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Table of Content

    18 February 2006, Volume 17 Issue 02
    Articles
    Distribution pattern and dynamics of Alnus nepalensis and Litsea glutinosa populations in Nomascus concolor habitat
    TIAN Changcheng1,2;ZHOU Shoubiao1;JIANG Xuelong2
    2006, 17(02):  167-170 . 
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    Alnus nepalensis and Litsea glutinosa are the two common trees in the habitats of black-crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in Wuliang Mountain of Yunnan Province.With the nearest neighbor method and Heygi’scompetition index model for individual tree,this paper analyzed the distribution patterns of the two populations and their competition.The results showed that A.nepalensis had a random distribution at its different growth phases,while L.glutinosa,the companion species of A.nepalensis,exhibited the trend of random distribution-clumped distribution-regular distribution.Interspecific competition and biological characters had significant effects on the distribution patterns of A.nepalensis and L.glutinosa.Regression age structure was observed in A.nepalensis population,while increasing age structure presented in L.glutinosa population.
    Physioecological characteristics of walnut under different soil water conditions
    FAN Jinshuan1;CHEN Yuanguo2;ZHAO Pengxiang1
    2006, 17(02):  171-176 . 
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    The study with completely randomized design on Loess Plateau showed that soil water storage,water consumption,and water profit and loss had apositive correlation with the amount of irrigation.Managed with light,moderate and excessive pruning,soil water storage was increased by 0.2%,0.5% and 0.9%,soil water consumption was reduced by 0.5%,2.0% and 2.5%,while soil water profit and loss was increased by 150%,190% and 210%,respectively.Under treatments with irrigation,covering with grass,mulching with plastic film,and pruning,soil water storage was increased by 4.4%,1.2%,1.6% and 0.5%,respectively.Irrigation,moderate pruning,covering with grass,and mulching with plastic film could increase leaf water potential and the angle between little leaf and stem,and excessive pruning could increase the chlorophyll content at most extent (0.27 mg·dm-2).The angle between little leaf and stem had a positive correlation with leaf water potential,which could be a reliable,direct and punctual index in evaluating the water condition of walnut and soil,and applied extensively in practice.
    Critical tidal level for planting Kandelia candel seedlings in Xiamen
    CHEN Luzhen1,2;YANG Zhiwei1,2;WANG Wenqin1,2;LIN Peng1,2
    2006, 17(02):  177-181 . 
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    Plantable tidal flat is one of the most important factors affecting the survival rate of mangroves seedlings in forestation.In this paper,an experiment was conducted in the tidal zones of Umbrette Natural Reserve in the Dayu Island of Xiamen in May 2003 to investigate the critical tidal level for Kandelia candel forestation.The results showed that the tidal level of 0.99 m above the zero tidal level of the Huang Ocean was not suitable for planting K.candel seedlings,because the waterlogging time at this tidal level was longer than 8 h per-tide-cycle,and the survival rate was lower than 50%.At 1.62 m above the zero tidal level of Huang Ocean,K.candel seedlings had the best growth and the highest photosynthetic assimilation,with a survival rate of 90%.At 1.31 m above the zero tidal level of Huang Ocean,K.candel seedlings could still grow well.It could be concluded that the tidal level of 1.62 m was optimal for planting K.candel seedlings,and the critical tidal level of K.candel seedlings in the coastal areas of Xiamen was not lower than 1.31 m above the zero tidal level of Huang Ocean,where the waterlogging time was not longer than 5.6 h per-tide-cycle.
    Dynamics of Sophora davidii population in a hilly region closed for thirty years in Loess Plateau
    ZHANG Wenhui1,2;XU Xuehua1;LI Dengwu1;LIU Guobin2
    2006, 17(02):  182-186 . 
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    Taking wild grass ground as the reference,this paper studied the dynamics of Sophora davidii population on the sunny,semi-sunny and semi-shady slopes of hilly region in Loess Plateau after 30 years closed for reforestation,and analyzed the age structure,spatial distribution pattern,life table,and survival curve of the population.The results showed that S.dvidii population in the region belonged to progressive type,with more young and less old individuals.Among the three habits,semi-sunny slope had the highest population density.The survival curve of S.dvidii population was approached to DeeveyⅡtype.The population pattern was of clustered distribution,with the aggregating intensity increased with age.Water and light were the main environmental factors affecting the recovery and development of S.davidii community.The better recovery of S.davidii population suggested that the measures of closing the land for reforestation were efficient.
    Water regulation characteristics and stress resistance of Caragana opulens population in different habitats of Inner Mongolia plateau
    MA Chengcang1,2,3;GAO Yubao2;LI Qingfang1;GUO Hongyu2;ZHANG Jialiang2;SHI Yanwei2
    2006, 17(02):  187-191 . 
