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    15 April 2021, Volume 32 Issue 4
    Opinion of the Editor in Chief
    Technical approach and strategic plan for large-scale ecological and environmental gover-nance and national ecological security pattern construction.
    YU Gui-rui, YANG Meng, CHEN Zhi, ZHANG Lei-ming
    2021, 32(4):  1141-1153.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202102.040
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    Terrestrial ecosystems are the core components of the biosphere, supporting human life, production and social and economic activities. With the development of human civilization and the progress of science and technology, the continued expanding resources utilization in terms of scale and intensity has caused environmental problems, including global climate change, biodiversity loss, environmental pollution, resource depletion and ecosystem degradation, which threaten the sustainable development of our society. The public expects ecological research providing scientific theories and systematic solutions for the utilization and protection of ecosystems at the continental and global scale, and the maintenance of sustainable development of human society as well. This study aimed to serve the ecological civilization construction in China, ecological security pattern construction, regional ecological and environmental governance, and the development of macrosystem ecology. We reviewed the effectiveness and experience of regional ecological and environmental governance in China, analyzed the scientific requirements and the characteristics of the times of China’s eco-civilization construction towards large-scale ecological research, and proposed using a new philosophy, i.e., nature-based macroecosystem approach, to improve the ecological and environmental governance and ecological security pattern construction at the regional scale. Based on the above-mentioned expounding, we discussed the strategic plan, technical approaches and technological support system of large-scale ecological security pattern construction and ecological and environmental governance in China. This review could provide theoretical references for safe, healthy and beautiful land spatial construction and the progress of eco-civilization of China.
    Original Articles
    Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption and stoichiometric characteristics of different tree species in a mid-subtropical common-garden, China.
    ZHANG Yao-yi, NI Xiang-yin, YANG Jing, TAN Si-yi, LIAO Shu, WU Fu-zhong
    2021, 32(4):  1154-1162.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.003
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    To understand the nutrient use strategies of 11 tree species in a subtropical common-garden, we measured the specific leaf area, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption and stoichiometric characteristics of leaves in August 2019. The results showed that the specific leaf area, N and P concentrations in mature and senescent leaves of evergreen broadleaved (Lindera communis, Cinnamomum camphora, Schima superba, Castanopsis carlesii, Michelia macclurei and Elaeocarpus decipiens) and coniferous species (Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana) were lower than those of deciduous broadleaved species (Liquidambar formosana, Sapindus mukorossi and Liriodendron chinense). In contrast, C:N and C:P in mature leaves of evergreen broadleaved and coniferous species were significantly higher than those of deciduous broadleaved species. Except for C. carlesii, the N:P of all the species were lower than 14. Compared with other tree species, N and P resorption efficiencies of S. mukorossi were higher than 50% based on both mass and leaf area. Although P resorption efficiency of P. massoniana, C. lanceolata and C. camphora were higher than 50%, N and P resorption efficiency of M. macclurei were the lowest with only 15%-30%. In addition, specific leaf area of mature leaves was significantly positively correlated with N and P concentrations, but negatively correlated with C:N and C:P. In the common-garden, evergreen broadleaved species such as C. carlesii and L. communis, and coniferous species such as P. massoniana might belong to the slow investment species with lower specific leaf area, N and P concentrations, displaying relatively efficient in N and P resorption and utilization in comparison with other species. In contrast, deciduous broadleaved species such as S. mukoraiensis might be the fast investment species with low N and P use efficiency. Interestingly, tree species being restricted by N availability did not exhibit higher N resorption efficiency in the common-garden. Similarly, C. carlesii, the only P-restricted species here, did not exhibit higher P resorption efficiency. Our results provided scientific support for afforestation practice in the mid-subtropics.
    Carbon balance in an interplanting Pinus massoniana stand in subtropical eroded red soil region, China.
    CHENG Fen-sheng, YOU Long-hui, YE Gong-fu, YOU Hui-ming, NIE Sen, LIN Wen-quan
    2021, 32(4):  1163-1174.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.001
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    We measured the annual net biomass growth, carbon content of each component and soil heterotrophic respiration in four low-efficiency interplanting patterns, i.e., Pinus massoniana stands interplanting Myrica rubra, Sapindus mukurossi, Camellia oleifera and Gardenia jasminoides in Changting County, Fujian Province, with the aim to analyze the effects of interplanting patterns on carbon storage pattern and carbon balance of low-efficiency P. massoniana stand. The ranges of carbon content in different organs of M. rubra, S. mukurossi, C. oleifera, G. jasminoides and P. massoniana were 41.1%-50.1%, 42.2%-50.6%, 45.1%-48.9%, 44.7%-49.6% and 46.1%-51.9%, respectively. Carbon content of the same organ significantly differed among tree species. The pattern of P. massoniana interplanting M. rubra and S. mukurossi had the highest carbon stock and annual net carbon increase reserves, with values of 67.62-68.42 t·hm-2 and 9.21-9.45 t·hm-2·a-1, respectively. Followed by the lower pattern of C. oleifera, G. jasminoides, with values of 31.96-36.24 t·hm-2 and 4.09-4.16 t·hm-2·a-1, respectively. The P. massoniana pure forest was the lowest, with values of 17.01 t·hm-2 and 2.00 t·hm-2·a-1, respectively. Annual flux of soil heterotrophic respiration was following the order of P. massoniana interplanting M. rubra pattern (7.41 t·hm-2·a-1) > P. massoniana interplanting C. oleifera pattern (5.89 t·hm-2·a-1)> P. massoniana interplanting S. mukurossi pattern (5.86 t·hm-2·a-1) > P. massoniana interplanting G. jasminoides pattern (4.95 t·hm-2·a-1) > P. massoniana pure forest (2.45 t·hm-2·a-1). Annual net ecosystem carbon balance of P. massoniana interplanting M. rubra and S. mukurossi patterns were 2.04 and 3.27 t C·hm-2·a-1, showing a “carbon sink” pattern. The net carbon balance in the patterns of P. massoniana interplanting C. oleifera and G. jasminoides along with P. massoniana pure forest were -1.80, -0.80 and -0.45 t C·hm-2·a-1, which expressed a “carbon source” pattern. In the short-term, interplanting with M. rubra or S. mukurossi could improve the carbon income of the low-efficiency P. massoniana stand ecosystem.
    Spatial distribution of carbon storage in natural secondary forest based on geographically weighted regression expansion model.
    CHEN Ke-yi, ZHANG Hui-ru, ZHANG Bo, HE You-jun
    2021, 32(4):  1175-1183.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.002
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    To accurately assess carbon storage and its spatial distribution in natural secondary forest at the regional scale, we constructed seven expansion models by modifying the geographically weighted regression (GWR) in aspects of spatial dimension, parameter heterogeneity and residual spatial autocorrelation, based on data collected from 165 bureau level permanent plots in Langxi Forest Farm of Wangqing Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province. Stand factor, topography factor, and soil factor were selected as the influencing factors. The expansion models included geographically and altitudinal weighted regression (GAWR), semiparametric geographically weighted regression (SGWR), semiparametric geographically and altitudinal weighted regression (SGAWR), geographically weighted regression Kriging (GWRK), geographically and altitudinal weighted regression Kriging (GAWRK), semiparametric geographically weighted regression Kriging (SGWRK), and semiparametric geographically and altitudinal weighted regression Kriging (SGAWRK). Coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error (MSE) and Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) were used to evaluate the fitness of these models. Finally, the spatial distribution diagram of forest carbon storage was drawn with the fitting results of the optimal regression model, and the distribution pattern of forest carbon storage in the research area was analyzed. The stand factor and topographic factor had strong influence on carbon storage of natural secondary forests, among which the average diameter at breast height (DBH) of stands was the dominant variable. There was positive correlation between stand factor and topographic factor. SGWR and SGAWR model could reduce the spatial autocorrelation of the GWR model residual. The geographically regression expansion model could improve the fitting effect of GWR model. Among them, the SGWRK model had the highest R2 and the lowest MSE and AIC. The method with altitude as the spatial weight did not effectively improve the fitting effect of the model. The total forest carbon storage of Langxi Forest Farm was 205×104 t, and the carbon density ranged from 8.56 to 145.74 t·hm-2, with a mean value of 57.98 t·hm-2. Overall, the distribution pattern of carbon storage was high in the northwest and low in the southeast, while high in the edge and low in the interior. By improving the parameter heterogeneity and residual spatial autocorrelation in the GWR model, we can accurately assess the spatial relationship between forest carbon storage and relevant variables in the study area, and improve the estimation accuracy of the forest carbon storage and its spatial distribution at the regional scale.
    Effects of P fertilizer on female strobilus and needle N and P nutrition of Pinus massoniana clones with different fruiting abilities.
