Table of Content

15 November 2022, Volume 33 Issue 11

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CONTENTS

2022, 33(11):  0-0. 

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Intra-annual radial growth of Abies georgei and Larix potaninii and its responses to environmental factors in the Baima Snow Mountain, Northwest Yunnan, China.

ZHANG Hui, FU Pei-li, LIN You-xing, GE Sang, YANG Jian-qiang, GE-RONG Qu-zha, FAN Ze-xin

2022, 33(11):  2881-2888.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.004

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Using high-resolution dendrometers, we monitored the intra-annual stem radial variations of Abies georgei and Larix potaninii in the subalpine coniferous forest in Baima Snow Mountain, Northwest Yunnan Province. The seasonal dynamics of stem radial growth of both species and their responses to environmental factors were analyzed. The results showed that the stem radial growth of A. georgei and L. potaninii mainly occurred during April to August, with the maximum growth rate in June. Compared with A. georgei, L. potaninii showed an earlier start but later cessation of stem radial growth, resulting in longer growth duration. Annual radial growth and maximum radial growth rates of L. potaninii were slightly higher than those of A. georgei. Daily growth rate of A. georgei was positively correlated with precipitation, but negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit and air temperature. Daily growth rate of L. potaninii was positively correlated with precipitation, but negatively correlated with soil volume water content and vapor pressure deficit. Radial growth of A. georgei and L. potaninii was limited by water availability, with L. potaninii being more sensitive to moisture. Under the background of global warming, the increase of plant transpiration and soil evaporation might further aggravate soil water loss and reduce water availability for plants, which would make A. georgei and L. potaninii more vulnerable to drought stress.

Structure dynamics of communities after cutting Phyllostachys edulis along altitude in Mount Tianmu, China.

WANG Xiu-yun, ZHANG Xiao-hong, PANG Chun-mei

2022, 33(11):  2889-2896.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.003

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We examined the dynamics of community structure in forests formed after cutting all Phyllostachys edulis at altitude of 480, 580, 700 and 800 m of the Mount Tianmu National Nature Reserve in Zhejiang Province, from 2017 to 2020, using phytocommunity method. Results showed that the total number of plant individuals was 515 belonging to 50 species, 43 genera and 27 families in 2017. After three years, 30 new plant species emerged, belonging to 23 genera and 14 families, and the number of individuals increased by 116.9% in 2020. The new species were mainly P. edulis, Callicarpa bodinieri, Lindera glauca, Litsea cubeba and Broussonetia papyrifera, which primarily distributed at the altitude of 580 and 700 m. The tree species with the largest importance value in the communities at altitude of 580, 700 and 800 m remained stable, including Cunninghamia lanceolata, Ailanthus altis-sima and Liquidambar formosana, whereas that in community at altitude of 480 m changed from C. lanceolata to Camellia oleifera. Meanwhile, the diameter distributions of community significantly differed across different altitudes. The diameter distribution of the community at altitude of 480 m displayed a single peak left skewness from the reverse ‘J' type, whilst that at altitude of 700 m developed from a reverse ‘J' type to an exponential type. The diameter distribution in the community at altitude of 800 m followed a normal pattern and the peak value shifted from 24 to 30 cm. Both the Simpson dominance index and Shannon diversity index of the four communities increased across the three years, and all decreased significantly with the increase of altitude. Meanwhile, β diversity increased with rising altitude and increasing distance among altitudes. The recruitment of new species in 2020 provided sufficient seedlings and saplings for natural regeneration, but it had not yet succeeded to the subtropical climax community.

Impacts of drought and stand factors on tree mortality: A case study of national forests in east Texas, USA.

YAN Ming, LIU Qing-qing, LIU Zhi-ping, XI Wei-min

2022, 33(11):  2897-2906.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.002

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To explore the effects of multiple time-scales, climatic and stand factors on tree mortality in forests, we examined the changes in annual and inventory-cycle tree mortality patterns across 264 forest inventory plots in four national forests of eastern Texas. These data were obtained from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program and the plots had been individually surveyed in four inventory cycles over the past 20 years. The generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMM) was used to explore the effects of climatic factors (drought severity, duration of drought, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation), tree size (diameter at breast height) and stand factors (basal area, stand density, and stand age) on tree mortality. The results showed that tree mortality rates increased by 151% in the particular year with severe drought and by 123% during exceptional inventory cycle during the inventory cycle with severe drought. The major cause of death was weather (exceptional drought and large hurricanes). Both drought severity as measured by standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the duration of drought had significant negative effects, whereas annual precipitation had a significant positive effect on tree survival. Tree basal area had a significant negative effect, while tree size, stand age and stand density had significant positive effects on tree survival. Trees with larger size (DBH) were more vulnerable to drought than smaller ones. During the exceptional drought, tree mortality rate of pine species (2.1%) was lower than that of hardwood species (3.9%), while tree mortality in the natural forests (3.0%) was higher than that in the pine plantations (1.9%). Our results suggested that it was essential to consider the relative importance of both intrinsic (tree size) and extrinsic (stand factors and climatic factors) factors in analyzing tree mortality.

Morphology of Caragana korshinskii seeds across different stand ages in sandy-hilly region of northwest Shanxi Province, China.