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    This paper studied the water regulation characteristics and stress resistance of Caragana opulens population in Helinger (semi-arid area) and Alashan (intensively arid area),aimed to understand the adaptation mechanisms of this population to arid environment.The results showed that compared with Helinger population,Alashan population had a higher content of osmotic adjustment substances in leaf cells,which resulted in a lower osmotic potential,and thus,stronger osmotic adjustment ability.The leaf water and free water contents of Alashan population were lower than those of Helinger population,while the bound water content and the ratio of bound water to free water of the former were higher than those of the latter.The leaf water potential of Alashan population was lower than that of Helinger population.Alashan population had a lower stomatal conductance than Helinger population,indicating that the former had stronger water adjustment ability.The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of Alashan population was higher than that of Helinger population,while the permeability of plasma membrane and the super-oxygen free radicals content of Alashan population were lower than those of Helinger population.It was suggested that Alashan population had a stronger ability in removing free radicals,and a higher stability of plasma membrane. C.opulens could adapt to arid environment through effective water adjustment and strong stress resistance.
    Species diversity of bryophytes in West Tianmu Mountain of Zhejiang Province
    LI Fenxia1;WANG Youfang1;LIU Li1;YANG Shuzhen2
    2006, 17(02):  192-196 . 
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    In this paper,an investigation was made on the bryophytes at different altitudes of West Tianmu Mountain,with their species composition,similarity,and α- and β-diversities.The results showed that at altitude 1 100 m,the bryophytes under deciduous broad-leaved forest had the highest species number and richness,and the highest similarity with the bryophytes under deciduous broad-leaved shrub at 1 300 m.The β diversity index at altitude 800~1 100 m was the largest,suggesting an obvious change and alternation of bryophyte species there.At altitude 1 100 m,the species diversity of bryophytes was the highest,where should be the key area for bryophyte diversity conservation in West Tianmu Mountain.
    Pollen assemblage and palaeo-vegetation of Late Holocene fen in Dunhua of Jilin Province
    ZHAO Hongyan1,2;ZHOU Daowei1
    2006, 17(02):  197-200 . 
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    Based on the study of pollen,stratum and 14C dating of Daqiao fen in Dunhua of Jilin Province,four pollen zones were distinguished, i.e.,Pinus-Picea-Abies assemblage (2 195±70~2 045±70 B.P.),Carex-Pinus-Betula-Corylus-Juglans assemblage (2 045±70~1 745±70 B.P.),Pinus-Corylus-Carpinus-Carex-Ranunculus assemblage (1 745±70~705±70 B.P.),and Pinus-Picea-Abies-Betula-Carex assemblage (705±70~1 950 AD).The vegetation changed from coniferous forest (similar to the vegetation currently found over 1 100 m a.s.l.in this area),through conifer-broad-leaved mixed forest (similar to the vegetation currently found between 400~600 m a.s.l.) and conifer-broad-leaved mixed forest (similar to the vegetation currently found between 600~800 m a.s.l.),to conifer-broad-leaved mixed forest (similar to the vegetation currently found between 800~ 1 100 m a.s.l.).Accordingly,Daqiao fen underwent the periods of gestation,fast development,expansion,and dieing out.
    Inhibitory effect of pyrazole compound DL-1 on soil nitrification:A preliminary study
    SUN Zhimei1,2;LIANG Wenju1;WU Zhijie1;ZUO Xiujin3;SHI Yunfeng1,2
    2006, 17(02):  201-204 . 
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    The study with soil incubation test under constant temperature and humidity showed that compared with DCD,DL-1 could significantly inhibit the oxidation of soil ammonium.In the first 3 weeks of incubation,DL-1 had an inhibitory effect of >70% on soil nitrification,with the best effect during 14~28 d of incubation.On the 14,21,and 28 d of incubation,DL-1with its dosage being 1.0 % of (NH4)2SO4-N decreased the soil NO3--N content by 26.23%,33.27% and 23.31%,respectively,compared with the same dosage of DCD,and by 71.12%,69.10% and 55.14%,respectively,compared with no inhibitors applied.When the dosage of DL-1 accounted for 2.0% of applied N,soil nitrification was strongly inhibited,and soil NO3--N content remained at a lower level till to the end (90 d) of incubation.
    An on-the-spot sampling and survey method for soil nutrient cycling study
    HUANG Min1,2;SU Yirong1;HUANG Daoyou1;WU Jinshui1,3;HUANG Qiaoyun2
    2006, 17(02):  205-209 . 
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    In this paper,an on-the-spot sampling and survey method for studying the soil nutrient cycling in a regional scale was discussed,with considering the principles of representation,reproducibility,randomness and timeliness.Firstly,some representative sampling areas in a definite region should be selected,based on the relevant hypsographic maps and airscapes.During the course of sampling soil and plant,a field survey related to the sampling sites should be carried out to understand the natural affecting factors on the soil nutrient cycling in a regional agro-ecosystem scale.Moreover,the farmers’ basic status,crop production,and applied amount of fertilizers and their allotment should be also investigated.A case study of nutrient cycling in subtropical regions of China was carried out to approach the application of the method in the study of soil nutrient cycling in some regions.
    Dynamics of soluble sugar and endogenous hormone contents in several steppe grass species during their germination period in spring
    HUANG Ding; WANG Kun
    2006, 17(02):  210-214 . 