    ZHENG Yi, ZHANG Zhen, FAN Jin-gen, TONG Qing-yuan, CHEN Sheng-long, XU Zhi-qi, ZHOU Zhi-chun
    2021, 32(4):  1184-1192.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.004
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    In order to realize precise fertilization and high yield management of Pinus massoniana clonal seed orchard, clones with different fruiting abilities were used as the materials. Four P fertilization levels were at 0, 400, 800 and 1600 g per plant (P0, P4, P8 and P16 respectively). Fertilization was applied before floral primordia formation and after cone picked, respectively. The effects of P fertilizer on the female strobilus of P. massoniana clones and the changes of N, P contents in needles of different positions during floral primordia formation stage and early stage of flower bud differentiation were investigated. The results showed that compared with P0, the female strobilus of P8 and P16 were significantly increased by 67.4% and 61.2% in 2018 and 28.9% and 14.1% in 2019, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between the female strobilus with the N content and N/P, a significant positive correlation between the female strobilus and the P content in needles. The responses of N and P contents in needles to P fertilization differed in clones with different fruiting abilities. In floral primordia formation stage, the N content of clones with weak fruiting ability was high, and the N/P was 11.5-12.5, while the P content of clones with strong fruiting abilities was high, and the N/P was 9.5-10.5. During this period, the P content of most clones under P8 treatment was the highest, while the N/P was lowest. In the early stage of flower bud differentiation, the N/P of two fruiting clones was 15.3-17.0 and 13.2-15.1, respectively. The P content in upside layer was significantly higher while N/P was significantly lower than that in middle and lower layers. In conclusion, the 800 g P fertilization per plant could increase the P content and reduce the N/P of needles during the floral primordia formation stage of clones with diffe-rent fruiting abilities, which was beneficial to the formation of female strobilus and promote the yield of clone seed orchards.
    Nitrogen and phosphorus contents and resorption efficiency of thirty broadleaved woody plants in Yangjifeng, Jiangxi, China.
    SHAO Jing, CHEN Xiao-ping, LI Jin-long, HU Dan-dan, WANG Man-tang, ZHONG Quan-lin, CHENG Dong-liang
    2021, 32(4):  1193-1200.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.010
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    Nutrient resorption is an important strategy of nutrient conservation, which reflecting the ability of plants to conserve and utilize nutrients and adapt to environment. To explore the relationship between nutrient content and nutrient resorption of broadleaved woody species of different life forms (i.e., evergreen vs. deciduous), we sampled 30 broadleaved woody species in subtropical region of China located in Yangjifeng National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province. The nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in green and senescent leaves of each species were measured to calculate nutrient resorption efficiency. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship of leaf nutrient concentration and resorption efficiency for the different life forms. The results showed that N and P concentrations in green leaves were significantly higher in deciduous trees than those in evergreen trees. The P concentrations of senescent leaves in deciduous woody species was significantly higher than that in evergreen woody species. There was no significant difference of N concentration in senescent leaves between evergreen and deciduous species. Nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) and phosphorus resorption efficiency (PRE) of the 30 broadleaved woody species were 49.6% and 50.9%, respectively. There were no significant differences between the NRE and PRE of evergreen and deciduous species. NRE and PRE negatively correlated with N and P concentrations in senescent leaves, respectively. Additionally, evergreen and deciduous species showed similar relationships between nutrient resorption efficiency and nutrient concentration in senescent leaves. The sca-ling exponent of allometric relationship between NRE and PRE was 1.18 across all the species. The nutrient resorption efficiency of all the species were affected by the nutrient status of the senesced leaves. Plants examined in this study generally re-absorbed P from senescing leaves than N.
    Structure and species diversity of Cerasus community in Dawei Mountain of Hunan, China.
    BAI Wen-fu, YU Lin, LI Jian-hui, NIE Dong-ling, YAN Jia-wen, WU Si-zheng, LI Ji-cheng, XIAO Jin-ding
    2021, 32(4):  1201-1212.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.006
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    To provide a scientific basis for the conservation and exploitation of wild Cerasus species in Dawei Mountain, we investigated the community characteristics and species diversity of Cerasus species. The results showed that there were four Cerasus communities, C. campanulata, C. diel-siana, C. conradinae and C. xueluoensis, in Dawei Mountain. Phaenerophyte in the life form and pantropical elements in the local flora were both dominant. The shrub layer had higher species diversity than that of the arbor layer. Species diversity of those four communities was following the order of C. dielsiana, C. conradinae, C. campanulata and C. xueluoensis. The community structure was relatively stable when young and mature individuals of Cerasus predominated. The ground dia-meter class structure indicated that the C. xueluoensis population was a growing population with a typical pyramid structure. The C. conradinae community was mono-dominated by C. conradinae, with C. dielsiana and C. campanulata as the important companion species. Those three Cerasus species would be replaced by other coniferous and broadleaved species due to the shortage of natural regeneration.
    Effects of simulated acid rain on soil N2O emission from typical forest in subtropical sou-thern China.
    CAO Ya-ling, YU Meng-xiao, JIANG Jun, CAO Nan-nan, ZHAO Meng-di, WANG Chen, ZHANG De-qiang, YAN Jun-hua
    2021, 32(4):  1213-1220.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.007
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    Based on a long-term simulated acid rain experiment, soil N2O emission fluxes were measured using static chambers and the gas chromatography method in a coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest and a monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest in southern China. During the five-year observation periods (2014-2018), soil N2O emission fluxes in the two forests showed obvious seasonal variation. The soil N2O emission fluxes in wet season were significantly higher than that in dry season, with a large annual variation. Due to the decreases of precipitation, soil N2O emission fluxes of the two forests in 2017 and 2018 were generally low. Soil N2O emission flux was positively correlated with soil temperature and soil moisture. In the monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest, soil N2O emission flux in the control plot was 12.6 μg N2O·m-2·h-1. Soil N2O emission fluxes under the pH 3.5 and pH 3.0 treatments increased by 42.9% and 61.1%, respectively. Soil N2O emission was significantly increased under simulated acid rain in the monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest. Acid rain promoted soil N2O emission in the coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest, but without significant difference among the treatments. Under the scenario of increasing acid rain, soil N2O emission fluxes in typical subtropical southern China forests would increase, and the magnitude of such increase was different among forest types.
    Characteristics of water use efficiency in a succession series of broadleaved Korean pine forests in Changbai Mountain, China.
    TIAN Jin-yuan, DIAO Hao-yu, YUAN Feng-hui, GUAN De-xin, WU Jia-bing, WANG An-zhi
    2021, 32(4):  1221-1229.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.016
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    Water use efficiency (WUE) is an objective indicator of plant water use, the research of which is helpful to understand the carbon-water coupling mechanism in terrestrial ecosystems. We investigated WUE of dominant tree species in the succession series of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Changbai Mountain (middle-aged poplar-birch secondary forest, mature poplar-birch secondary forest, broad-leaved Korean pine forest) by using stable carbon isotope technology. The WUE of three forests under different succession stages decreased in order of broad-leaved Korean pine forest > middle-aged poplar-birch secondary forest > mature poplar-birch secondary forest. In addition, the same tree species had different WUE in different forest stands. The WUE of Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla in the middle-aged poplar-birch secondary forest was higher than that in mature poplar-birch secondary forest. The WUE of Fraxinus mandshurica in broad-leaved Korean pine forest was much higher than that in middle-aged poplar-birch secondary forest. The WUE of Acer mono and Quercus mongolica in broad-leaved Korean pine forest was higher than that in mature poplar-birch secondary forest. The dominant tree species had different WUE as for wood types which generally presented ring-porous wood species>diffuse-porous wood species. There were different seasonal trends during the growing season among the dominant species in the broad-leaved Korean pine forest. The WUE of Fraxinus mandshurica, Acer mono, Quercus mongolica and Tilia amurensis showed first decreasing and then increasing, while that of Pinus koraiensis was opposite. The WUE of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest was negatively correlated with temperature in the growing season. The different WUE was one of the strategies for dominant species in the broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountains to adapt to the community succession and respond to climate and environmental change.