GOU Qian-qian, GAO Min, ZHANG Yu, WANG Guo-hua

2022, 33(11):  2907-2914.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.006

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We investigated the morphological characteristics of C. korshinskii seeds with three different sizes under plantations with different stand ages (6, 12, 18, 40 and 50 years old) in the typical sandy-hilly region of northwest Shanxi Province, to explore the restoration potential of artificial vegetation from the perspective of reproduction strategies. The results showed that seed production of C. korshinskii plantation increased with stand age, reaching the maximum (584 grain·plant^-1) in 50-year-old stand. Seed length, seed width, and seed shape index decreased with stand age, reaching the minimum (5.09 mm, 2.76 mm and 0.05) in 50-year-old stand. Seed germination percentage showed an upward-downward-upward fluctuating trend, reaching the maximum (97.2%) at 12-year-old stand. Seed production was significantly negatively correlated with seed weight. Seed germination percentage was closely related to seed weight. Seeds with low weight had a low germination percentage and were easier to form a persistent seed bank. In addition, seed production was significantly positively correlated with the height of mother plant, aboveground biomass and belowground biomass, while the shape index of C. korshinskii seeds was significantly negatively correlated with number of new branches. It indicated that with the increases of stand age, the reproduction strategy of C. korshinskii changed from the K strategy with larger seeds in the early stage (6-12 year-old) to the r strategy of small seeds in the later stage (18-50 year-old). Specifically, C. korshinskii kept both the high number and high persistence of seeds by producing a larger number of small and round seeds.

Crown shape model for planted greening tree species Pinus tabuliformis in Shenyang based on marginal regression.

LIU Jia-teng, ZHAO Xue-han, LIU Wei-tao, LI Jian-rong, JIANG Li-juan, ZHOU Yu-hang, GAO Hui-lin, GU Wei

2022, 33(11):  2915-2922.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.008

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Developing outer crown profile prediction models of typical urban greening tree species will lay a foundation for the spatial allocation optimization of urban greening. In this study, Pinus tabuliformis, a typical greening tree species in Shenyang, was selected as the research object. Based on the Crown Window device, a total of 60 sample trees were selected to measure the crown shape, with power equation, segmented polynomial equation, and modified Kozak equation as the basic models. By introducing crown structure variables (the maximum crown radius) and neighbour competition variables (mean tree height, mean diameter at breast height, mean crown width, number for the neighbour trees, and mean crown contact height between sample trees and neighbour trees) through reparameterization, we constructed an outer crown shape model of P. tabuliformis that incorporates neighbour tree competition and maximum crown radius. The results showed that modified Kozak equation had the largest R_a² and the smallest RMSE, as well as good stability. After introducing the maximum crown radius and the mean DBH of neighbour trees into the basic model through reparameterization, the R_a² of the model increased by 0.0693 and the MSER was 14.4%. The maximum crown radius had a great influence on the crown shape, while the crown radius increased with the increases of the maximum crown radius. The influence of mean DBH of neighbour trees on crown shape was weaker than that of maximum crown radius. The upper part of crown increased and the lower part of crown decreased with increasing neighbour tree competition. In this study, the marginal regression outer crown profile model of P. tabuliformis coupled with neighbour tree competition and the maximum crown radius showed good goodness of fit and could reasonably simulate and predict the crown shape of planted P. tabuliformis.

Developing biomass estimation models of young trees in typical plantation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China.

ZHENG Xue-ting, YI Lyu-bei, LI Qiang-feng, BAO An-ming, WANG Zheng-yu, XU Wen-qiang

2022, 33(11):  2923-2935.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.009

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Calculation of forest biomass is the basis for global carbon stock estimation, which has been included in national forest inventory projects. The volume-derived biomass method is generally used for trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) larger than 5 cm in most forest carbon sink measurement, which omits young trees (diameter at breast height <6 cm, height >0.3 m) and thus may underestimate ecosystem carbon sink capacity. Based on the biomass data of 137 young trees in five typical plantations on the Tibetan Plateau, independent biomass models were developed using the weighted generalized least squares method, with basic diameter as the predictor instead of DBH. Additive biomass models of controlling directly by proportion functions and controlling by the sum of equations were selected. Additive biomass models for the whole plant and each component were developed by applying weighted nonlinear seemingly uncorrelated regression. The results showed that the binary additive biomass model (R² reached 0.90-0.99) performed better than the monadic biomass models and independent biomass models for the estimation of total biomass. For different tree species, two forms of the additive models had their own advantages, with neglectable difference in accuracy. From the perspective of forestry production, models of controlling directly by proportion functions were more practical. From the perspective of predictors extraction by remote sensing technology, suitable young tree biomass models were developed for remote sensing estimation. In this study, the additive model had high overall fitting accuracy and could accurately estimate the whole plant and component biomass of young trees in similar climatic environments.

Dynamics of Ca and Mg storage of non-woody debris in a subtropical forest headwater stream during the rainy season.