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    he study on the dynamics of soluble sugar and endogenous hormone contents in steppe grass species Elymus sibiricus,E.rectisetus,Leymus chinensis,L.racemosu and Stipa krylovii during their germination period in spring showed that high content GA and low content ABA played an important role for L.chinensis and L.racemosus germination,and the abundant soluble sugar storage in root made the rhizome grasses germinate earlier and grow stronger.The dynamics of ribosylzeatin was similar with that of soluble sugar in root,i.e.,declined in early germination period,reached the lowest by the end of April,and ascended then,while the IAA and GA contents had a similar variation trend with the soluble sugar content in bud,i.e.,all ascended gradually.There was a significant difference in the contents of GA,ABA and soluble sugar between rhizome grasses L.chinensis and L.racemosus and fibrous-root grasses E.sibiricus and E.rectisetus.
    LIU Xingyuan1,2;CHEN Quangong1;LIANG Tiangang1;GUO Zhenggang1;Chai Qi1
    2006, 17(02):  215-220 . 
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    Biomass structure and nitrogen and phosphorus contents of Calamagrostis angustifolia opulations in different communities of Sanjiang Plain
    SUN Zhigao1,2;LIU Jingshuang1;WANG Jinda1;QIN Shengjin1
    2006, 17(02):  221-228 . 
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    Calamagrostis angustifolia is the dominant species in the typical meadow and marsh meadow communities of Sanjiang Plain.The study on its biomass structure and the N and P contents in its different organs showed that the biomass of different C.angustifolia organs in the two types of wetland communities was distinctly different,which could be described by Y=A+B1t+B2t2+B3t3.The biomass of aboveground part and each organ presented single peak changing,with the maximum value of the latter occurred 15 d after.The F/C values were all less than 1,which was bigger in typical meadow than in marsh meadow.The total N and P contents in different organs of aboveground part all descended linearly in growth season,with the order of leaf>vagina>stem.The total N content in the roots of two C.angustifolia types was consistent,while that of total P was quite different.The contents of total N,NH4+-N and NO3--N,especially of NH4+-N and NO3--N,varied widely in different organs,with NH4+-N/NO3--N>1.Root was the important storage of N and P,but the storage of N and P in stem,leaf and vagina fluctuated greatly.The N/P ratios of two C.angustifolia types were all less than 14,which implied that N might be the limiting nutrient of C.angustifolia,and the limitation degree was higher in typical meadow than in marsh meadow.
    Allelopathy of invasive weeds:A simulation study with cellular automata model
    LIU Yinghu;XIE Li;LUO Shiming;CHEN Shi;ZENG Rensen
    2006, 17(02):  229-232 . 
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    Cellular automata model is a simulation approach to describe the complicate behavior of a system,and suitable to study the spatial and temporal dynamics of plant community.In this paper,the model was used to simulate the different sensitivity toall invasion process of an allelochemicalscontaining exotic species to the community of two native species with different sensitivity to allelochemicals,and the spatial and temporal dynamics of native and invasive species.The simulation was conducted by biological response and negative exponential distribution models,and the results showed that exotic species could successfully invade the community of two native species with different sensitivity to allelochemicals,but only coexist with one sensitive and one resistant species.The resistance of plant community to invasive weeds depended on its species function structure.
    Emergy analysis of mulberry-silkworm ecosystem in China
    CHEN Mingang;JIN Peihua;HUANG Lingxia;LU Xingmeng
    2006, 17(02):  233-236 . 
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    Mulberry-silkworm ecosystem is one of the important agro-ecosystems in China.Based on the principles and methods of emergy analysis,this paper studied the interior structure of mulberry-silkworm ecosystem and its relationship with exterior environment and economy.Some emergy indices for this ecosystem were quantitatively calculated,and compared with those of the agro-ecosystem in China.The results showed that the emergy investment ratio,emergy yield ratio,environmental loading ratio and emergy sustainability index was 3.78,4.68,0.18 and 26.0,respectively,suggesting the low environmental pressure and good ecological benefit in mulberrysilkworm ecosystem in China.Hi-technology was required to further decrease the labor force input and enhance the comprehensive utilization of sericultural resources.
    Emergy value evaluation on rice-duck organic farming mode
    XI Yunguan1,2;QIN Pei1
    2006, 17(02):  237-242 . 
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    Employing emergy value evaluation method,this paper compared the ecological and economic benefits of rice-duck organic farming system (modeⅠ) and conventional rice-wheat rotation system (modeⅡ) in Shanghai suburb.The results showed that modeⅠhad better emergy benefits,higher self-organizing ability and sustainability,and higher product safety.The net emergy yield ratio (EYR),feedback ratio of yield emergy (FYE ),and emergy sustainable index (ESI) of modeⅠwere respectively 1.57,14.1,and 8.71 times as much as those of modeⅡ,and the emergy index of product safety (EIPS) was 0 in modeⅠbut -0.66 in modeⅡ.The emergy investment ratio (EIR) and environmental loading ratio (ELR) of modeⅠwere 40.1% and 18.3% of modeⅡ,respectively,suggesting that modeⅠhad less environmental pressure than modeⅡ.ModeⅠhad lower economic benefits than modeⅡ.The economic output,gross income,and net income of modeⅠwere 15.7%,9.6%,and 29.6% less than those of modeⅡ,respectively.As for Em$,the output,gross income,and net income of modeⅠwere respectively 50%,102.6%,and 136.4% higher than those of modeⅡ.With the system optimization and the development of organic food market,modeⅠhad the potential to improve its economic benefits.
