3, and K4 increased the number of grains per panicle, seed-setting rate, and grain yield, with the effects of SA2 and K3 treatments being significant. Compared to CK, the SA2 treatments enhanced the number of grains per panicle, seed-setting rate, and grain yield by 7.0%, 4.0%, and 11.9%, respectively; the K3 treatments enhanced the number of grains per panicle, seed-setting rate, and grain yield by 3.9%, 4.7%, and 6.6%, respectively. The optimal measure was spraying 500 μmol·L-1 SA or 22.05 mmol·L-1 KH2PO4, which could significantly increase grain yield of single-season rice under high temperature condition during the heading-flowering period.
    Effects of ozone stress on amylose content and starch RVA profile in grains located at diffe-rent positions on a panicle
    ZHANG Yan-liu, MU Hai-rong, SHAO Zai-sheng, WANG Yun-xia, JING Li-quan, WANG Yu-long, YANG Lian-xin
    2019, 30(12):  4211-4221.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.028
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    The increase of ground-level ozone concentration significantly reduces rice yield, but its effect on grain quality in association with the positions on a panicle was largely unknown. The effects of ozone stress on amylose content and RVA profile of rice grains located at different positions of panicles were studied by using a sunlit gas fumigation platform. Eight varieties representing different types of rice were fumigated under ambient (9 nL·L-1) or elevated ozone (100 nL·L-1) concentrations from transplanting until maturity. The results showed that elevated ozone treatment significantly reduced amylose content, maximum viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown and cold viscosity by 5.9%, 7.6%, 5.9%, 11.6%, 2.9%, respectively, but increased the setback and gelatinization temperature by 24.9% and 1.0%. There were significant differences among varieties for amylose content and all parameters in RVA profile. The grains located at different positions on a panicle differed in amylose content, maximum viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown and cold viscosity. The superior grains located at the upper part of a panicle had the highest value and the inferior grains located at the lower part of a panicle had the lowest value. However, the setback in RVA profile showed a different trend, with the superior grains having the lowest setback but inferior grains having the highest setback. In most cases, there were significant interactive effects of ozone by year or ozone by variety on amylose content and RVA profile. No significant ozone by grain position interaction on RVA profile was found, although the responses of superior grains to ozone stress was slightly smaller than those of inferior grains or grains located at the middle part of a panicle. The results demonstrated that ozone fumigation of 100 nL·L-1 during rice growing season deteriorated rice quality, with the magnitude of deterioration varying with growth seasons and varieties and little impacts of grain positions on a panicle.
    Potential distribution and suitability regionalization of kiwifruit canker disease in Sichuan Province, China
    WANG Ru-lin, GUO Xiang, LI Qing, WANG Ming-tian, YOU Chao
    2019, 30(12):  4222-4230.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.013
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    To detect the suitability of kiwifruit bacterial canker in Sichuan, a MaxEnt model based on distribution information and environmental variables was used to predict its potential distribution area and to analyze the impact of major environmental variables. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of the model simulation. The average area under curve of 10 replicates was 0.914, which indicated that the predictive results were reliable. The highly sui-table distribution areas of kiwifruit bacterial canker were Chengdu, Deyang, Mianyang, Guangyuan, Bazhong, Dazhou, and Ya’an. All the 21 cities of Sichuan were classified as moderately suitable areas. The main environmental factors affecting the potential distribution of kiwifruit bacterial canker as determined by Jackknife method were minimum temperature of coldest month (-6.8-7.5 ℃), mean temperature of warmest Quarter (15.6-32.3 ℃), mean temperature of driest quarter (-0.8-21 ℃), annual precipitation (709-950.9 mm), and standard variation of temperature seasonality (4.7-9.6 ℃). Our results are impotant for early monitoring, early warning, and developing control measures for kiwifruit bacterial canker.