JIN Xia, WU Fu-zhong, HU Wan-rong, WANG Yuan, ZHAO Ze-min, PENG Yan, NI Xiang-yin, YUE Kai

2022, 33(11):  2936-2942.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.001

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Forest headwater streams are the monumental cement for relating habitats of the terrene and water. Nutri-ent dynamics of non-woody debris in stream can directly and indirectly regulate the cycle and transport of forest nutrients, for example, Ca and Mg. In the rainy season (from March to August) of 2021, we monitored the dyna-mics of Ca and Mg storage of non-woody debris in a typical headwater stream in a subtropical forest. The results showed that total Ca and Mg storage of non-woody debris per unit area of stream ranged from 178.1 to 890.5 mg·m^-2 and 13.8 to 61.6 mg·m^-2 during the rainy season, respectively. The Ca and Mg storages of non-woody debris per unit area of stream during the rainy season displayed a pattern of first increase and then decrease, and overall a decrease pattern. The storage varied significantly among different sites, with higher values in stream source than others. The total Ca and Mg storage of non-woody debris positively correlated with precipitation, but negatively with stream water alkalinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. The variation of riparian forest type (e.g., Castano-psis carlesii forests or mixed coniferous forests) and with or without tributaries did not affect the storage of Ca and Mg in stream non-woody debris. During the rainy season, total Ca and Mg storage of non-woody debris in the headwater stream from forest generally decreased over time, which was mainly controlled by the characteristics of rainfall and stream.

Responses of soil microbial community structure to litter inputs.

ZHANG Ya-qi, CHEN lin, PANG Dan-bo, HE Wen-qiang, LI Xue-bin, WU Meng-yao, CAO Meng-hao

2022, 33(11):  2943-2953.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.031

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Litter decomposition is one of the most important ecosystem processes, which plays a critical role in regu-lating nutrient cycling and energy flow in terrestrial ecosystems. The influence of litter inputs on soil microbial community is helpful for understanding the relationship between soil microbial diversity and terrestrial ecosystem function. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine how litter inputs affect soil microbial activity (fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes) and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen in China. The results showed that compared with non-litter input, soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were significantly increased by 3.9% and 4.4% respectively after litter inputs. Soil fungal PLFA, bacterial PLFA, and total microbial PLFA were increased by 4.0%, 3.1% and 2.4%, respectively. The effects of litter inputs differed significantly with climatic region, annual precipitation, vege-tation type, and soil pH. Under different climate conditions, the responses of soil microbe showed the trend of subtropical monsoon climatic region > temperate monsoon climatic region > temperate continental climatic region, which increased first and then decreased with increasing annual precipitation. Under different vegetation types, the responses of soil microbes showed the trend of broad-leaved forest > grassland ≈ mixed forest > coniferous forest.

Soil bacterial communities of different crop rotations and yield of succeeding wheat.

JIN Hai-yang, YUE Jun-qin, YAN Ya-qian, ZHANG De-qi, YANG Cheng, LI Xiang-dong, SHAO Yun-hui, FANG Bao-ting

2022, 33(11):  2954-2962.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.013

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Evaluating ecological sustainability and crop productivity of different crop rotation patterns could provide theoretical support for adjusting and optimizing crop planting structure. We set seven treatments with different rotation crops and periods. We used real-time quantitative PCR to determine the abundance of soil bacterial community and 16S rRNA gene amplicon high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze diversity and taxa composition of soil bacterial community. Both soil available nutrients and succeeding wheat yield were measured. The results showed that, compared with the rotation with summer maize, the rotations with summer peanut or soybean in diffe-rent periods reduced soil organic carbon, mineral nitrogen, and available potassium, but significantly increased soil available phosphorus. The 16S rRNA gene copy numbers of soil bacteria in the treatments of rotations with summer peanut or soybean in different periods were significantly decreased, while community richness and diversity were increased. Different rotation crops significantly changed the structure and taxonomic composition of soil bacterial community. Compared with the rotation with summer maize, the rotations with summer soybean in different periods significantly increased the 1000-grain weight and grain yield of succeeding winter wheat. In conclusion, rotations with summer peanut or soybean in different periods could increase soil available phosphorus content and bacterial diversity, and significantly change soil bacterial community structure. In particular, rotation with summer soybean performed best in promoting yield formation of succeeding winter wheat.

Interannual variation of soil organic nitrogen fractions and its response to straw returning.

DONG Shu-han, HE Zhang-mi, WANG Wan-qi, ZHANG Xiao-chen, ZHOU Feng, HE Hong-bo, ZHANG Xu-dong, ZHANG Wei

2022, 33(11):  2963-2970.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.017

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Elucidating the interannual variation of soil organic nitrogen fractions and its response to straw returning is of great significance for rational regulation of soil organic nitrogen pool and sustainable soil utilization. We conducted a field microcosm experiment with typic hapludoll soil at the National Field Observation and Research Station of Shenyang Agroecosystems. Three treatments were set, including nitrogen fertilizer addition (200 kg N·hm^-2, the same in other treatments), nitrogen fertilizer addition with 50% straw return, and nitrogen fertilizer addition with 100% straw return. We classified soil organic nitrogen fractions in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 9th years of the experiment by using the Bremner acid hydrolysis method. The results showed that the content of amino acid nitrogen increased with the tillage years, with an increase rate of 39.8% compared with 1st year. The content of hydrolyzable unknown nitrogen increased by 10.8% compared with 1st year, which reached the highest in the 3rd year. The content of total soil nitrogen and other organic nitrogen fractions showed limited variation with tillage years. The proportion of hydrolyzable total nitrogen that is relatively easy to mineralize in the total soil nitrogen gradually increased with the tillage years, and that of relatively stable acid insoluble nitrogen to total soil nitrogen gradually decreased, indicating that soil nitrogen availability increased with the tillage years, which would facilitate the soil nitrogen supply capacity. Compared with the treatment without straw returning, adding straw improved soil total nitrogen and each hydrolyzable nitrogen contents, with such positive effect be stronger under the treatment with heavier straw returning. The effect of straw returning on hydrolyzable nitrogen fractions mainly occurred in the 6th and 9th years. The components of soil total nitrogen that have been increased were mainly the amino acid nitrogen and hydrolyzed unknown nitrogen, resulting in increased proportion of hydrolyzable nitrogen. Straw returning could increase soil nitrogen pool and improve soil nitrogen conservation and supply capacity.