    Responses of soil nitrogen to the transition from desert grassland to shrubland in eastern Ningxia, China
    LI Zhi-li, WANG Hong-mei, SUN Zhong-chao, MA Yan-ping, ZHAO Ya-nan, LI Xue-ying
    2021, 32(4):  1230-1240.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.008
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    In this study, desert grassland, grassland edge, shrubland edge, shrubland were selec-ted as four transition sites in a nearly 30 years typical desert grassland-shrubland mosaic formed by anthropogenic shrub introduction. Soil properties and soil microbial characteristics under vegetation patches and bare interspace in each site were investigated to examine the responses of soil nitrogen to the desert grassland-shrubland state transition. It was shown that the aboveground biomass increased with transition from desert grassland to shrubland. Annual herbs increased largely with the introduction of shrubs. Soil moisture, microbial biomass and total nitrogen and carbon decreased with the transition. The abundance of microogranisms was lower in grassland edge and shrubland edge, and then increased in shrubland, which was slightly higher than that of desert grassland. With respect to nitrogen, nitrate content reached the highest level of 28.45 mg N·kg-1 and ammonium reached the lowest level of 4.81 mg N·kg-1 in shrubland, which were significantly increased by 52.3% and decreased by 10.4% compared with desert grassland. In addition, soil moisture and microbial biomass nitrogen was positively correlated across all sites. The relationship between mine-ralized nitrogen and soil moisture was non-linear, as they were positively correlated in desert grassland and grassland edge, but negatively correlated in shrubland edge and shrubland. During the 30-year transition from desert grassland to shrubland, our results showed that soil total nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen were significantly decreased, but mineralized nitrogen, especially for nitrate, significantly increased over time, indicating that soil nitrification was inhibited in desert grassland but accelerated in shrubland.
    Changes of the concentrations and stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in soil aggregates along different altitudes of Helan Mountains, Northwest China.
    WU Meng-yao, CHEN Lin, PANG Dan-bo, LIU Bo, LIU Li-zhen, QIU Kai-yang, LI Xue-bin
    2021, 32(4):  1241-1249.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.029
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    Exploring the distribution patterns of soil nutrients in aggregates of forests along different altitudes in arid and semi-arid areas can provide a theoretical basis for understanding nutrient cycling in vulnerable mountain ecosystems. In this study, we analyzed the distribution and stability of aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer along different altitudes (1380-2438 m) of Helan Mountains and measured the storage and stoichiometric characteristics of organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus in soil aggregates. Results showed that the main soil aggregates of Helan Mountains changed from micro-aggregates (0.25-0.053 mm) to macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) with increa-sing elevation. The mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) of soil aggregates in high altitude (2139-2248 m) were significantly higher than those in low altitude (1380-1650 m). The content and storage of organic carbon and total nitrogen in soil aggregates of different size fractions were positively correlated with altitude, while the content of total phosphorus fluctuated with the increase in elevation and distributed uniformly in aggregates. Macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates had more contribution to soil nutrient storage than the silt and clay fractions, indicating that the proportion of aggregates with different size fractions was the key factor affecting soil nutrient storage and that macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates were the main carriers of soil nutrients. Moreover, the C:N ratio in aggregates of different size fractions did not change across different altitudes, whereas the C:P and N:P ratio were higher at mid and high elevations than those at low elevations. Our results indicated that the mid and high elevations of Helan Mountains had higher nutrient storage in the surface soil layer, and that higher content of macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates would help to retain organic carbon and nutrients in the soil. Soil nitrogen limitation was strong at low altitude in our study, suggesting that the appropriate amount of nitrogen addition in low altitudes could improve total nitrogen status during forest cultivation.
    Effects of soil moisture on priming effect of soil organic carbon in meadow in Wuyi Mountain, China.
    LI Jia-yu, LYU Mao-kui, LI Xiao-jie, JIANG Yong-meng, XIE Jin-sheng
    2021, 32(4):  1250-1258.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.022
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    Moisture is an important factor affecting the priming effect of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, empirical evidence for its effect in mountain meadows soil is lacking. We conducted a 126-day laboratory incubation experiment with the high altitude (2130 m) mountain meadow soil in Wuyi Mountain, by adding 13C-labelled glucose combined with controlling soil moisture (30% and 60% of field water capacity, FWC). The CO2 concentration and 13C-CO2 abundance were measured regularly to examine the differences of SOC mineralization and priming effects under different water conditions and the driving factors. Our results showed that SOC mineralization rate increased with increasing soil water content. The priming effect of meadow soil with different soil moisture showed a decreasing trend with the increases of incubation time. The priming effect in soils with low FWC soil was significantly greater than that with high FWC. At the end of incubation, the cumulative priming effect of low FWC soil was 61.4% higher than that of high FWC soil. Compared with low FWC soil, high FWC soil released more CO2 from glucose, and the ratio of cumulative primed carbon to glucose mineralization under low FWC was significantly higher than that under high FWC soil, indicating that soil microorganisms under the high FWC condition might preferentially mineralize more glucose than SOC and consequently lower priming effect. Therefore, the priming effect under high FWC was smaller than that under low FWC. There was a significant positive relationship between priming effect and microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass carbon/microbial biomass nitrogen, and NH4+-N, indicating that soil microbial biomass and composition could be changed under low FWC condition. The improved microbial “nitrogen-mining” would increase priming effect. Consequently, the decline of soil moisture of mountain meadow induced by global climate change may increase the priming effect of carbon, with consequences on carbon loss.
    Characteristics and composition of vegetation carbon storage in natural grassland in Ning-xia, China.
    JI Bo, HE Jian-long, WANG Zhan-jun, JIANG Qi
    2021, 32(4):  1259-1268.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.005
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    We measured the total vegetation carbon stock in the widely distributed natural grassland of meadow steppe (MS), warm steppe (WS), steppe desert (SD) and desert steppe (DS)] in Ningxia, using survey and sampling method. The results showed that the average carbon rate of vege-tation, shrubs and root were 0.40, and that of litter was 0.39. The total vegetation carbon density of meadow steppe, warm steppe, steppe desert and desert steppe (including aboveground vegetation, litter and roots) was 470.26, 192.23, 117.17 and 83.36 g·m-2, while that of aboveground vegetation was 87.35, 68.50, 59.32 and 40.05 g·m-2, and that of roots was 344.29, 108.83, 50.65 and 30.29 g·m-2, litter carbon storage was 38.62,14.91, 7.19 and 13.03 g·m-2, respectively. The order of those grassland types ranked as MS>WS>SD>DS. Root carbon storage contributed the most to carbon storage in meadow steppe and warm steppe, and aboveground vegetation carbon storage contributed the most to steppe desert and desert steppe. Root carbon storage showed a decreasing trend with the increases of soil depth within 40 cm soil layer. For the spatial distribution of total carbon stock, the southern part of meadow steppe and temperate steppe had obviously higher carbon stock than the middle and north part of desert steppe and steppe desert.
    Relationships between stoichiometric characteristics of soil enzymatic activities and environmental factors in parallel valleys of western Yunnan, China.
    SUN Yi, HE Run-lian, HE Guang-xiong, ZHANG Meng-yin, FANG Hai-dong, SHI Liang-tao, YAN Bang-guo
    2021, 32(4):  1269-1278.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.009
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    The valleyes of Hengduan Mountains contain the landscapes with high heterogeneity as well as high diversity of climate and vegetation types. To explore the soil cycling of four elements (C, N, P, S) across the parallel valleys of Nujiang River, Lancang River, Jinsha River and Yuanjiang River in western Yunnan, we collected top soils (0-10 cm) in forests, grasslands, and croplands. The activities of soil enzymes, including β-glucosidase (BG), β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), acid phosphatase (AP), and sulfatase (SU), which drive the soil C, N, P and S cycling, were determined. We analyzed the relationships of soil enzymatic activities and their stoichiometric characteristics with environmental factors. The activities of both AP and NAG had significant difference among different basins and different land types. The activities of AP, BG, NAG and SU were significantly positively related with each other. From southeast to northwest, the activities of BG, NAG, and SU increased with the altitude. Across all basins, the ecoenzymatic ratios of soils always ranked as AP:SU > BG:SU > NAG:SU > BG:NAG > BG:AP > NAG:AP. Compared with forest and grassland soil, cropland soils in each watershed had a higher BG:NAG and a lower NAG:AP (except Yuanjiang River basin). Moreover, AP:SU, BG:SU and NAG:SU of cropland soils were lower than those of forest and grassland in Yuanjiang River basin. However, they were higher than forest and lower than grassland in both Lancang River basin and Jinsha River basin. Soil enzyme activities and enzymatic stoichiometry were affected by physicochemical properties of soil, climate, and location, with the most contribution from soil physicochemical properties. Agricultural land use significantly affected the stoichiometry of C:N:P acquiring enzymes in soils by reducing the activity of N-degrading enzymes relative, resulting in the increases of BG:NAG and the decreases of NAG:AP. Agricultural activities had limited effects on other enzymatic stoichiometries.
    Response and plasticity of functional traits in Lycium ruthenicum to N and P addition.