    Effects of straw mulching and irrigation on solar energy utilization efficiency of winter wheat farmland
    LI Quanqi;CHEN Yuhai;WU Wei;YU Shunzhang;ZHOU Xunbo;DONG Qingyu;YU Songlie
    2006, 17(02):  243-246 . 
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    The study showed that straw mulching decreased the basic seedlings and tillers of winter wheat and the leaf area index (LAI) at earlier growth stage,but increased the LAI at latter growth stage.Straw mulching and irrigation reduced the transmittance and reflectance of PAR,resulting in the increase of PAR capture ratio mainly at the height of 40~60 cm.The solar energy utilization ratio of grain was decreased by straw mulching,while that of stem and leaf was increased.The total solar energy utilization efficiency of winter wheat could also be increased by straw mulching.
    Effects of nitrification inhibitors on nitrate content in soil and pakchoi and on pakchoi yield
    YU Guanghui1,2;ZHANG Yangzhu1;WAN Dajuan2
    2006, 17(02):  247-250 . 
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    A field experiment was conducted on two soil types in the Changsha suburb of Hunan Province to study the effects of hydroquinone (HQ),dicyandiamide (DCD) and thiourea (TU) on the nitrate content in soil and pakchoi and on the yield of pakchoi.The results showed that all the test nitrification inhibitors could significantly decrease the nitrate content in soil and pakchoi during whole growth stage,among which,DCD had the best effect,but the effect was differed on different soil types.Nitrification inhibitors could increase pakchoi yield,DCD was also the best one,and the effect was significantly better on vegetable garden red soil than on vegetable garden alluvial soil.The nitrate content in soil and pakchoi was the highest about 40 days after pakchoi transplanting.
    Effects of potassium application rate and its supplemental proportion on dry matter accumulation and potassium absorption of flue-cured tobacco
    ZHONG Xiaolan1;ZHANG Deyuan2;ZHOU Shenglu1;HE Kuanxin3
    2006, 17(02):  251-255 . 
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    A field trial with fluecured tobacco conducted on a red paddy soil showed that the dry matter accumulation in the tobacco reached a peak in 50~60 days after transplanting,but was lower within 30 days or over 80 days after transplanting.The dry matter accumulation was increased with increasing K application rate and its supplemental proportion.The K content in the tobacco got its peak in 30~50 days after transplanting,and then went down,with the K content at maturing stage being as half as that in the peak period.The K content of the tobacco in each growth stage was obviously higher with 315 kg·hm-2 K application than with 225 kg·hm-2 K application.At maturing stage,the dry matter and K contents in the tobacco decreased with 225 kg·hm-2 K application,but increased with 315 kg·hm-2 K application,and the K content was higher with 70% K supplemental proportion than with 50% and 30% K supplemental proportion.
    Effects of bagging on pigment,sugar and endogenous hormone contents of Cara Cara orange flesh
    WANG Guiyuan1,2;XIA Renxue1;ZENG Xiangguo1;HU Liming1
    2006, 17(02):  256-260 . 
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    This paper studied the effects of bagging during the period from young fruit formation to fruit coloration on the contents of pigment,sugar and endogenous hormone in Cara Cara orange flesh.The results showed that bagging could significantly increase the lycopene and betacarotene contents of matured fruit,but didn’t have any effects on its GA and ABA contents.The GA content decreased rapidly during fruit-expanding period,and maintained at a lower level in the period from fruit coloration to maturing.The ABA content reached the maximum when the bag was removed,decreased rapidly then,and there was a small peak before fruit maturation.Glucose and fructose contents were decreased,while sucrose content was increased significantly.No significant change was observed in total sugar content.
    Behaviors of Propylaea japonica in searching and preying cotton aphid Aphis gossypii in the cotton plant
    ZHU Sanrong1,2;GAO Feng1;LIU Xianghui1;KANG Le1;GE Feng1
    2006, 17(02):  261-264 . 
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    The study showed that the searching activity of P.japonica on cotton aphid Aphis gossypii decreased gradually with decreasing aphid density.When enough A.gossypii existed, P.japonica had a preferential searching and preying activity on the top of cotton plant.There was no significant difference in the preying activity of P.japonica at different positions of cotton plant,while the searching activity of the ladybird beetle was significantly lower on cotton M9101 than on cotton Zhongmian 13.The preying behavior of P.japonica was significantly correlated with the density and distribution of A.gossypii.
    Community diversity of butterfly in Houhe National Nature Reserve
    ZHA Yuping1,2;LUO Qigui1;WANG Guoxiu1;WU Shaobin1;HUANG Daqian3;DENG Changsheng3;WEI Quan3
    2006, 17(02):  265-268 . 