Effects of elevated CO₂ concentration, warming, and winter wheat planting on soil enzyme activities.

WEI Han-mei, ZHENG Fen-li, ZHAO Miao-miao, WANG Jing, JIAO Jian-yu, WANG Xue-song

2022, 33(11):  2971-2978.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.018

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Understanding the responses of soil enzyme activities to elevated CO₂ concentration and warming can provide a scientific basis for nutrient management of croplands under global climate change. We conducted a pot expe-riment with climate chamber to examine the effects of elevated CO₂ concentration and warming and winter wheat growth on soil enzyme activities. There were four climate scenarios: control (CK, 400 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂ concentration+normal ambient temperature), and CO₂ concentration elevation (ECO₂, 800 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂ concentration+normal ambient temperature), elevated temperature (ET, 400 μmol·mol^-1 + temperature increased 4 ℃), and elevated CO₂ concentration and temperature (ECO₂+T, 800 μmol·mol^-1 CO₂ concentration + temperature increased 4 ℃). We measured the activities of soil β-glucosidase (βG), β-N-acetyl glucosidase (NAG), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) at four growth stages (JS, jointing stage; AS, anthesis stage; FS, filling stage and MS, maturity stage), with and without winter wheat planting. Without winter wheat planting, there was no significant difference in four kinds of soil enzyme activities between ECO₂ and CK, while ET and ECO₂+T treatments had significant negative effect on soil enzyme activities. With winter wheat planting, compared with CK, ECO₂ and ECO₂+T treatments did not affect the activities of those four soil enzyme; but the ET treatment had great impact on soil ALP and PPO activities. The activities of four kinds of soil enzyme were significantly diffe-rent between the ET and ECO₂+T treatments. Compared with ET treatment, ECO₂+T treatment increased soil βG activity at the JS, decreased NAG activity at the JS, increased ALP activity at both AS and FS, decreased PPO activity in the JS and increased in the AS. The interaction of elevated CO₂ concentration and warming had significant effect on soil NAG and ALP activities with and without winter wheat planting. The interaction of warming and expe-rimental stage had significant effect on four kinds of soil enzyme activities without winter wheat planting, but the interaction of warming and crop growth stage had significant effect on ALP and PPO activities with winter wheat planting. The interaction of elevated CO₂ concentration, warming and experimental period had significant effect on soil βG, ALP and PPO activities without winter wheat growth, while with winter wheat growth, it had significant impact on NAG, ALP and PPO activities. The winter wheat growth had significantly inhibitory effect on βG, NAG and ALP activities in the two early growth periods (JS+AS), significant promoting effect in the later growth periods (FS+MS), and significantly inhibitory effect on PPO activity during whole growth period. Overall, elevated CO₂ concentration did not affect soil enzyme activities, while the elevation of CO₂ concentration and temperature on soil enzyme activities differed among the soil enzymes at different growth stages. In addition, the responses of four soil enzyme activities to the interaction of elevated CO₂ concentration and warming varied with and without winter wheat planting.

Hydrodynamic characteristics of grass swale runoff in Guanzhong area of Loess Plateau, Northwest China.

CAO Bo-zhao, WANG Jian, ZHAO Ya-jun, LIU Chao

2022, 33(11):  2979-2986.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.023

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Grass swale has been widely used in sponge city construction, which can effectively improve the urban ecological environment. To explore the regulation mechanism of runoff in grass swale, runoff scouring experiment was carried out to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of runoff and the distribution of cross-section velocity under the combined conditions of five slopes (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%) and five scour flows (20, 30, 40, 50, 60 L·min^-1). With the increases of flow rate and slope, flow velocity, Reynolds number and Froude number all increased gradually, while the Manning roughness coefficient and Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient decreased gradually. The velocity (V) could be expressed as a power function V=0.3387Q^0.555S^0.6601 of flow rate (Q) and slope (S). The variation ranges of Reynolds number and Froude number were 1160.95-6596.82 and 0.17-1.21, respectively. The runoff flow patterns were all turbulent. The flow pattern was greatly affected by the slope. When flow rate and slope were small, they had great influence on friction coefficient. Under the experimental conditions, the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient was negatively correlated with Reynolds number. The velocity distribution of cross-section showed symmetrical distribution on both sides of the center. The maximum velocity point was located at the center of water surface. With the increases of flow rate and slope, the velocity contours of cross section gradually became dense and the gradient of the velocity change increased. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the design, application and hydraulic calculation of grass swale in the construction of sponge cities in loess areas, and reveal the runoff regulation mechanism by analyzing the hydraulic characteristics of grass swale runoff.