    LI Jin-xia, SUN Xiao-mei, LIU Na, LI Liang, CHEN Nian-lai
    2021, 32(4):  1279-1288.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.025
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    Analyzing the effects of nutrient addition on the functional traits of desert plants is important for revealing the responses of desert plant species to environmental changes. In this study, we examined the responses of whole plant, root, stem, leaf and fruit traits of Lycium ruthenicum to the addition of N and P, with an experiment with three (low, medium and high) N and P addition levels and three N/P ratios (5:1, 15:1 and 45:1). The results showed that functional traits of L. ruthenicum had divergent responses to NP addition level and N/P ratio. With the increases of NP addition level, the biomass and specific leaf area were increased, while the root-shoot ratio, leaf dry matter content, root tissue density and specific root length were decreased. Belowground biomass, specific root length and net photosynthetic rate increased with the increases of N/P ratio. The coefficient of variation of 17 functional traits was 7.3%-69.1%. The biomass, root-shoot ratio and speci-fic root length were sensitive traits to NP [plastic index (PI)>0.5], with greater variability (49.4%-69.1%), whereas the leaf length-width ratio, leaf thickness, leaf tissue density, and leaf stem dry matter content were conservative traits (PI<0.20). The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the position of L. ruthenicum in the multivariate feature space exhibited lateral migration with the changes of NP addition levels, with a tendency of higher aboveground and belowground biomass and a lower root-shoot ratio. Leaf tissue density was negatively related to leaf thickness and specific leaf area. Leaf dry matter content was negatively correlated with leaf thickness and specific leaf area but positively associated with leaf tissue density. Biomass had a positive correlation with specific leaf area and a negative relation to specific root length. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that specific root length, specific leaf area and leaf net photosynthetic rate were major functional traits affecting the biomass of L. ruthenicum. L. ruthenicum adapted to the fluctuations of soil nutrient environment through changing resource utilization strategy, altering root carbon allocation, and also the trade-off and covariance among traits and inconsistent response.
    Effects of potassium-solubilizing bacteria promoting the growth of Lycium barbarum seedlings under salt stress.
    ZHU Juan-juan, MA Hai-jun, ZHANG Xiu, LI Min, XU Xiao-yun, QIN Hong-yun
    2021, 32(4):  1289-1297.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.021
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    We investigated the effects of potassium-releasing bacteria on physiological and bioche-mical characteristics of Lycium barbarum (Cultivar Ningqi 1) under salt stress, with an experiment with treatments following randomized block design. The treatments included control (CK), 100 mmol·L-1 NaCl stress (NaCl), 100 mmol·L-1NaCl stress+KSBGY01 bacteria (NaCl-M1), 100 mmol·L-1NaCl stress+KSBGY02 bacteria (NaCl-M2), and 100 mmol·L-1NaCl stress+KSBGY01+KSBGY02 (NaCl-M3). We measued chlorophyll content, polyphenol content, superoxide anion (O2) content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, soluble sugar content, antioxidant enzyme activity and sucrose metabolic enzyme activity of Lycium barbarum seedlings. Results showed that the presence of potassium bacteria increased the values of flavonoids (FLAV), fluorescence excitation than anthocyanins relative index (FERARI), anthocyanins (ANTH-RB), nitrogen balance index (NBI-G), decreased the contents of O2 and H2O2, and improved soluble sugar content, catalase (CAT) activity, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, sucrose synthase (SS) activity and invertase (INV) activity of leaves in Lycium barbarum seedlings under salt stress. Among all the treatments, the highest values of ANTH-RB and NBI-G, soluble sugar content, and activities of CAT, SPS, SS, and INV presented in NaCl-M2 treatment, the highest values of SPAD, FLAV, and FERARI presented in NaCl-M3 treatment, the highest activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) presented in NaCl-M1 treatment, the highest activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) presented in NaCl treatment, and the highest peroxisome (POD) activity presented in CK. The 14 significant physiological and biochemical indicators in the leaves of L. barbarum seedling were analyzed by grey system correlation degree method. Our results suggested that the weighted correlation degree of phy-siological and biochemical indices of L. barbarum inoculated potassium-solubilizing bacteria was higher than that under CK and NaCl treatments. The highest weighted correlation was observed in NaCl-M2 treatment. Therefore, adding KSBGY02 potassium-solubilizing bacteria could alleviate the salt stress for L. barbarum seedlings.
    Effects of row spacing and sowing rate on vertical distribution of photosynthetically active radiation, biomass, and grain yield in winter wheat canopy.
    XIONG Shu-ping, CAO Wen-bo, ZHANG Zhi-yong, ZHANG Jie, GAO Ming, FAN Ze-hua, SHEN Shuai-jie, WANG Xiao-chun, MA Xin-ming
    2021, 32(4):  1298-1306.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.026
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    To clarify the effects of row spacing and sowing rate on the vertical distribution of canopy PAR, biomass, and grain yield in winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted without increa-sing water and fertilizer input. There were two row spacing modes, R1 (equal spacing, 20 cm+20 cm) and R2(wide and narrow row spacing, 12 cm+12 cm+12 cm+24 cm), and three sowing rates, D1 (low, 120 kg·hm-2), D2 (medium, 157.5 kg·hm-2), D3 (high, 195 kg·hm-2). The canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and utilization rate in different heights, population photosynthetic capacity, biomass, and grain yield were measured during the main growth stages of winter wheat. The results showed that both total PAR interception and upper layer PAR interception of winter wheat canopy under R1 treatment were significantly higher than those in R2 treatment, but those of the middle layer and lower layer were higher in R2 than in R1, and with significant difference in the middle layer. From flowering to maturity, the photosynthetic potential (LAD), population photosynthetic rate (CAP), PAR conversion rate, and utilization rate in R2 were all significantly higher than those in R1 under the same sowing rate, with the highest value under R2D2 treatment. With the increasing sowing rate, the population biomass (BA) and leaf biomass (BL) at different layers increased, but the individual biomass (BP) showed an opposite trend. Under the same sowing rate, BA, BL and BP in R2 were higher than that in R1 after the flowering stage. Among them, BA and BP had significant difference in row spacing treatments at the maturity stage, with significant difference between the two row spacing treatments being observed in BL of the middle and lower layers under D2 and D3 sowing rates. The spike number, grain number per spike, 1000-kernel weight, and grain yield of winter wheat among different treatments were the highest in R2D3, R2D1, R2D1, and R2D2, respectively. The 1000-kernel weight, grain number per spike and grain yield in R2 treatment were significantly higher than R1. In summary, the PAR interception in the middle and lower layers of winter wheat canopy was improved by changing row spacing, with positive consequence on the photosynthetic capacity of individual plant and population, PAR utilization and transformation efficiency, which finally increased biomass and grain yield. Therefore, optimizing the field structure and shaping the ideal population photosynthetic structure should pay more attention during the high-yield cultivation of winter wheat. Making full use of light resources per unit land area and excavating the photosynthetic production potential of crops were also critical to achieve high yield and efficiency. In this experiment, the population photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic effective radiation utilization rate, and yield were the highest under the treatment of R2D2.
    Effects of deep ploughing during the fallow period and soil moisture-based furrow sowing on water and nitrogen utilization of dryland wheat.
    ZHAO Jie, LIN Wen, SUN Min, REN Ai-xia, TONG Jin, LI Hao, WANG Xin-wei, GAO Zhi-qiang
    2021, 32(4):  1307-1316.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.019
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    To understand the effects of deep ploughing during the fallow period and soil moisture-based furrow sowing on the utilization of water and nitrogen in dryland wheat, a field experiment following split-plot design was carried out from 2016 to 2018 in Wenxi County of Shanxi Province, with deep ploughing during the fallow period and no-tillage as main plots and soil moisture-based furrow sowing and drilling sowing as sub-plots. The results showed that, compared with no-tillage treatment, deep ploughing during the fallow period significantly increased soil water storage efficiency (by 38.3%-42.2%), soil water consumption (by 9.2%-13.2%), and nitrogen accumulation in each growth period, which in turn increased the yield by 7.1%-12.0%, annual water use efficiency by 5.5%-14.0%, nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency by 4.4%-10.3%, and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity by 7.1%-12.0%. Compared with the treatment of drilling sowing, the soil moisture-based furrow sowing increased the total water consumption during the growth period (by 2.0%-4.8%) and nitrogen accumulation in each growth period, increased the yield by 6.8%-12.4%, water use efficiency during the growth period by 4.5%-7.2%, nitrogen absorption efficiency by 4.4%-10.3%, nitrogen partial productivity by 6.9%-12.4%. In conclusion, deep ploughing during the fallow period and soil moisture-based furrow sowing in dryland wheat could promote the storage and utilization of natural precipitation, increase plant nitrogen accumulation, and facilitate high wheat yield.
    Quantitative analysis of root morphology and phosphorus absorption in wheat and faba bean intercropping system.