    Effects of ant colonization on spatiotemporal variation of organic carbon mineralization in Xishuangbanna tropical forest soils
    CAO Qian-bin, WANG Shao-jun, REN Yu-lian, ZHANG Zhe, CHEN Min-kun, LI Shao-hui, CAO Run, WANG Ping, ZUO Qian-qian
    2019, 30(12):  4231-4239.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.034
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    Ants as ecosystem engineers can increase the input of soil organic matter, change soil physicochemical properties, and stimulate microbial activities through their colonization, thus affecting the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil organic carbon mineralization. We explored the spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon mineralization rates in ant nests and the adjacent soils in Syzygium oblatum community of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. We analyzed the association of the variation in carbon mineralization rates with soil physicochemical properties. We found that ant colonization had a significant effect on soil organic carbon mineralization. The mean carbon mineralization rate was 19.2% higher in nest soils than that in the surrounding soils. The monthly carbon mineralization rate in nest soils and the reference soils was ranked as June > September > March > December. The highest increase of carbon mineralization rate in ant nests was observed in 10-15 cm soil layer, while that in the reference soils was in 0-5 cm soil depth. Ant colonization had a significant effect on soil physicochemical properties. Compared with reference soils, soil temperature, soil water, soil organic carbon,soil microbial carbon, total nitrogen, hydrolytic nitrogen, nitrate, and ammonium increased by 7.6%, 5.4%, 9.9%, 14.8%, 13.4%, 9.9%, 24.1%, 6.6% and 19.4%, respectively. In contrast, soil bulk density and soil pH were decreased by 1.4% and 2.5%, respectively. Results from correlation coefficients and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that soil organic carbon and soil microbial carbon were the key factors controlling the mineralization of soil organic carbon, followed by total nitrogen, hydrolyzed nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, temperature, and soil moisture. We conclude that ant colonization mainly alter the substrate components (i.e., soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon) of soil organic carbon mineralization and thus affect its spatio-temporal dynamics in Xishuangbanna tropical forests.
    Composition and distribution characteristics of macroinvertebrates in subtidal zone of the main marine bays in Fujian Province, China
    WU Hai-yan, FU Shi-feng, CAI Xiao-qiong, CHEN Qing-hui
    2019, 30(12):  4240-4248.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.036
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    With data for distributions and diversities of macroinvertebrates from 12 main subtidal zones in the bays of Fujian on August 2010, we investigated species composition, biodiversity and community structure, as well as their relationships with environmental factors. The results showed that 382 macroinvertebrates were recorded, which included 170 annelids, 75 crustaceans, 78 mollusks, 19 echinodermata, and 40 other species. The species richness, individual abundance, biomass and biodiversity indices showed significantly spatial variability. The average of species richness was (55±21), with the highest (92) in Luoyuan Bay and the lowest species (25) in Jiuzhen Bay. Polychaetes was dominant species in each bay, with an average percentage of (51.8±5.5)%. Zhaoan Bay had the highest average individual abundance with (1330±1094) ind·m-2, followed by Fuqing Bay, Xiamen Bay and Meizhou Bay, while Quanzhou bay had the lowest. Xinghua Bay had the highest average biomass with (821.2±2387.7) g·m-2, followed by Fuqing Bay and Xiamen Bay. Both richness index and Shannon diversity were much higher in Luoyuan Bay, Meizhou Bay, Shenhu Bay, Xiamen Bay and Dongshan Bay, and their values were low in Fuqing Bay and Jiuzhen Bay. The mean value for d and H across all bays was (0.80±0.09) and (2.73±0.64), respectively. The macroinvertebrates of the study area were divided into 14 groups using a criterion of 20% similarity. The stations in Luoyuan Bay had the highest similarity and the lowest spatial variability, and followed by Sansha Bay, Fuqing Bay, Shenhu Bay and Zhaoan Bay. The higher variability of community composition was found among the stations for the rest bays. On the basis of Spearman correlations among species richness, biodiversity indices and environmental factors, as well as PCA analy-sis, Cu in the sediment, water depth, and dissolved inorganic phosphorus in bottom water were the main factors driving the spatial variability of composition and distribution of macroinvertebrates in the study area.