Grain oil quality formation and metabolism-related genes difference expression of Paeonia suffruticosa cv. ‘Fengdan' grown at different altitudes.

SHI Shuai-ying, DING Xi-ning, WANG Zhan-chao, GUO Xiang-feng, ZHANG Gai-na, HU Yong-hong, SHI Guo-an

2022, 33(11):  2987-2996.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.012

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We measured the morphological index, nutritional composition and the expression analysis of key genes during grain development of Paeonia suffruticosa cv. ‘Fengdan' grown at altitudes of 100, 650 and 1010 m in Luo-yang. The aim of this study was to examine differences in grain yield traits and the transformation of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein and fatty acid contents, as well as the related enzyme activity and differential expression of key genes in oil metabolism. The results showed that grain yield traits increased with altitudes and that the growth period of grain at the higher altitudes was longer than that at low and mid altitudes. The soluble sugar and starch in mature grains increased with altitudes, while soluble protein and crude fat did not change. During grain development, the activities of sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) first decreased and then increased, with the lowest occurred at 90 d after flowering. The activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminease (GOT) increased rapidly during 50-90 d after flowering and peaked at 90 d. The relative expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD) peaked at 50 d after flowering, and ω-6 fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) peaked at 90 d, in oil tree peony grain at different altitudes. There was a negative correlation of soluble sugar and starch with the accumulation of soluble protein and crude fat. SPS activity was positively correlated with the contents of soluble sugar and starch, and negatively correlated with the contents of soluble protein and crude fat during grain development. Activities of GPT and GOT were negatively associated with the content of soluble sugar and the content of starch, and had a highly significant positive correlation with the contents of soluble protein and crude fat. Activity of PDH was positively correlated with the content of soluble proteins and activities of GPT and GOT, and negatively correlated with the contents of soluble sugar and starch. It suggested that nutrient accumulation in the process of grain development of tree peony was transformed from sugar to crude fat and protein, and that metabolic enzymes, such as SPS, PDH, GPT and GOT, played an important role in this process. Palmitate acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid were negatively correlated with the relative increment of α-linolenic acid, indicating that fatty acid desaturation process in the grain development of tree peony was towards the direction of α-linolenic acid synthesis. The relative expression of ACCase, SAD, and FAD2 was positively correlated with the relative increment of α-linolenic acid accumulation, which played an important role in α-linolenic acid synthesis. The oil quality of tree peony grain was relatively stable at different altitudes, but grain production increased with altitude. Planting oil tree peony at mid to high altitudes could be an important strategy for the efficient use of marginal land in Luoyang.

Seasonal variation of distribution and removal of high-risk tetracycline resistance genes in constructed wetland.

FAN Zeng-zeng, ZHAO Wei, YANG Xin-ping

2022, 33(11):  2997-3006.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202210.036

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Livestock wastewater is an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with high environmental risks. We investigated the seasonal variations of distribution and removal of swine wastewater originated high-risk tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The effects of exogenous addition of tetracycline (TC) and copper ion (Cu²⁺) on the abundance of TRGs in effluent with single and combined pollution of antibiotic and heavy metal were studied. The results showed that all the three high-risk TRGs (tetM, tetO and tetW) were detected in swine wastewater. Wetlands could effectively reduce the ARGs, with the absolute abundance of TRGs in effluent being decreased by 1.1-2.4 and 1.7-2.9 orders of magnitude in summer and winter compared with the influent, respectively. The abundance of TRGs in wetland soils showed the characte-ristics that the outflow side was lower than the inflow side, the non-rhizosphere area was lower than the rhizosphere area, and lower in winter than in summer. In summer and winter, single and combined pollution of TC and Cu²⁺ in swine wastewater would increase the abundance of TRGs in effluent compared with that in the control. The constructed wetland is suitable for controlling the environmental diffusion of ARGs in livestock wastewater.

Structure and diversity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in marsh soils at different invasion stages of Spartina alterniflora in the Minjiang River estuary, China.

CHEN Bing-bing, SUN Zhi-gao, HU Xing-yun, WU Hui-hui, WANG Xiao-ying, MAO Li, LI Yan-zhe

2022, 33(11):  3007-3015.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.016

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To explore the differences in structure and diversity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in marsh soils at different invasion stages of Spartina alterniflora, the mudflat (MF, before invasion) and the S. alterniflora marsh after seaward invasion for 1-2 years (SAN) and 6-7 years (SA) in Shanyutan of the Minjiang River estuary were investigated by high-through put sequencing method. Results showed that the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora reduced the richness and diversity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in marsh soils. The nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in soils at different invasion stages included Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, with Proteobacteria as the dominant one. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora greatly altered the composition of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community in marsh soils. The highest relative abundance of genus in soils from different invasion stages were Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Alcaligenes, respectively. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora increased the spatial heterogeneity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community composition in marsh soils. In SAN plot, the enhancement of spatial heterogeneity was primarily due to higher environmental disturbances in plots and the increased spatial heterogeneity of environmental variables caused by the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora. The seaward invasion of S. alterniflora altered the physico-chemical properties (e.g., grain composition, pH and moisture) and N nutrient conditions (total N, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N) in marsh soils, which greatly altered the structure and diversity of nirK-type denitrifying microbial community. Our findings reveal the microbial mechanism of denitrification process in marsh soils during the seaward invasion of S. alterniflora.

Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on the functional groups and niche of benthic crustaceans and fishes in mangrove wetland.

WANG Yu-ming, GAO Xin-yi, XIE Shi-jun, MA Yu-tong, YE Tuo-hui, LIU Jia-kang, LIN Miao-zhi, FENG Jian-xiang

2022, 33(11):  3016-3026.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.030

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To investigate the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on mangrove wetland ecosystem, the benthic crustacean and fish samples were collected using cage nets in Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove Wetland, Fujian Pro-vince in August 2020, January and April 2021. The five sampling sites included two mangroves (Avicennia marina and Kandelia obovata) sites, two S. alterniflora sites, and one mudflat site. The abundance, biomass, index of relative importance (IRI), Shannon diversity index (H), Pielou evenness index (J), and Margalef richness index (D) were used to quantify the dominant species and species diversity of benthic crustaceans and fishes. The functional groups and niche of dominant species were also analyzed. A total of 37 species, from 2 phyla, 2 classes, 8 orders, and 17 families, were identified across the three seasons. Most of them were warm-water and euryhaline species, mainly carnivorous and omnivorous functional groups. The results of two-way analysis of variance and NMDS showed that the community diversity index of benthic crustacean and fish did not change significantly after the invasion of S. alterniflora compared with mudflat. Functional groups had changed significantly, with the species number of plankton functional groups, carnivorous and phytophagous functional groups being increased. Compared with mangrove sites, the number of species of benthic crustacean and fish in S. alterniflora sites was significantly increased. The spatio-temporal niche breadth of dominant species ranged from 0 to 1.4186, with Liza carinata (1.4186), Bostrychus sinensis (1.0168), Metapenaeus ensis (0.9469) and Exopalaemon carinicauda (0.8922) as the top four species.

Effects of gravel content on runoff and sediment yield on Lou soil engineering accumulation slopes under simulated rainfall conditions.

LI Rui-dong, WANG Wen-long, LOU Yi-bao, BAI Yun, KANG Hong-liang, CUI Zhi-qiang, LU Zheng-jun

2022, 33(11):  3027-3036.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.019

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To investigate the effects of gravel content on runoff and sediment yield on Lou soil accumulation slopes, we conducted indoor simulation rainfall experiments and examined the characteristics of runoff and sediment yield on accumulation slopes with five gravel contents (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) under four rainfall intensities (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mm·min^-1), with a no gravels slope as control. The average runoff rate under different test conditions ranged from 2.18 to 13.07 L·min^-1. The average runoff rate was the maximum under the gravel content of 10% (or 20%) and the minimum under the 50% gravel content. The average flow velocity ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 m·s^-1. The variation of flow velocity was complex. The smaller the gravel content, the larger the range of variation and the coefficient of variation. The average flow velocity reached the maximum when the gravel content was 10%. The presence of gravel effectively inhibited the sediment yield, and the sediment reduction benefit reached 84.2%. The rainfall intensity had more influence on the average sediment yield rate than gravel content. Results of partial correlation analysis showed that gravel content was significantly negatively correlated with the ave-rage runoff rate, the average flow velocity, and the average sediment yield rate. The relationships between the ave-rage sediment yield and the average runoff rate, the average flow velocity, and their interaction were all extremely significant linear functions, with the strongest relationship between the average sediment yield and the average runoff rate. This study could provide references for the control of soil erosion and the establishment of erosion models for engineering accumulations in Lou soil areas.

Effects of paramagnetic material on the characteristics of low field nuclear magnetic resonance signals and water measurement in different textured soils.

MA Hong-jiao, MA Dong-hao, LIU Zhi-peng, ZHANG Jia-bao, JIANG Xiao-wen, LU Rong-sheng

2022, 33(11):  3037-3045.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.026

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Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology has been applied in soil science due to the characte-ristics of high efficiency, rapidity, no damage to soil structure, and harmlessness to the human body. However, the effect of the presence of paramagnetic materials in soils on the characteristics of NMR signals was still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of paramagnetic material on the low field nuclear magnetic (LF-NMR) signals and soil water content measurement in soils with different texture. The results showed that the LF-NMR signal of soil water could reach about 150, while that of all the solid materials including soil minerals, organic matter and microbes was less than 0.3, which was relatively negligible. Compared with the NMR signals produced by solid materials in soils, soil texture and paramagnetic material had stronger impact on the measured LF-NMR signals of soil water. LF-NMR equipment had a relaxation time monitoring blind area, and the loss of NMR signal was mainly due to the acceleration of the relaxation process of hydrogen protons in water by magnetic materials, resulting in extremely fast LF-NMR signals feed back by water in small pores that could not be captured by monitoring equipment. For loamy fluvo-aquic soil (1.2%) and clay loamy black soil (1.3%) with low paramagnetic material contents, the loss of LF-NMR signals was not large, which was linearly related to soil water content. For clayey red soil with high content of clay (45.3%) and paramagnetic materials (4.0%), a part of the LF-NMR signals would be lost in the measurement, and the monitored LF-NMR signal was not linearly related to the soil water content. In addition, external addition of paramagnetic materials (3.0 g·L^-1 MnCl₂ solution) would further reduce the LF-NMR signals that could be monitored in black and red soils. The maximum signal loss rates of black soil and red soil were 41.0% and 46.7%, respectively, which greatly changed the quantitative relationship between it and soil water content. Therefore, the influence of paramagnetic materials on the LF-NMR signals should be reduced first through correction when using LF-NMR to measure the water content of clay soil with rich internal paramagnetic materials (>1.3%) or external addition of paramagnetic materials. Our results would provide valuable insights into the study of soil water content measurement and soil pore structure analysis using low field nuclear magnetic resonance technology.