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    In 2003~2004,a field investigation was made on the composition of butterfly community in the Houhe National Nature Reserve of Hubei Province,and the diversity,evenness and dominance of the community on the levels of family,genus and species in spring,summer and autumn were studied by the method of α-diversity.The results showed that the species richness,diversity,and dominance indices were the highest in summer,while the evenness index was the highest in spring.Nymphalidae was the highest in richness at the level of families,with the value of 32.
    Avian diversity in Wuhu City in summer and winter
    LI Yongmin;WU Xiaobing
    2006, 17(02):  269-274 . 
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    From May 2004 to February 2005,an investigation was made on the avian communities in four typical habitats,i.e.,village and farmland,urban woodlot,floodplain,and riverine wetland in Wuhu City,with the related diversity indices analyzed.A total of 117 species belonging to 15 orders and 31 families was recorded.The avian species and G-F index in village and farmland,urban woodlot,and floodplain were higher in summer than in winter,while the species number,ShannonWiener index and Pielou index in riverine wetland were significantly higher in winter than in summer.The avian species and G-F index in urban woodlot were the highest,and the Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou index in floodplain were higher than those in other three habitats.The highest density was observed in village and farmland in summer and in urban woodlot in winter,being 31.1140 and 42.9160 ind·hm-2,respectively.The avian species,density,Shannon-Wiener index and G-F index in riverine wetland were the lowest.Avian diversity could be enhanced by increasing spatial heterogeneity and reducing human disturbance.
    Modeling of Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedral virus epidemic at different temperatures
    JIANG Jiexian1,2;JI Xiangyun1,2;ZENG Aiping3;CHEN Xiaoqin2
    2006, 17(02):  275-279 . 
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    The study on the nuclear polyhedral virus epidemic of Spodoptera litura under effects of temperature showed that at above 29 ℃,S.litura larvae started to die 2~3 d after virus-inoculation,and reached the peak 4~5 d after the inoculation.The mortality and death velocity of virusinfected host larvae were increased with increasing incubation temperature.No thermo-inhibition temperature for the virus was observed in the test temperature range,while there existed a constant temperature range,i.e.,29~35 ℃,for the highest mortality of infected host larvae.Complementary log-log regression model could well simulate the daily distribution of host larvae mortality,and the cumulative disease death time could be described by Gompertz model.The revised biophysical model could well simulate the relationship between S.litura larvae mortality and temperature,and be applied to virus epidemic forecasting.
    Predation of Typhlodromus bambusae Ehara on Schizotetranychus bambsae
    LIU Huai;ZHAO Zhimo;WANG Jinjun;WU Shiyuan
    2006, 17(02):  280-284 . 
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    The simulation study under laboratory condition showed that the functional responses of Typhlodromus bambuse to Schizotetranychus bambuse at different development stages could be expressed by the curve of Holling Type Ⅱ.The number of prey consumed by predator quickly increased with initial prey density,but soon leveled off.At 25±0.5 ℃,the handling time (Th) of T.bambuse to S.bambusae at the stages of egg,larva,protonymph,deurtonymph and female was in order of egg(Q) of T.bambusae to S.bambusae egg,larva,protonymph,deurtonymph and female adult was 1.47,1.34,1.16,0.90 and 0.15,respectively.The numerical response of T.bambusae to S.bambusae revealed that the fecundity of the Phytoseiidae mite was significantly affected by the prey density.When the ratio of predator to prey was 1:1~9,the daily oviposition of the predator varied from 0.5 to 2.0 eggs per female,which was increased with increasing prey density,while if the ratio was 1:15 or more,the daily oviposition decreased to about 1.8 eggs per female,which was probably due to the interference of high prey density to predation.
    Relationships between soil microbial ecological characteristics and physical-chemical properties of vegetable garden soil
    LI Ning1;LI Huaxing1;ZHU Fengjiao2;LIU Yuanjin1;KUANG Peirui2
    2006, 17(02):  285-290 . 
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    The study on the 64 vegetable garden soil samples in the Baiyuan District of Guangzhou City showed that there were significantly positive correlations of soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) with soil total N,alkali-hydrolygable N,available K,cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic matter (OM),of soil microbial biomass nitrogen (Nmic) with soil total N,total P,CEC and OM,of soil basal respiration (SBR) with soil total N,alkali-hydrolygable N,available K,CEC and OM,of AWCD with soil total N and OM,and of Shannon diversity index with soil total N and CEC.Low alkali-hydrolygable N increased Cmic,SBR,and metabolic quotient (qCO2),while high alkali-hydrolygable N decreased qCO2.High available P decreased Cmic,Nmic and microbial quotient,and a high ratio of available P to alkali-hydrolygable N was related to the decrease of Cmic,Nmic,Cmic/Nmic and SBR.It was suggested that there were significant correlations between soil microbial ecological characteristics and physico-chemical properties,and excessive available nutrients or inappropriate ratios of alkali-hydrolygable N to available P in soil were harmful to soil microbes.
    Effects of selective extraction on microorganisms on biomembrane in natural water body
    LI Yu1,2;CHEN Jiejiang1;MA Haiyan1;HUA Xiuyi1;DONG Deming1;GUO Shuhai2
    2006, 17(02):  291-294 . 