    Niche and interspecific association of major nekton in the sea area to the east of the Nanji Islands
    DAI Dong-xu, YU Cun-gen, LIU Hui, YAN Wen-chao, SUN Bei-bei, JIAN Kang-kang, XIN Yi, ZHANG Wen-jun
    2019, 30(12):  4249-4258.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.033
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    According to the fishery resources investigation data in the east of the Nanji Islands during autumn in 2017 and spring in 2018, the inter-specific relationships and ecological relationships between major nekton were analyzed via the index of relative importance, niche breadth, cluster analysis, niche overlap, χ2-test, variance ratio test, association coefficient, percentage of co-occurrence, and point correlation coefficients. The results showed that there were 30 major nekton species in this area. The dominant species were Harpadon nehereus, Portunus trituberculatus, and Oratosquilla oratoria. The niche width of these dominant species was relatively wide. Based on the cluster analysis of niche breadth, the 30 major nekton species could be divided into three categories, wide niche breadth species, moderate niche breath species, and narrow niche breath species. The distribution range of niche overlap value was [0, 0.98], indicating that there were differences in the similarity of species to resource utilization and that the niche was differentiated and accompanied by inter-specific competition. The values of VR and W showed that there was a significant positive correlation among the major nekton species. The χ2-test results indicated significantly interspecific association for 76 species pair (χ2≥3.841), which was related to community stability and species coexistence. Results of association coefficient, percentage of co-occurrence and point correlation coefficients test suggested that the interspecific association was strong and tended to be positive.
    Beak morphological growth characteristic of Gonatopsis borealis in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean
    NING Xin, LU Hua-jie, ZHANG Xu, REN Pin, LIU Kai, CHEN Zi-yue, CHEN Xin-jun
    2019, 30(12):  4259-4266.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.037
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    Beak is one of the most hard tissues in cephalopods, which is important in the study of fishery ecology. We analyzed the morphological growth characteristics of 268 beaks of Gonatopsis borealis collected in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from September to November of 2018 by Chinese jigging fishing fleets. Results from the principal component analysis showed that the upper hood length (UHL), upper crest length (UCL), upper rostrum length (URL), lower hood length (LHL), lower crest length (LCL) and lower rostrum length (LRL) could be used as the morphological characteristic parameters to study the morphological growth of beak. Results from the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that there was no significant difference both in the relationships between the morphological characteristic parameters versus mantle length (ML) or body weight (BW) for males and females. The relationships between ML and UHL, LHL were best described by power functions but by logarithm function for UCL, URL, LCL, and linear function for LRL respectively. The relationships between BW and UHL, UCL, URL, LCL, LRL were best described by logarithm functions but power function for LHL based on the result of the Akaike’s information criterion. The results of growth models for the morphological parameters in this study provided scientific basis for the stock assessment in further research.
    Seasonal variation of microflora in Sinonovacula constricta and its aquacultural pond based on high-throughput sequencing
    WANG Xin-yi, XIE Xiao, JIN Shan, ZHU Jun-quan, ZHAO Qing-song, ZHOU Su-ming
    2019, 30(12):  4267-4276.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.032
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    In order to explore the seasonal changes of the bacterial community structure and the interaction of environmental factors in Sinonovacula constricta ponds, we used high throughput sequencing technology to examine the bacteria of water, sediment, and viscera. The results showed that microflora structure of water samples in winter was significantly different from that in spring, summer and autumn, while there was no significant difference in bacterial community structure of sediment and viscera in different seasons. There was no significant difference of Shannon diversity index in water across different seasons. The Shannon diversity index of sediment and viscera was the lowest in summer and the highest in winter. At the phylum level, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Tenericutes were the most predominant bacteria in water, sediment, and viscera, respectively. At the genus level, NS3a_marine_group was predominant in winter water, and Synechococcus in the other three seasons. By contrast, dominant bacteria in sediments were norank_f_Anaerolineacea and Nitrospira, and Mycoplasma and Arcobacter were the most abundant bacterial genera in viscera. Synechococcus had a positive correlation with water temperature, COD, PO4--P, NH4+-N, pH, and transparency. The norank_f_Anaerolineacea was positively correlated with water temperature, COD, and TP. Mycoplasma was positively correlated with water temperature, PO4--P, NH4+-N, pH, and transparency. Our results suggest that there were significant differences in the composition and diversity of microflora of S. constricta and ponds in different seasons. Bacteria in water was obviously affected by various environmental factors, especially water temperature and the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus.