    BAI Wen-lian, ZHANG Meng-yao, LIU Zhen-yang, ZHENG Yi, TANG Li, XIAO Jing-xiu
    2021, 32(4):  1317-1326.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.027
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    The intercropping of legume and cereal crops could affect crop roots growth. The relationship among intercropping, root morphology and phosphorus (P) acquisition under different P levels is still unclear. With field experiments and a rhizo-box experiment, we examined the changes of yield, biomass, P acquisition and root morphology of wheat and faba bean under different planting patterns (monocropped wheat, MW; monocropped faba bean, MF; and wheat and faba bean intercropping, W//F) and different P levels. In the rhizo-box experiment, both root weight and root-shoot ratio were increased by 21.2% and 61.5%, respectively, but shoot weight was decreased by 14.6% when wheat intercropped with faba bean. Root P content and P uptake of intercropping wheat (IW) increased by 23.8% and 12.1% when compared to MW. Both shoot and root weight, root-shoot ratio, total root length, and root volume of intercropping faba bean (IF) increased by 16.5%, 47.3%, 24.0%, 3.5%, and 8.4% as compared to MF, respectively, which resulted in higher shoot and root P content and P acquisition of IF. In the field experiment, P uptake by IW decreased by 8.7% at tillering stage, but P acquisition increased by 40.6%, 19.7%, 7.8% and 12.4% at join-ting, heading, filling, and maturity stages as compared to MW. By contrast, P acquisition of IF decreased by 9.8%, 9.0% and 5.2% at flowering, podding, and maturity stages as compared to MF. Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis showed that root surface area and total volume of wheat and root surface area of faba bean had the greatest contribution to crop P acquisition. Intercropping induced higher root volume and root surface area which resulted in higher P acquisition under low P stress. In conclusion, interspecific interaction amplified the root-soil interface zone and increased P uptake at seedling stage under low P stress, which could contribute to the intercropping advantages at later stage.
    Effects of vertical rotary subsoiling with combined organic and inorganic fertilization on water use efficiency and yield of forage maize in a semi-arid area.
    FANG Yan-jie, ZHANG Xu-cheng, YU Xian-feng, HOU Hui-zhi, WANG Hong-li, MA Yi-fan, ZHANG Guo-ping, LEI Kang-ning, YIN Jia-de
    2021, 32(4):  1327-1336.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.028
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    Both reasonable soil tillage and fertilization management play critical roles in improving the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of forage maize in the semi-arid area of Loess Plateau. A field experiment was conducted at Dingxi experimental station of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences between 2017 and 2019. We explored the effects of tillage method and fertilization type on yields and WUE of forage maize, as well as the economic benefits. There were four treatments in the experiment, including traditional rotary tillage + organic-inorganic fertilization (TOF), deep rotary tillage + organic-inorganic fertilization (DOF), and vertical rotary subsoiling + organic-inorganic fertilization (VROF), and the traditional rotary tillage + inorganic fertilization as the control (TF). Our results showed that, compared with DOF, TOF, TF, and VROF all decreased soil water storage in 0-300 cm soil layer at flowering stage, ranging from 16.9 mm to 79.9 mm, but they all increased soil water consumption by 9.7-22.4 mm during vegetative growing stages, 11.0-19.8 mm during reproductive stage in the dry years. Due to significant improvement in water absorption, VROF increased dry matter weight at maturity by 3.9%-13.4% compared to other treatments. Similarly, plant height, ear length, grain number per ear, 100-grain weight, and double ear rate under VROF were significantly increased, while bald head length was decreased significantly, when compared with other treatments. As a result, over the three experimental seasons, VROF increased the grain and biological yield by 4.3%-51.5% and 4.3%-25.7% compared to other treatments, respectively. Accordingly, WUE calculated by grain and biomass yields were increased by 2.7%-36.9% and 3.6%-13.5% under VROF, compared to other treatments. VROF increased the unit gross total output value and the net income by 5.1%-32.9% and 6.9%-80.5% respectively, compared to other treatments. These results demonstrated that VROF is a drought-resistant and yield-increasing farming technology for sustainable forage maize production in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, Northwest China.
    Changes of grain yield and agronomic traits during millet variety replacements in northern Shaanxi, China.
    ZHANG Ning-ning, YAN Jia-kun, WANG Xiao-lin, ZHANG Sui-qi
    2021, 32(4):  1337-1344.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.039
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    A field trial was conducted to examine the differences of grain yield and agronomic characters of six millet (Setaria italica) varieties in Yulin, Shaanxi during 2018-2019 growing seasons. Those varieties were planted in northern Shaanxi in different decades (1960s-1970s, 1980s-1990s, 2000s-2010s). The results showed that the grain yield of millet varieties exhibited an increasing trend across all the decades. The average yield of varieties bred from 2000s to 2010s were 0.46 (2018) and 0.66 kg·m-2 (2019), respectively. The yield increased significantly by 22%-53% compared with the bred before 2000s. Changes of plant height, panicle weight, leaf weight and stem weight were similar to that of yield, while one-thousand kernel weight and spike length were relatively stable which did not change significantly across the decades. The flag leaf width increased significantly with the variety replacements. There was a significant correlation between panicle weight, stem weight, leaf weight, plant height and grain yield, respectively. Results of principal component analysis showed that millet varieties bred from 2000s to 2010s had greater advantages. In the process of millet cultivars replacement in northern Shaanxi, yield per unit area was mainly increased through the improvement of plant height and spike weight. In the future, we should focus on the improvement of plant height, spike weight, stem weight, and leaf weight, especially the exploration of the optimal plant height suitable for mechanical harvesting.
    Effects of reduced solar radiation on photosynthetic physiological characteristics and accumulation of secondary and micro elements in paddy rice.
    FANG Xiao-kun, CHEN Zhi-wei, CHENG Zhao-kang, JIANG Hai-bo, QIU Dan, LUO Xiao-san
    2021, 32(4):  1345-1351.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.030
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    Atmospheric haze pollution is a popular environmental issue in recent years. The aerosols reduce solar radiation reaching land surface, with consequences on the growth of crops. In order to examine the effects of low solar radiation intensity on the physiological characteristics and mineral nutrition of grain crops, the random designed field experiment of rice cultivar ‘Nanjing 5055’ planted under different shading degrees (CK, natural sunlight control; Y1 and Y2 were treatments with shading rates of 19% and 45%, respectively) were conducted. The response of chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate of leaves, grain yields and secondary/micro element contents (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) in rice were measured during key growth stages (jointing, heading, and grain filling stages). Results showed that, shading treatments inhibited the synthesis of photosynthetic products and reduced the LAI during the whole growing period, but at the early stage it did not affect the chlorophyll content, which was significantly increased at the late growth stage. Compared with CK, the 1000-grain weight of rice was decreased by 14.4% and 18.4%, and seed setting rate was decreased by 4.3% and 12.9%, which resulted in rice yield reduction. With the increases of shading rates, rice yield was decreased by 58.5% and 66.4%, respectively. The nutrient concentrations, especially for the micro-elements, in brown rice and glume were increased. Shading had a negative effect on rice growth, which would eventually reduce the crop production. The higher contents of heavy metals such as Cu and Mn would be a pollution risk for human health. Therefore, the impacts of weakened solar radiation on quantity and quality of crops need comprehensive evaluation.
    Effect of urease/nitrification inhibitor on urea nitrogen conversion in black soil and cinnamon soil.
    LI Xue-hong, LI Dong-po, WU Zhi-jie, CUI Lei, XIAO Fu-rong, LI Yong-hua, ZHENG Ye, ZHANG Jin-ming
    2021, 32(4):  1352-1360.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.023
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    We studied the effects of urease/nitrification inhibitor combinations on urea hydrolysis and nitrification, aiming to screen out the effective inhibitor combinations for black soil and cinnamon soil in Northeast China. Urease inhibitor, N-butyl thiophosphate-triamine (NBPT), and its combination with nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), 2-chloro-6 (trichloromethyl)-pyridine (CP), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine (AM) and 3-methylpyrazole (MP) were added to urea separately. Samples were collected 15 times in each of all the treatments during 125 days. We examined the changes of urea nitrogen, ammo-nium, nitrate, and nitrification inhibition rate in the two soils. Our results showed the hydrolysis of urea in black soil and cinnamon soil was about 7 d, and the addition of NBPT with or without diffe-rent nitrification inhibitors slowed down the hydrolysis to 21 d at least. Compared with the treatment with common urea, inhibitor addition significantly increased soil NH4+-N, decreased soil NO3--N, and maintained the high NH4+-N content in soil for a longer time. In black soil, application with nitrification inhibitor inhibited soil nitrification significantly and lasted for more than 125 d. DMPP and CP combined with NBPT increased the NH4+-N content in black soil by 1.6-1.8 times, while the nitrification inhibition rate was 47.9% and 24.1% at 125 d, respectively. In the cinnamon soil, the application of nitrification inhibitor could prolong the duration of ammonium oxidation from 80 d to 110 d. DCD and DMPP combined with NBPT increased the NH4+-N content in cinnamon soil by 2.1-3.4 times, while the nitrification inhibition rates at 125 d were 25.3% and 23.2%, respectively. Therefore, NBPT+DMPP combination with urea was recommended for utilization in black soil, followed by NBPT+CP. In cinnamon soil, NBPT+DCD combination with urea was recommended, followed by NBPT+DMPP.