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    By the methods of direct viable count and plate count,this paper studied the effects of different selective extractants on the bacteria,algae and protozoan on the biomembrane in natural water body.The results indicated that the stronger the extraction ability of selective extractant,the fewer the living microorganisms on the biomembrane after extraction.Compared with the control,the percentages of living microorganisms on the biomembrane were 27.6,14.1 and 0.01,respectively,after extracted by hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.01 mol·L-1 NH2OH·HCl+0.01 mol·L-1 HNO3),sodium dithionite (0.4 mol·L-1 Na2S2O4,pH 6.0),and acidified ammonium oxalate.Very few bacteria was left after extracted by nitric acid (15% HNO3),and no microorganisms could be detected after extracted by H2O2/HNO3,suggesting that the use of selective extractants affected the activity of biomembrane.With the decreasing amount of microorganisms on the biomembrane after treated with selective extractants,the adsorption of heavy metals by the biomembrane was gradually depressed.
    Effects of vegetation coverage on spatial distribution of soil nematode trophic groups
    HUA Jianfeng1,2;JIANG Yong1;LIANG Wenju1
    2006, 17(02):  295-299 . 
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    By the methods of classic statistics and geostatistics,this paper examined the spatial variability of soil nematodes and their trophic groups in bare and fallow plots at Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The results showed that soil pH had a negative effect on the plant-parasitic nematodes in both bare and fallow plots.The total number of soil nematodes was significantly higher in fallow than in bare plot,being 1 485.3 and 464.0 individuals per 100 g dry soil,respectively.The nugget (C0)/sill (C0+C) ratio of total nematodes,plant-parasites and bacterivores were lower in fallow plot (27.3%~45.6%) than in bare plot (49.5%~100%).There was a significant difference in the spatial distribution of total nematodes and trophic groups between fallow and bare plots,indicating that vegetation coverage had an obvious effect on soil nematodes.
    Effects of lead stress on anti-oxidative enzyme activities and isoenzymes in cucumber seedlings
    LIU Suchun1;XIAO Langtao1;LIAO Bohan1;LU Xudong1,2;KUANG Fengchun1;ZHAO Wenkui1;TONG Jianhua1
    2006, 17(02):  300-304 . 
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    With hydroponics and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE),this paper studied the effects of lead stress on the activities of peroxidase (POD),superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT),and their isoenzymic band numbers in cucumber seedlings.The results showed that the isoenzymic bands and expression quantity of POD decreased gradually with increasing lead concentration.The SOD activity increased with increasing lead concentration within the range of 0~500 mg Pb·L-1,reached the maximum at 7th day,and then decreased rapidly,being lower than the control of the same period.Under the concentration of 900 mg Pb·L-1,the SOD activity decreased with time.The isoenzymic bands and expression quantity of SOD were negatively related to lead concentration.No significant change was observed in the isoenzymic bands of CAT,but a significant difference was found in the expression quantity of CAT isoenzymes.
    Isolation and determination of silverresistant bacteria plasmids
    LI Junmin;JIN Zexin
    2006, 17(02):  305-308 . 
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    Through the enrichment of the active mud obtained from three chemical plants and the domestication with different concentration Ag+ solution,thirty bacteria strains with silver (Ag+)resistance were isolated,among which,the highest Ag+-resistant concentration was 80 mg·ml-1.The plasmids in these bacteria were extracted,with the detection rate of 76.67%.The elimination rate of the plasmid in HAg4 bacteria was 98.75% by 40 mmol·L-1 sodium benzoate,and 77.78% by 350 μg·ml-1 acridine orange.It was suggested that the Ag+ -resistance of bacteria was highly correlated with their plasmids.
    Heavy metals accumulation in macrobenthos in intertidal flat of Yangtze Estuary
    BI Chunjuan1;CHEN Zhenlou1;XU Shiyuan1;LI Lina1;CHEN Xiaofeng2
    2006, 17(02):  309-314 . 
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    In April,July and November 2002 and April 2003,a quadrat investigation of macrobenthos was conducted at four sampling profiles in the intertidal flat of Yangtze Estuary.The concentrations of Cu,Pb,Fe,Mn,Zn and Cr in several high biomass macrobenthos were determined,their absorbed amounts per square meter were calculated,and the biological quality of Corbicula fluminea and Siliqua minima was evaluated.The results showed that C.fluminea was widespread in the intertidal,especially in the low tidal flat of Yangtze Estuary,and heavy metals were mainly concentrated in its soft tissues.C.fluminea could selectively absorb Cu,leading to the little variation of Cu concentration in the tissues of C.fluminea sampled from different coastal region.Mollusks Rissoina sp.and Bullacta exarata,and all crustaceans could markedly accumulate Cu in their bodies,and the BSAF value reached 2.97~7.97.The mollusks and crustaceans had the greatest absorption of Fe per square meter,followed by Mn,Zn and Cu,and Pb and Cr.The amount of Cu,Pb,Fe and Cr absorbed by B.exarata larva from per square meter intertidal flat was obviously higher than that by other macrobenthos,while the absorbed amount of Mn and Zn in B.exarata larva was less than that in C.fluminea collected from XuPu.The concentrations of Pb and Cr in the soft tissues of C.fluminea and S.minima were relatively lower in the intertidal flat of Yangtze Estuary than in other coastal and estuarine areas,and those of Cu and Zn were also low but at appreciable level.Compared to the criterion for marine biological quality in China,the edible soft tissue of Corbicula fluminea and S. minima in the tidal flat of Yangtze Estuary was relatively safe for human beings.