    Utilization and growth response of Chrysosporum ovalisporum to different phosphorus compounds
    SHANG Guang-xia, WANG Zhen-fang, YIN Si-cheng, WANG Li-qing, ZHANG Rui-lei, ZHANG Wei
    2019, 30(12):  4277-4285.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.2019120.038
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    To explore the ability of bloom-forming cyanobacterium Chrysosporum ovalisporum to utilize different kinds of phosphorus compounds in the water column, we examined the growth response of C. ovalisporum in the laboratory by taking dipotassium hydrogen phosphate as the control and set different treatments of phosphorus substrates. The results showed that C. ovalisporum could utilize sodium tripolyphosphate and terasodium pyrophosphate decahydrate, with better utilization of sodium tripolyphosphate. After 15 days, it had the highest biomass and chlorophyll a concentrations under the treatment of sodium tripolyphosphate, with a value of (426.96±47.42) mg·L-1 and (1852.34±116.60) μg·L-1, respectively. Compared with the control, there was no significant difference in biomass of C. ovalisporum under both the (2-aminoethyl)-phosphonic acid and disodium β-glycerol phosphate pentahydrate treatments. The change characteristics of dissolved inorganic phosphate were related to the alkaline phosphatase activity, indicating that C. ovalisporum was able to utilize these two organophosphorus compounds via enzyme hydrolysis. The concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphate reached 0 mg·L-1 during the whole experiment when the C. ovalisporum were fed with glyphosate. Biomass, specific growth rate, chlorophyll a concentration and photosynthetic activity of algal cells were significantly lower than those of the control, indicating that C. ova-lisporum could not uptake phosphorus compounds in the glyphosate substrate and thus their growth being inhibited. Our results present new insights to understand the diffusion mechanism of C. ovalisporum into different aquatic ecosystems and had theoretical reference value for the prevention and control of new cyanobacterial blooms.
    Dynamic evaluation and driving forces of ecosystem services in Quanzhou bay estuary wetland, China
    YOU Hui-ming, HAN Jian-liang, PAN De-zhuo, XIE Hui-cheng, LE Tong-chao, MA Jian-bin, HUANG Si-zhong, TAN Fang-lin
    2019, 30(12):  4286-4292.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.040
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    Ecosystem service value (ESV) in 1997, 2005, 2013 and 2015 of Quanzhou Bay estuary wetland was evaluated dynamicly by market value, alternative value and opportunity cost methods, combined with classification of service indicators and deduplicate computing. The main driving forces for the changes of ESV and the pathway and intensity of their actions were identified using stepwise regression and path analysis methods. The results showed that the main ecosystem services of Quanzhou Bay estuary wetland were flood regulation, climate regulation, and food supply, which were directly driven by water supply, mariculture carrying capacity, and gross value of the regional production. Other drivers exerted indirect effect on the changes of main ESVs.
    Scenario simulation of ecosystem service trade-offs in bay cities: A case study in Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
    DU Yong, SHUI Wei, SUN Xiao-rui, YANG Hai-feng, ZHENG Jia-yu
    2019, 30(12):  4293-4302.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.014
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    Bay cities have abundant land-sea resources and higher environmental carrying capacity. The high density of population and industry surrounding the bay makes bay cities a type of ecologically fragile areas. With Quanzhou, a typical bay city, as an example, we simulated the land use and landscape pattern change in 2030 based on multiple data sources (land use data, meteorological site data, topographic data and statistical data) using Logistic-CA-Markov coupling model to set natural scenarios, planning scenarios and protection scenarios. Four key ecosystem service (ES) including water retention, soil conservation, carbon sequestration (NPP), food supply and their trade-offs were calculated and predicted. Under the three scenarios, the area of cultivated land and construction land in Quanzhou City would increase in 2030. Forest land, grassland and water area would be reduced in varying degrees. The fragmentation of land use would be serious. In comparison with 2015, except for soil conservation service, water retention, carbon sequestrtion and food supply of Quanzhou City would decline to varying degrees in 2030. Ecosystem service function in natural scenario would be more decreased, with the decline under the protection scenario being lower than the planning scenario. In the protection and planning scenarios, the synergy between water conservation and soil conservation, water conservation and carbon sequestrtion, soil conservation and carbon sequestrtion in 2030 would be enhanced and the trade-offs would be weakened.