    Spatiotemporal variation and driving factors of growing season NDVI in the Tibetan Pla-teau, China.
    YANG Da, YI Gui-hua, ZHANG Ting-bin, LI Jing-ji, QIN Yan-bin, WEN Bo, LIU Zhi-yu
    2021, 32(4):  1361-1372.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.014
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    It is important to understand the response of vegetation to climate change in Tibetan Pla-teau (TP), an ecological barrier for China and Asia. The spatiotemporal variation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of vegetation growing season were analyzed based on the gro-wing season NDVI retrieved from MOD09A1. The relationship between NDVI and climate factors was analyzed by combining the data of meteorological stations in TP from 2001 to 2018. The results showed that NDVI in the growing season showed a slow upward trend during the study period. There was substantial interannual variation of NDVI in different climate regions. The fluctuation magnitude of NDVI value was plateau humid climate region>semi-humid climate region>semi-arid climate region>arid climate region. The proportion of area with increasing and decreasing NDVI in humid climate region, semi-humid climate region, arid climate region, semi-arid climate region on TP were 1.4% and 1.9%, 4.9% and 1.5%, 16.4% and 0.8%, 7.0% and 2.0%, respectively. The areas of increasing NDVI in arid and semi-arid climate region was significantly larger than humid and semi-humid region. Temperature was the leading factor affecting the change of NDVI in humid and semi-humid region. The impact of precipitation on NDVI was significantly stronger than that of other climate factors in arid region. The impact of air temperature in growing season on NDVI was stronger than that of precipitation and relative humidity.
    Impacts of policy cognition on low-carbon agricultural technology adoption of farmers.
    SHANG Guang-yin, YANG Xin
    2021, 32(4):  1373-1382.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.024
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    Agriculture is the second-largest source of carbon emission, which is not only a burden for the government to achieve the goal of carbon emission reduction but also is a huge threat to food security and the sustainable development of agriculture. Therefore, how to quantify the impacts of policy cognition of farmers on their low-carbon agricultural technology adoption is of great importance in China. Based on the survey data from 704 farmers in Jianghan Plain, China, we used the entropy method and Heckman sample selection model to quantify the effects of farmers’ policy cognitive degree on their low-carbon agricultural technology adoption behavior and adoption intensity. The results showed that the level of farmers’ cognition of low carbon policy should be improved. The average level of farmers’ policy cognition was only 1.89. The adoption rate of single low-risk, high-efficiency low-carbon agricultural production technology by farmers was relatively high, but that of multiple low-carbon agricultural technologies was low, with an average adoption intensity of only 1.62. Policy cognition could effectively promote farmers’ low-carbon agricultural technology adoption behavior and adoption intensity. Farmers’ policy cognition had a significant positive impacts on their low carbon agricultural technology adoption behavior and adoption intensity. Local government should take more effective supporting measures, including strengthening the propaganda, enhancing the training and improving the subsidy standard of low-carbon agricultural technology, to improve farmers’ low-carbon agricultural technology adoption intensity. Such strategy would help achieve the target of carbon emission reduction and sustainable development of agriculture.
    Soil available nitrogen and phosphorus contents and the environmental impact factors across different land use types in typical karst rocky desertification area, Southwest China.
    ZHAO Chu, SHENG Mao-yin, BAI Yi-xin, LIU Shu-xi
    2021, 32(4):  1383-1392.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.018
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    In this study, we collected soil samples from four different land use types (forest land, shrub land, grassland and abandoned land) in Huajiang valley of Guizhou Province, a typical karst rocky desertification area in Southwest China. Correlation analysis and redundancy analysis were used to examine the distribution of available nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) in diffe-rent soil layers from 0 to 30 cm and the relationships between soil environmental factors (soil physical indexes, organic carbon components, electrochemical properties, metal oxides and enzyme activities) and the contents of available N and available P. The results showed that the concentrations of soil total N, total P, available N, available P decreased significantly with the increases of soil depth. The concentrations of soil available N and available P in forest land and shrub land were significantly higher than those in grassland and abandoned land, which were significantly positively correlated with soil organic carbon composition, enzyme activity, surface electrochemical properties and amorphous mental oxide while significantly negatively correlated with soil silt and free metal oxides. Results of the redundancy analysis showed that the environmental factors affecting soil availa-ble N and available P of the four land use types were basically the same, with soil particulate organic carbon, total organic carbon and soil specific surface area playing a key role in driving the variations of soil available N and available P. The efficient explanation of variation to soil available N and P contents by soil particulate organic carbon might be due to the reduction of soil nutrient loss by the storage of N and P in organic matter. Except for high enzyme activity and electrochemical properties of forest land and shrub land, the higher soil available N and available P concentrations compared with grassland and abandoned land might be resulted from the inhibition of free iron and aluminum oxides information by higher soil organic carbon content and the reduced adsorption and fixation of N and P by iron and aluminum oxides.
    Spatiotemporal dynamics of soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta under the impacts of hydrology and climate.
    ZHANG Zi-xuan, SONG Yu-tong, ZHANG Hui-zhong, LI Xin-ju, NIU Bei-bei
    2021, 32(4):  1393-1405.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.012
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    In recent years, soil salinization in the Yellow River Delta under the effects of hydrology, climate and human activities have become increasingly prominent. Based on the 20 Landsat series images of Hekou, Kenli, Dongying districts and Lijin County of Dongying City selected from 1985 to 2018, numerical regression correction method was used to perform image spectral consistency conversion. The partial least squares regression method was used to construct quantitative inversion models of soil salt content. The soil salt content of the study area were retrieved by the best salt prediction model. The temporal and spatial characteristics of soil salt changes in the Yellow River Delta were analyzed. The results showed that the soil salt inversion model constructed with 10 sensitive spectral indices performed higher prediction accuracy, with coefficient of determination R2=0.769 and RMSE=1.125 for calibration, R2=0.752 and RMSE=1.203 for validation, and relative prediction deviation (RPD)=2.08. Using the measured soil salt data in 2016 to verify the inversion accuracy of the model, the correlation between the measured value and the inverted value was 0.7279. The model was used to map the soil salinity of the Yellow River Delta based on 20 images from 1985 to 2018. The abnormal soil salinity retrieval values was all less than 10%. During the study period, the soil salinity showed an overall trend of rising first and then falling which was lowest in 1985 (3.14 g·kg-1) and highest in 1995 (5.86 g·kg-1). Spatially, the area of heavily saline soil and saline soil in the study area decreased, and that of mildly and moderately saline soil significantly increased (66.6%). The total area of saline soil showed an increasing trend. The effects of hydrological and climatic conditions on soil salinity exhibited hysteresis. The increases of temperature promoted soil salinity, with the relationship between the soil salinity and the average temperatures in the past six months and one year being significantly correlated (R=0.507 and 0.538). Soil salinity did not correlate with regional precipitation, and was most affected by the Yellow River streamflow in the previous season (R=-0.543).
    Spatio-temporal variation of atmospheric CH4 concentration and its driving factors in monsoon Asia.
    ZHANG Shi-qing, CAO Shan-shan, HU Li-ting, CAI Chao-lin, TU Yue, LIU Min
    2021, 32(4):  1406-1416.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.013
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    Based on the ground-based observations from seven atmospheric background stations during 2009 to 2018 in monsoon Asia (including BKT station in Indonesia, LLN and WLG stations in China, RYO and YON stations in Japan, TAP station in Republic of Korea, and UUM station in Mongolia), we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric CH4 concentration and its driving factors using harmonic model and maximal information-based nonparametric exploration. The results showed that the CH4 concentration in monsoon Asia varied from 1853.04 to 1935.61 nmol·mol-1, higher than that in Mauna Loa (MLO) station (1838.33 nmol·mol-1) in Hawaii, USA. The CH4 concentration decreased from north to south, with the highest value in TAP station (1935.61 nmol·mol-1) in Republic of Korea and RYO station (1907.19 nmol·mol-1) in Japan. The average seasonal amplitude at YON station in Japan was the largest (108.20 nmol·mol-1); while that at WLG station in China was the smallest (29.48 nmol·mol-1). The seasonal amplitude of TAP station in Republic of Korea changed faster at the rate of 4.49 nmol·mol-1·a-1. Except for WLG and TAP stations, CH4 concentrations were low in summer and high in winter. From the long-term perspective, the CH4 concentration at LLN (7.68 nmol·mol-1·a-1) and WLG (7.56 nmol·mol-1·a-1) stations in China exhibited the most obvious growth trend. Compared with wind speed, temperature and precipitation had greater impact on CH4 concentration, which were negatively associated with CH4 concentration. Local CH4 emission at some stations had a significant positive effect on CH4 concentration.