    Adaptability of Litopenaeus vannamei to saline-alkali water in west Jilin Province
    YANG Fuyi1;LI Xiujun1;SUN Limin2;YANG Xinqiao3
    2006, 17(02):  315-319 . 
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    By supplementing natural saline-alkali water into desalinated prawncultivating pond,this paper studied the survival ability of Litopenaeus vannamei under saline-alkali water environment.The results showed that the survival duration of untamed juvenile shrimp was more than 96 hours at the alkalinity of saline-alkali water from 5.15 to 19.24 mmol·L-1,and less than 0.75 hours at the alkalinity from 23.41 to 38.78 mmol·L-1.The survival duration of tamed juvenile shrimp was more than 24 hours at the alkalinity from 5.15 to 38.78 mmol·L-1.The upper limit of alkalinity adapted by untamed juvenile shrimp was about 10 mmol·L-1,and the adaptability to the increasing disparity in alkalinity was under 8 mmol·L-1.The adaptability of juvenile shrimp could be increased by the increase of tamed standard,and that of tamed juvenile shrimp to the alkalinity of 30 mmol·L-1 was from 2 to 4 mmol·L-1 and from 3 to 25 mmol·L-1 for the alkalinity disparity increase and decrease,respectively.Litopenaeus vannamei could be cultivated in the saline-alkali water with an alkalinity of 32 mmol·L-1 in west Jilin Province.
    Behaviors of maricultured hybrid sturgeon
    WU Changwen1;JIANG Chengguo2;CHEN Guoye2
    2006, 17(02):  320-324 . 
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    The study on the behaviors of hybrid sturgeon under mariculture conditions showed that hybrid sturgeon had a stronger endurance to the exposure in air,with 100% and 74.1% of livability after 1 h and 3 h exposure,respectively.The feeding habit of hybrid sturgeon could be domesticated,i.e.,all kinds of vegetal proteinic food could be used as feedstuff.Hybrid sturgeon also had a strong hunger resistance.An obvious ingestion rhythm was observed,with two peaks in the morning and evening when breeding in cement pool,and during slack tide and tidal stand when breeding in deep water cage.At the two peaks,the ingestion exceeded 50% of that in the whole day.The hybrid sturgeon in cement pool had the habit of hiding during the day and coming out at night,while that in deep water cage stayed at the base in riptide and swam in slack tide.Hybrid sturgeon had a weaker resistance to riptide and wave than American red snapper,but a stronger resistance than yellow croaker.Hybrid sturgeon could quickly adapt the surroundings,and be a good species to mariculture in deep water cage.The appropriate size of hybrid sturgeon bred in deep water cage should be about 400 g.
    Research advances in phytoremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
    LIU Yayun1,2;CHEN Guizhu1
    2006, 17(02):  325-330 . 
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    This paper reviewed the research advance in PCBs phytoremediation,with the focus on the roles and mechanisms of plants in the removal of PCBs from the environment.In the process of PCBs removal,plants acted not only as a supporter of biodegradation,but also as an active participator in metabolism.Plants could absorb and accumulate PCBs from the environment,and store the non-toxic metabolic products in their tissues.Root exudates could degrade PCBs directly by the contained ectoenzymes,or indirectly through stimulating the activity of rhizospheric microbes.The internal and external factors affecting the phytoremediation of PCBs,including plant species,their culture types and biomass,as well as the initial concentration of PCBs and their physical and chemical characters,were also discussed.
    An approach to the establishment of remediation standards for contaminated soils
    CHAO Lei1,2;ZHOU Qixing1,3;CHEN Su1,2
    2006, 17(02):  331-334 . 
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    With the rapid development of remediation technology for contaminated soils in China,remediation standard has become a bottleneck in judging the effects of this technology.In this paper,some suggestions on the establishment of remediation standards for contaminated soils,e.g.,choice of contaminants,methods of detection,classification of contaminated soils,protection of groundwater,and assessment of toxicological risks were put forward,based on the analysis of the disadvantages of Soil Environmental Quality Standard.
    Seed germination characteristics of parasitic plant and its host recognition mechanisms
    SONG Wenjian;JIN Zonglai;CAO Dongdong;TANG Guixiang;ZHOU Weijun
    2006, 17(02):  335-339 . 
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    Parasitic plants are widely distributed in various ecological environments,with different growth habits and host recognition mechanisms.This paper discussed the distinctive seed germination characteristics of root parasitic plants such as Orobanche and Striga,summarized the signals for parasitic seed germination discovered up to now,and reviewed the effects of various germination signals,plant hormones and several fungal metabolites on the host recognition of parasitic plants,as well as the respiration characteristics during the conditioning,and the activating mechanism of the signals for parasitic seed germination.The induction of various differentiated calli in different Orobanche species,and the establishment of novel in vitro aseptic infection system and its application in the host recognition of parasitic plants were also discussed,with the present problems in researching the recognition mechanisms between parasitic plants and hosts put forward,and the further work prospected.