    Coupling between ecological environment vulnerability and multidimensional poverty: An empirical analysis from 1586 poverty-stricken villages in Hechi City, Guangxi, Southwest China
    LI Xiang, QI Wen-ping, TAN Chang, WANG Bai-xue, WANG Yan-hui
    2019, 30(12):  4303-4312.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.011
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    Examining the interaction mechanism between ecological environment and regional poverty at fine scale is an important prerequisite and guarantee for sustainable development of resources, environment and social economy from the combined perspectives of precise poverty alleviation and rural revitalization. We established the evaluation models of ecological vulnerability, multidimensional poverty, and the coupling coordination degree model, beased on which we systematically and comprehensively revealed the interaction between ecological environment and multidimensional poverty. The test results from 1586 administrative villages showed that the higher-vulnerability area of ecological environment was mainly distributed in the southeast region. Multidimensional poverty was increasing from northwest to southeast, with a spatial distribution pattern of “overall dispersion, local aggregation”. In the coordinated development zone, ecological environment vulnerability and multidimensional poverty was positively correlated. In the disordered declining zone, the degree of coupling between ecological environment vulnerability and multidimensional poverty was lower, wth significantly negative correlation, indicating that the improvement of ecological environment quality and the development of multidimensional poverty reduction were asynchronous. There was a close and complex relationship between eco-environmental vulnerability and multidimensional poverty. Therefore, during poverty alleviation and development, we should pay more attention to environmental protection to prevent the poverty-stricken areas falling into the trap of ecological poverty.
    Analysis on the coordinated development of ecology-economy-society in coal resource cities: A case study of Huainan, China
    ZHANG Qi, ZHENG Liu-gen, LIU Hui, CHENG Hua
    2019, 30(12):  4313-4322.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.012
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    We constructed a multi-dimensional indicator system of “economic-social-ecological” with Huainan City, a typical coal resource-based city, as an example. The development of the system from 2002 to 2016 was examined by entropy weight method, coupled coordination development model and grey correlation coefficient. The coordinated development of multi-dimensional relationship in Huainan City was analyzed from a macro perspective. The results showed that the ecological subsystem had the largest weight, whose development level being U-shaped as a whole, first decreasing and then increasing, with significant impact on the comprehensive development level. The ternary coupling system was generally on the rise, with low absolute level of coupling. With the increases of ecosystem pressure, it would restrict the economic and social development and counteracted the coordinated development level. Economic development and economic vitality had a positive impact on social and ecological development, while social development had a greater impact on ecological subsystems. The improvement of environmental status had a supporting effect on economic and social development. In the transformation process of Huainan, it should maintain stable and rapid economic development, increase investment in social development and environmental pollution control, as well as pay attention to ecological support capacity to avoid restricting social and economic development.
    Reviews
    Effects of changes in water status on soil microbes and their response mechanism: A review
    ZHU Yi-zu, LI Ya-ying, HAN Ji-gang, YAO Huai-ying
    2019, 30(12):  4323-4332.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.031
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    Soil microbes play essential roles in maintaining terrestrial ecosystem services. Soil moisture is a primary determinant of soil microbial activities and ecosystem functions, which may fluctuate dramatically with the altered precipitation patterns and extreme drought caused by the ongoing global climate change. Due to the distinct soil microbial tolerance and life-strategy approaches to drought stress and different water status, fluctuation of soil moisture has a direct impact on microbial activities and community structure, thereby profoundly affecting microbial-mediated processes and ecosystem functions. Thus, it is of great significance to understand the dynamics and mechanisms that underlie the microbial responses to soil water status. In this review, we summarized recent progress in the study of responses of soil microbial activities (e.g. soil respiration and enzyme activities) and community structure to soil water status. We summarized underlying microbial physiological and ecological mechanisms, particularly 1) the cellular physiological accommodation such as osmolyte accumulation, exopolysaccharide production and transition into dormant states, and 2) the ecological strategies such as stress-resistant gene transfer and functional redundancy. Therefore, this investigation on the underlying relationship between soil microbial assembly and ecosystem functions under different water status could further demonstrate the microbially-mediated soil biogeochemical processes and provide a theoretical basis for future research and modelling of terrestrial ecosystem responses to climate change.