Assessment of soil quality under different land use types in the rocky mountain area of northern Hebei Province, China.

TENG Hui-ying, GENG Yan-lou, ZHANG Heng-shuo, ZHA Tong-gang

2022, 33(11):  3046-3054.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.015

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To assess the variations of soil quality among land use types and with altitude in the rocky mountain area of northern Hebei Province is critical for preventing further human-induced degradation of land and vegetation, and for formulating a strategic plan on vegetation restoration after the Beijing Winter Olympics. Taking Betula platyphylla natural forest, Larix gmelinii plantation, natural grassland and abandoned cropland as research objects, 13 soil physicochemical indices (e.g., soil bulk density, porosity and soil nutrient content) were measured to compare soil quality among land use types. The results showed that soil quality presented the trend as B. platyphylla natural forest > natural grassland > L. gmelinii plantation > abandoned cropland. B. platyphylla natural forest had the best soil quality due to high total nitrogen (3.24 ±1.42 g·kg^-1) and phosphorus (0.59±0.10 g·kg^-1) contents, suggesting that long-term soil nutrient accumulation played an important role in preventing soil degradation. Soil quality in natural grassland was lower than that in B. platyphylla natural forest, due to topographic factors and coarse soil fraction. Soil physical properties in L. gmelinii plantation had been substantially improved after 40 years restoration, as indicated by significant reductions in soil gravel fraction, while soil nutrient contents changed little. The low soil quality in abandoned cropland was attributable to low vegetation coverage and intense human activities in the low-altitude area. Driven by soil total nitrogen, soil quality under the four land use types increased with altitude, and peaked at about 1700 m. We suggested that enclosure and ecological restoration measures should be strengthened in ecologically-fragile, low-altitude areas, taking sustainable development into consideration for high-density stands and promoting plantations to adapt to environmental change.

Eco-environmental effects and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of land use change: A case study of Hexi Corridor, Northwest China.

NAN Sheng-xiang, WEI Wei, LIU Chun-fang, ZHOU Jun-ju

2022, 33(11):  3055-3064.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.024

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Based on the land use data of Hexi Corridor region from 1980 to 2020, we calculated the ecological environment quality index and analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics, change frequency, patterns, circles of the long time series land use type changes and its ecological environment quality, using the spatial analysis method of ArcGIS. The results showed that unused land was the main land use type in the study area during 1980-2020. The area of construction land, forest land, grassland, and water changed more, and the transition among land use types was obvious. The trends of deterioration and improvement of ecological environment quality in the study area occurred simultaneously and offset each other under certain conditions. The ecological environment quality index evolved in a ‘U' shape, first decreasing and then increasing, with little change in overall ecological environment quality fluctuations. The spatial clustering of ecological quality was obvious, which was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest, without high frequency and large change. The ecological quality in the southeast quadrant of the study area was the worst, followed by the southwest and northwest quadrants, while the ecological quality in the northeast quadrant was the best. The area of the continuously decline zone in ecological environment quality type conversion was larger than that of the continuously rising zone, indicating that ecological environmental protection in the Hexi Corridor had been effective during the study period. The hot spots of ecological quality change were mainly distributed in the central and southwestern part of the Hexi Corridor, and the cold spots were mainly distributed in the northwestern part.

Temporal and spatial evolution of regional cultural landscape under the influence of construction land expansion: A case study of Hanjiang delta in Guangdong, China.

QIU Cai-lin, QIU Ning, ZHANG Tian-jie

2022, 33(11):  3065-3074.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.021

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Cultural landscapes are the products of combination of natural and human factors with constant change in response to human behavior. Exploring the impacts of construction land expansion on cultural landscapes is the key to understand the formal connotations and value characteristics of human activities interfering with cultural landscapes. In this study, we first classified the cultural landscape of the Hanjiang Delta and then used the landscape index to quantitatively describe the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the cultural landscape from 1980 to 2018. Finally, we analyzed the spatial effect between construction land expansion and the cultural landscape with a spatial panel econometric model. The results showed that a total of seven cultural landscape types were identified at the regional level. From 1980 to 2000, the cultural landscape pattern in the study area changed substantially, with increasing fragmentation, deepening irregularity, and increasing diversity. The proportion of regional construction land increased from 14.8% to 29.9%. The year 2000 was the cut-off point for the rate of construction land expansion, and the chronological characteristics of cultural landscape change coincided with it. There was a spatial dependency between the expansion of construction land and the change of cultural landscape. With the expansion of construction land, the sprawl town landscape in sand dike became the dominant type, and the paddy scattered historical villages, the wetland agglomeration town landscape, and the paddy wetland landscape in net river lowland faced extinction. Construction land expansion affected the local landscape pattern and had spatial spillover effects on neighboring areas. For a particular landscape type, the expansion of construction land led to a general increase in the degree of patch integration and an enhanced landscape agglomeration effect. For different types, this led to a decrease in inter-landscape sprawl, an increase in patch irregularity, and enhanced fragmentation. This study could provide a reference for the human history inheritance and ecological pattern optimization in the Hanjiang Delta.