    Characteristics of extreme precipitation in Ansai District of Yan’an City, China.
    WANG Guo-qiang, JIANG Ji-chun, JIAO Feng
    2021, 32(4):  1417-1423.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.015
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    The extreme precipitation characteristics of Ansai District in 40 years was analyzed from the perspective of precipitation intensity and precipitation frequency with 11 extreme precipitation indices, based on daily precipitation data of Ansai Meteorological Station from 1980 to 2019. The trend of extreme precipitation in the future was predicted. The results showed that the extreme precipitation indicators generally showed a downward trend during 1980-2019. The downtrend of heavy precipitation days and simple daily precipitation intensity reached significant level, with their climate tendency slopes being -0.65 d·(10 a)-1, -0.32 mm·d-1·(10 a)-1, respectively. Except for consecutive wet days and extremely wet day precipitation, the other extreme precipitation indices had mutation points. After the mutation, most of them had a downward trend, with significant decreases of annual precipitation, moderate precipitation days, heavy precipitation days, very heavy precipitation days, very wet day precipitation, simple daily precipitation intensity. The correlation between the consecutive dry days and other indicators was low and negatively correlated with some indicators, while the consecutive wet days were only correlated with a few indicators. In addition, other extreme precipitation indicators were significantly correlated. Results of the Hurst index analysis showed that the trend of extreme precipitation in Ansai District was sustainable.
    Construction of green infrastructure network based on spatial priority in downtown of Fuzhou, China.
    HE Kan, LIN Tao, WU Jian-fang, SUI Meng-fei, LIU Lian, DING Guo-chang
    2021, 32(4):  1424-1432.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.017
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    Given the facts that urban land is extremely limited and ecological environment protection is confronted with severe challenges, it is of great importance to effectively construct green infrastructure (GI) network and identify relatively important landscape ecological components. We identified and prioritized GI network centers in Fuzhou downtown area using the MSPA and the landscape connectivity evaluation. The least cost path method and gravity model were used to construct the potential corridors at multiple levels. The density analysis and blind area analysis were used to extract and prioritize the GI nodes and to obtain the optimized GI network. The results showed that the first-level GI network centers were mainly distributed in the north and south of Fuzhou downtown, while those in the central region were small and scattered. The comprehensive resistance of landscape was low in the periphery but high in the middle, with poor integral connectivity. The GI corridor system with existing corridors and potential corridors was employed to enhance the connectivity among network centers. Furthermore, the GI nodes were extracted to provide a “transfer station” for material circulation and energy flow, which could partly solve the problems including excessive substrate resistance and the long connection corridor in some areas. The spatial prioritization of GI elements could make the construction of GI network more scientific and also provide reference for the future planning period and construction timing of GI network in Fuzhou.
    Effects of reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application and combined organic fertilizer on soil nematode community in winter wheat field.
    ZHAO Yi, YANG Bei-bei, ZHU Xin-ping, CHEN Shu-huang, CHEN Xiao-yun, JIA Hong-tao
    2021, 32(4):  1433-1440.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.036
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    Soil nematodes are one of the typical indicator organisms for soil health. To reveal the effects of reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application on soil health, we examined community structure of soil nematode under reduced nitrogen fertilizer while combined with organic fertilizer at the jointing stage of winter wheat. There were six fertilization treatments, including CF(315 kg N·hm-2, conventional fertilization), N240 (240 kg N·hm-2), N210 (210 kg N·hm-2)、N180 (180 kg N·hm-2), F150 (180 kg N·hm-2+150 kg·hm-2 fulvic acid), and F225(180 kg N·hm-2+225 kg·hm-2 fulvic acid). The results showed that: 1) The reduction of nitrogen fertilization decreased nematode number by 15.3%-68.5%. 2) Protorhabditis was the dominant genus (19.6%-50.4%) across all treatments. The reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application increased the abundance of fungivores, herbivores, and predators-omnivores, while that of bacterivores decreased first and then increased. Combined application of organic fertilizer decreased the abundance of bacterivores and fungivores, while increased that of herbivores and predators-omnivores. 3) N240 and F225 increased the Shannon diversity (H) of nematode community by 48.1% and 58.5%, respectively. The maturity index (MI) in N240 was the highest (1.95), while the structural index (SI) was the lowest in N180 (43.33). The structural index (SI) of F225 with combined application of organic fertilizer reached 62.72, but its enrichment index (EI) was lowest (80.82). In conclusion, reduced nitrogen fertilizer application and combined with organic fertilizer could improve soil nematode diversity, increase the complexity of soil food web, which would be conducive to the health and stability of agricultural ecosystem.
    Diversity and network features of fungal community in the soils of planted and natural Picea asperata forests.
    LIU Yan-jiao, FAN Dan-dan, LI Xiang-zhen, ZHAO Wen-qiang, KOU Yong-ping
    2021, 32(4):  1441-1451.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.034
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    The diversity and interactions of soil fungal community are the key to maintain the diversity and stability of ecosystem. In this study, we examined the structure, diversity and co-occurrence networks of fungal community in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of planted and natural Picea asperata forests using high-throughput sequencing technique and bioinformatic methods. The results showed that Inocybaceae and Sebacinaceae were dominant family in soils of planted and natural forests, respectively. At the genus level, Inocybe was dominant one in soils of planted and natural forests. There were significant differences in β-diversity of fungal communities between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils in both planted and natural forests. There were no significant correlations between environmental variables and the relative abundance and α-diversity of fungal communities. Herb layer coverage, soil water content, total organic carbon concentration, and plant species richness played important roles in explaining the variations of β-diversity of fungal communities. Results of the network analysis showed that the negative correlations were dominant among soil fungal communities in natural forest, suggesting that the competition of different groups in natural forest. Moreover, there were more negative correlations in non-rhizosphere soils than in rhizosphere soils, which indicated that fungal communities in non-rhizosphere soils comprised more competitive network structure than in the rhizosphere soils. Biomarker species were identified based on differential abundance analysis. Sebacinaceae was the single shared keystone species in the fungal network which had significant differences among rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils of planted and natural forests. Therefore, it is suggested that the variation of differential species in the soil fungal communities between the planted and natural forest might had limited influence on the stability of the community of planted and natural forests.
    Natural soil genesis in red mud and underlying microbial mechanism.
    LI Hui, QU Yang, YAO Min-jie, TIAN Wen-jie, WANG Xiao-qing, SHI Ben, CAO Li-na, YUE Ling-fan, CAO Kai-qin
    2021, 32(4):  1452-1460.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.038
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    Soil genesis is important for ecological restoration of red mud disposal area. Soil genesis of red mud and the microbial mechanism were studied by analyzing the change of physicochemical and biochemical characteristics of red mud. We analyzed the microbial community structure in a red mud disposal area without any human-induced restoration through a space for time substitution approach. The results showed that, with the increases of storage time, the physical parameters of porosity, water-stable aggregates content, and mean weight diameter increased, but the bulk density decreased. The chemical parameters, including pH, electrical conductivity, acid neutralizing capacity, and exchangeable sodium percentage, decreased with increasing storage time. The bio-chemical parameters of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, microbial biomass carbon and basal respiration increased, but the metabolic quotient decreased. The Shannon diversity index increased, and the dominant microflora in red mud changed from the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Cyanobacteria and thanaerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria Chlorobi and Chloroflexi to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The ratio between eutrophic and oligotrophic bacteria substantially increased. The micromorphology results showed that the microorga-nism-red mud aggregates were formed through adsorption, linkage, intertwinement and package between red mud particles, microbial cells and their metabolites. The red mud biotope changed spontaneously from extreme and oligotrophic into soil-like under natural stockpiling. The soil genesis process was mediated by microbes through increasing nutrient level, decreasing alkalinity and sali-nity, and improving soil structure.