    Stomatal regulation of plants in response to drought stress
    LUO Dan-dan, WANG Chuan-kuan, JIN Ying
    2019, 30(12):  4333-4343.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.004
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    The regulation on carbon acquisition and water loss plays a critical role in plant growth and survival. Stomata are important portals for plants to control the exchanges of carbon and water between leaves and the atmosphere. Therefore, understanding stomatal control mechanisms and modelling stomatal conductivity are indispensable to accurately simulate carbon and water cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. As global climate change is accelerating in recent years, drought events have become more and more frequent and thus profoundly affect the survival, growth and distribution of plants. In order to deeply understand the underlying mechanism of carbon-water coupling of plants and predict the dynamics of plants and communities under global changes, it is crucial to explore responses of stomatal regulation of plants to drought stress. In this review, we synthesized recent research progress on mechanisms and modeling of plant stomatal regulation under drought stress. First, this review described the active and passive regulation of plant stomatal control in response to drought stress, and discussed the evolution of plant stomatal regulation, including the passive hydraulic regulation of ferns and lycophytes, the active regulation of angiosperms, and the dual-control mechanism of gymnosperms that was proposed as an important transitional type during evolution from ferns to angiosperms. Then, we analyzed the relationship between stomatal and hydraulic regulations, and discussed the debates on the decoupling of plant water potential from stomatal conductivity. The application of stomatal-conductivity optimization models was introduced based on the water use efficiency hypothesis and the maximum carbon gain hypothesis. The model based on the latter had a greater potential of prediction and practical application. Finally, we proposed two issues that should be urgently addressed: 1) to scale up the research of plant stomatal regulation from leaf or individual to ecosystem or even larger scales so as to improve the mechanistic models of carbon and water cycling in terrestrial ecosystems; and 2) to quantify the hydroactive feedback processes of plant stomatal regulation so as to modify current hydraulics models of plant stomatal function.
    Behavioral and physiological ecology of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): A review
    LIU Zi-jun, XU Liu-xiong, ZHU Guo-ping
    2019, 30(12):  4344-4352.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.010
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    Behavioral and physiological ecology are two important research aspects of ecological field. Related studies help us better understand the marine animal’s habit and adaptability to environment. Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba, thereafter krill) is a key-stone species in the Southern Ocean. Understanding its behavioral and physiological ecology can understand the ability of marine organisms such as krill to cope with extreme environment. We summarized the typical ecological characteristics of krill from both aspects of behavioral ecology and physiological ecology. Behavioral ecology included its swarming (size and behavior) and swimming (angle, beat of pleopod), while physiological ecology included respiration, excretion, metabolism, molting and growth. Generally, the studies on behavioral and physiological ecology of krill were very limited, and many studies were based on land-based krill aquarium. In view of the large difference between land-based aquarium and natural environment of krill, it’s extremely urgent to develop the in-situ experimental ecology of krill in the sea.
    Research progress on three-dimensional pattern in landscape ecology
    ZHANG Chu-yi, HU Yuan-man, LIU Miao, LI Chun-lin
    2019, 30(12):  4353-4360.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.018
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    The close interactions between abiotic and biotic components create a variety of three-dimensional (3-D) landscape patterns. Landscape ecology, as a discipline of studying patterns and ecological processes, has made rapid progress in the exploration of 3-D space with the improvement of data acquirement ability, such as lidar technology. The real surface landscape can be described considering 3-D data, which improves the consistency between landscape indices and ecological process, and has overcome the shortage of ecological meanings of traditional researches. However, the lack of universality of methods and conclusions still exist due to different study backgrounds. The sensitivities of research results will increase with the expansion from two-dimensional to 3-D scale because of the increasing data quantity and accuracy. How to select and process the suitable scaled data to get more scientific conclusions need to be discussed in the future. The integration of multi-scale, multi-source and a long time series data will be the study trend with data acquisition becoming more convenient. In addition to the dynamic monitoring and prediction studies, the sustainable and ecological restoration application combined with landscape planning and design will be an important research direction.
    Forest fire management in the United States
    GUO Xin-bin, ZHENG Wen-xia, ZENG Ai-cong, MA Yuan-fan, GUO Lin-fei, GUO Fu-tao
    2019, 30(12):  4361-4368.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201912.005
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    With the intensification of climate change and human activities, megafires frequently occur, with serious impacts on ecosystems, atmospheric environment, and human health. The United States has accumulated a large amount of practical experience in forest fire management. A comprehensive review of the framework of forest fire management in the United States can provide an inspiring reference for forest fire prevention in China. Starting from the process of historical evolution of forest fire policy, we systematically introduced the four stages of policy evolution and the characteristics of each stage in the US. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis of forest fire management situation in the US from four aspects was conducted, including the management of combustible fuels, administrative responsibility, fire suppression and forest fire management research support. We summarized relevant literature and proposed improvement strategies for future combustibles management, policy politics and fire fighting in the United States. Through the comprehensive analysis of forest fire management in the United States, we put forward some inspiring opinions on forest fire management in China to promote the establishment of a sound forest fire management system with Chinese characteristics.