    Research advances in behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimpⅡ.Effects of environmental factors on behavior of penaeid shrimps
    ZHANG Peidong1;ZHANG Xiumei1;LI Jian2
    2006, 17(02):  340-344 . 
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    Animal has an extrinsic response to the changes of internal and external environments.To ensure the stabilization of internal environment,animal should adjust its behavior to conform the changes of external environmental factors.This paper reviewed the research advances at home and abroad on the effects of environmental factors on the behavior of penaeid shrimps,with the focus on the effects of light,current and tide,dissolved oxygen,substrate,and water temperature on the feeding,locomotion,spawning,moulting,burrowing and emergence of penaeid shrimps.The behavioral adjustment of penaeid shrimps to the changes of environmental factors was also summarized.The existing problems and future research directions in the behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimps,e.g.,the relationships between penaeid shrimps behavior and disease spread,effects of penaeid shrimps behavior on aquaculture ecosystem,and effects of environmental factors on penaeid shrimps behavior in intensive and high-density culture,were put forward.
    Application of biogas fermentation residue in Ziziphus jujuba cultivation
    YU Fangbo;GUAN Xiaojin;ZHAO Ziru;ZHANG Mingxing;GUO Peng;PAN Jijie;LI Shunpeng
    2006, 17(02):  345-347 . 
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    With field experiment,this paper studied the effects of applying biogas fermentation residue (dregs and slurry) on jujube growth,its fruit quality,and soil fertility.The results showed that biogas fermentation residue could enhance the disease-resistance of jujube plant and its fruit,and improve fruit quality and soil fertility.Compared with applying chemical fertilizers (the control),biogas fermentation residue increased the contents of jujube fruit coarse fiber,vitamin C,amino acids,Fe and P by 27.69%,24.85%,19.81%,10.89% and 5.26%,and of soil organic carbon,total nitrogen and mineral nitrogen by 42.65%,37.61% and 35.26%,respectively.The soil pH was decreased from 8.75 to 8.21.Biogas fermentation residue could also increase the amount of soil microorganisms.The microbial biomass-C and biomass-N were 59.44% and 56.06% higher than the control,respectively.It was suggested that biogas fermentation residue application could bring better economic and environmental benefits for Z.jujuba cultivation,and also,provide a new approach for no-pollution production of jujube.
    Chemical forms of cadmium in industrial contaminated soil and its phytoremediation
    TIE Mei1,2;LIANG Yanqiu2;ZANG Shuliang1;PAN Wei1;SUN Tiebiao1;LI Huawei3
    2006, 17(02):  348-350 . 
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    The study showed that the adsorbed cadmium in soil could be dissolved in water,and the lower the soil pH,the higher and stronger the dissolving rate and mobility,and the more uptake by crops.The water-soluble,exchangeable and complexed cadmium contents in the contaminated soil were lower when the soil was chemically neutral,with the values being 0.68%,12.70% and 12.40%,respectively,while the insoluble (granulated) cadmium content was 74.40%.Radish caudex in the contaminated soil could absorb cadmium,and be considered as the hyperaccumulator of soil cadmium.
    Biological characteristics of Metarhizium anisopliae var.major and its virulence to white grubs
    LIN Huafeng;LI Shiguang;ZHANG Lei;WANG Pingli;ZHOU Yiwen
    2006, 17(02):  351-353 . 
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    With Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae var.anisopliae as the reference,this paper studied the biological characteristics and invading ability of Metarhizium anisopliae var.major,a new variety separated from white grubs.The results showed that the optimal culture condition of M.anisopliae var.major was similar with that of other entomopathogenic species,and the optimal temperature was 25 ℃.Among the three test media,PPDA was the most appropriate one,followed by SDAY and Czapek.M.anisopliaevar.major had a stronger virulence than B.brongniartii at lower temperature,with an accumulative mortality of white grubs being 88.23% and 76.47%,respectively,after treated with soil and through spraying,suggesting that M.anisopliae var.major had a good prospect to widely apply in field.
    Effects of spring wheat varieties on growth,development and fecundity of Sitobion avenae (F.) (Homoptera:Aphididae)
    YU Yang;PANG Baoping;GAO Shujing;XIA Cunying
    2006, 17(02):  354-356 . 
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    Effects of seven varieties of spring wheat on the population parameters of Sitobion avenae (F.) were investigated at 25 ℃ in the laboratory.The results indicated that there were significant differences in the developmental duration,mortality of nymph aphids,the longevity and fecundity of adults.The adults had shorter longevity and poorer fecundity when reared with the leaves of higher resistant wheat varieties.The level of wheat resistance was in order of Liaochun 10>02C-MB>Xinchun 6>Bafeng 1>Yongliang 4>Neimai 19>Menghua 1 using the intrinsic rate of increase(rm) as an index of wheat antibiosis to aphids,which was correspondent well with that in fields.