    Spatial pattern dynamics of darkling beetle communities at small scale in a desert grassland of alluvial fans in Helan Mountain, Northwest China
    YANG Gui-jun, WANG Yuan, WANG Min
    2021, 32(4):  1461-1470.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.032
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    To understand the dynamics of spatial pattern of darkling beetle communities at the small scale, we surveyed the darkling beetle community using pitfall in a desert grassland of alluvial fans in Helan Mountain from May to October 2019. Based on the geostatistical analysis, we divided the 200 m×200 m study area equally into 100 grid squares and analyzed the spatial autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity, spatial distribution pattern, and its relationship with topographic factors of the darkling beetle community. A total of 1086 individuals belonged to 10 species and 7 genera were collected. Community composition of darkling beetle had significant spatial and temporal variation. The diversity index of the community was the highest in May and lowest in July. The spatial autocorrelation of dominant species had obvious seasonal fluctuation, with a significantly spatial positive correlation in May, September, and October. Communities of darkling beetle and the dominant species showed strongly spatial heterogeneous, which were mainly determined by structural factors. The ordinary Kriging interpolation showed that the gradient distribution of beetle communities was obviously different among seasons, being the simplest in summer. The results of the cross variogram showed that the spatial relationships between different dominant species groups were mostly positive, and were mainly regulated by structural factors. Results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the slope and elevation significantly affected the distribution of darkling beetles. Our results showed that the spatial heterogeneity of the darkling beetle showed significant seasonal variation, and thus provided a basis for understanding the mechanism and biodiversity of ground-dwelling beetle community in a desert grassland of alluvial fans.
    Effects of water quality on the reproductive behavior and capacity of Andrias davidianus under tourism disturbance.
    LUO Qing-hua, FU Lei, JIANG Wan-sheng, ZHOU Li-qing, CAO Wei, TIAN He, CHEN Rong-gui
    2021, 32(4):  1471-1478.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.035
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    Water quality under tourism disturbance was simulated through controlling the water intake of the ecological breeding ponds of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus, CGS). Both the reproductive behavior (oviposition and parental care) and capacity (relative egg production, fertilizing rate of eggs, and hatching rate of fertilized eggs) of CGS were examined using a real-time infrared digital monitoring system. The relationships among reproductive behavior, capacity, and the corresponding parameters of water quality were analyzed, to understand how water quality under tourism disturbance would affect the reproductive behavior and capacity of CGS. The examined oviposition behavior and capacity of CGS showed no variation in general, but the parental care behavior such as tail fanning and agitation time of the male CGS were prolonged significantly in the groups under tourism disturbance. Such prolonged behaviors would help increase the content of dissolved oxygen (DO) to meet the high demands of DO during embryonic development of CGS. In addition, the overall hatching time of fertilized eggs was increased significantly under disturbance conditions when it compared with the control, which would ensure the overall hatching rate among these comparative groups unaffected. In summary, the prolongations of some reproductive behavior (tail fanning and agitation of the male CGS and the development time of fertilized egg) would be a kind of positive actions of CGS in response to the changes of water quality resulted from tourism disturbance.
    The feeding of Zoanthus sp. on two microalgae species.
    WANG Zhen, YANG Yang-chu-qiao, CHEN Yun, WANG Shu-hong
    2021, 32(4):  1479-1488.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.037
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    In this study, we investigated whether Zoanthus sp. feed on two common microalgae, Platymonas subcordiformis and Isochrysis galbana, using the methods of carbon clearance rate, DNA marker, and histological analyses. The results showed that carbon clearance rate of I. galbana by Zoanthus sp. was significantly higher than that of P. subcordiformis, which were 0.44 and 0.11 pg·mL-1·polyp-1·h-1, respectively. 162 bp of 18S rRNA gene from P. subcordiformis and 442 bp of enoyl-ACP reductase gene from I. galbana were used as molecular nutrition markers, both of them were successfully amplified from the Zoanthus sp. fed by both algae species. Results of the histological analyses demonstrated that pholyp from feeding group showed a widen mesentery. Lots of food vacuoles presented in tissues of mesentery and gastrodermis. Undigested cell body of P. subcordiformis and I. galbana could also be found in some food vacuoles around siphonoglyphe as well as the gastrodermis in body wall. Therefore, results from carbon clearance rate, histological and DNA marker results all indicated that Zoanthus sp. could feed on P. subcordiformis and I. galbana.
    Characteristics of crustaceans community structure and its relationship with environmental factors in Dachenyang Spawning Ground Reserve, China.
    ZHU Yu-dan, JIANG Ri-jin, ZHOU Yong-dong, WU Ren-bin, YIN Rui, RUI Yin, ZHANG Lin-lin
    2021, 32(4):  1489-1497.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.033
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    To elucidate the characteristics of fishery resources structure in the Dachenyang Spaw-ning Ground Reserve, the index of relative importance (IRI), biodiversity index and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to explore the relationship between crustaceans community and marine environment based on the bottom trawl survey data collected from April and November in 2018. A total of 38 crustaceans species were recorded, belonged to 25 genera in 14 families. The dominant species were Oratosquilla oratoria, Portunus trituberculatus, Charybdis bimaculata, and Parapenaeopsis hardwickii. The resource density of crustaceans was generally high in depths below 50 m in spring and in depths above 50 m in autumn. The density in the southern area was higher than nouthern area. The Margalef species richness index (D), Shannon diversity index (H) and Pielou evenness index (J) of crustaceans in spring was higher than that in autumn. The H of crustaceans in depths above 50 m was the highest. Based on cluster analysis and non-matrix multidimentional scaling analysis, the crustaceans could be classified into three groups in spring and four groups in autumn. The differences in crustacean community structure in spring were more significant than in autumn. The results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that water depth, bottom temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were the main environmental factors affecting species composition and spatial structure of crustaceans in the surveyed area.
    Reviews
    Research advance in the roles of water-nitrogen-oxygen factors in mediating rice growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen utilization in paddy soils.
    WU Long-long, TIAN Cang, ZHANG Lu, HUANG Jing, ZHU Lian-feng, ZHANG Jun-hua, CAO Xiao-chuang, JIN Qian-yu
    2021, 32(4):  1498-1508.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.020
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    Water and nitrogen are two important factors controlling rice growth and development. Suitable water-nitrogen interaction can alter nitrogen forms and oxygen environmental factors via regulating water content in the rhizosphere of paddy soil, promote the construction of root morphology, improve leaf photosynthesis and the allocation equilibrium of the photosynthetic products between the source and sink organs, and consequently increase rice population quality and grain yield. The microbial regulation mechanisms driven by the environmental factors (e.g. water, nitrogen and oxygen) also play an important role in improving nitrogen utilization efficiency in rice-soil system. Here, we reviewed the research progress in water-nitrogen interaction, and briefly discussed the effects of water, nitrogen form, and dissolved oxygen on rice growth, photosynthesis, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen conversion and the underlying microbiological mechanism. We proposed several key directions for future researches: 1) to quantitatively investigate the spatial and temporal variations of dissolved oxygen in rhizosphere and their dominant environmental drivers under different water and nitrogen regimes; 2) to evaluate the responses of root-sourced signal to rhizosphere dissolved oxygen in different rice genotypes, and uncover its intrinsic mechanisms involved in rice growth and development; 3) to investigate the effects of key microbial process driven by the rhizosphere oxygen environment on the soil nitrogen conversion and rice nitrogen utilization.
    Methanotrophs bacteria in special environment: A review.
    AI Jia, LYU Yang, LI Yan-cheng, ZHONG Xiong, LI Jiang
    2021, 32(4):  1509-1517.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.031
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    Methanotrophs are important and unique prokaryotes widely distributed in the nature. They can oxidize methane and live at a moderate temperature in the conditions withpH=7. In addition, many methanotrophs have been isolated from various special conditions within a wide range of pH value and temperature, including acid sphagnum moss wetlands, acid forest soils, hot springs and high-temperature geothermal areas near volcanic craters, soda-saline lakes, and marine sediments. Here, we introduced the classification, properties and influencing factors of methanotrophs in these special conditions, and reviewed relevant technological researches and engineering applications, with the aim to facilitate further studies of natural biodiversity as well as global carbon and hydrogen cycles.
    Progress on the accounting purpose-based ecosystem service valuation methods.
    SHI Wei, CHENG Kai-ming, WANG Jin-song
    2021, 32(4):  1518-1530.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202104.011
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    The evaluation of ecosystem service value is one of the important steps to improve ecosystem accounting methods and the existing accounting systems, and also one of the key techniques to accelerate the reform of ecological civilization system and to build a beautiful China. However, few literature have systematically distinguished the valuation methods of ecosystem services based on the purpose of valuation, which may lead to overestimation of ecosystem services value from the demand side and inconsistent measurement results among different departments. Based on the purpose of ecosystem accounting, we reviewed the valuation methods of ecosystem services. We started from the connotation and value of ecosystem services, illustrated the classification methods of ecosystem ser-vice value and concluded the approaches of ecosystem service economic units, with the aim to identify the extent to which ecosystem services were involved in system of national accounts (SNA). Then, we systematically sorted out the connotation, applicable scope and data demand of current ecosystem service valuation methods. From the perspective of ecosystem accounting, we discussed the valuation methods applicable to various types of ecosystem services. Finally, we analyzed the deficiency of the current relevant research and proposed some suggestions for the future research.