Temporal and spatial variation of ecosystem service value and its response to landscape pattern change in Guizhou Province, China.

WEN Jiang-hui, LI Rui

2022, 33(11):  3075-3086.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.020

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Guizhou Province is a test area of ecological civilization in China, and one of the most typical areas of karst landform development in the world. Exploring the change of ecosystem service value and its spatial correlation distribution characteristics with landscape pattern is conducive to formulating ecological environment improvement and protection measures according to local conditions. We analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of landscape pattern and ecosystem services in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2018 and constructed a geographically weighted regression model to explore the spatial changes of their correlation coefficients. The results showed that the transfer of landscape types in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2018 mainly occurred in the five landscapes of construction land, forest, water, grassland, and cropland. The landscape fragmentation and diversity increased. The value of ecosystem services was increasing year by year. Forests were the main contributors to the value of ecosystem services in Guizhou Province, with regulation services as the main ecosystem services. For high-value landscape types, the increase of diversity and the reduction of fragmentation were conducive to the increases of ecosystem service value. In the area with concentrated low-value landscape types, it showed the opposite effect. The direction of landscape transfer and the spatial distribution of diversity and fragmentation of different landscape types should be adjusted according to the characteristics of ecological environment in different regions of Guizhou Province, to realize the increases of ecosystem service value.

Trade-off and synergy among ecosystem services and the influencing factors in the Ziwuling Region, Northwest China.

WANG Shi-mei, JIN Tian-tian, YAN Ling-ling, GONG Jie

2022, 33(11):  3087-3096.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.027

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Ecosystem service (ES) bundle is a combination of various ecosystem services, serving as an indicator for the trade-off or synergy relationship among ecosystem services. Identifying the trade-off and synergy within ecosystem service bundles is helpful for realizing regional management and policymaking at the ES-bundle level. In this study, based on the InVEST model, the spatial composition, trade-off, and synergy of ES bundles, and their influencing factors were clarified using correlation analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and redundancy analysis. The results showed that the ESs in the Ziwuling Region (ZWLR) were generally improved from 2000 to 2017. The high-value area of soil conservation was concentrated in the northern part of the ZWLR, whereas other high-value areas of ESs were concentrated in the central and southern parts. According to the results of the cluster analysis, the ZWLR could be divided into four ES-bundles at pixel level. There was a strong tradeoff between water yield service and soil conservation in the core protected bundle, and a strong tradeoff between habitat quality, water yield service and food production in grain production bundle. The relationship between ESs in ecologi-cal transition bundle and ecologically fragile bundle was dominated by synergetic relationship. The ESs were affec-ted by both natural conditions and human activities. Vegetation cover, precipitation, and elevation had positive effects on the ESs, while temperature, the proportion of construction land, and population density had negative effects.

Feeding ecology of Decapterus maruadsi in the southern coastal area of Zhejiang based on stomach contents and stable isotope analysis.

XU Wen, YANG Rui, CHEN Gan, GAO Chun-xia, YE Shen, HAN Dong-yan

2022, 33(11):  3097-3104.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202212.029

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Decapterus maruadsi is an important economic pelagic fish in the southern coastal area of Zhejiang. According to the bottom trawl surveys conducted in May, August, November 2020 and January 2021, the feeding habits of D. maruadsi in the southern coastal area of Zhejiang were examined by both stable isotope (carbon, δ¹³C, and nitrogen, δ¹⁵N) and stomach content analyses. Results showed that the δ¹³C value of D. maruadsi ranged from -17.76‰ to -15.25‰, with a mean of (-16.55±0.60)‰, while the δ¹⁵N value ranged from 9.06‰ and 13.03‰, with a mean of (11.76±0.88)‰. There was a significant negative correlation between the δ¹³C values and fork length, and a positive relationship between the δ¹⁵N with fork length. Results from stomach content analysis showed that the main prey groups of D. maruadsi were fish, shrimp, crabs, Cephalopod, Polychaete, and small crustaceans. As for the stable isotope analysis, the nutritional contribution rate of shrimp was the highest (40%-84%) among all prey groups, followed by Polychaete, small crustaceans, crabs, Cephalopods and fish. Significant ontogenetic dietary changes were found for D. maruadsi. As the fork length of D. maruadsi increased, it tended to eat prey from higher trophic levels.

Reviews

Main hypotheses on mechanisms underlying plant invasion: A review.

HOU Qing-chen, FENG Yan-lou, ZHOU Yu-jie, AO Yu-mei, CHEN Chun-xiao, XING Ya-juan, WANG Qing-gui, YAN Guo-yong

2022, 33(11):  3105-3115.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.005

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Plant invasion is one of the most serious global problems, destroying ecosystem structure and function. With the severity of plant invasion, it is particularly important to understand the mechanisms of plant invasion in order to control and solve the problem. We summarized different mechanisms of plant invasion and the synergy among them, expounded the allelopathy, the plant-soil feedbacks, the reciprocal symbiosis, the effects of plant functional traits and phenotype plasticity in the process of plant invasion, and comprehensively analyzed the synergy of multiple mechanisms on plant invasion trajectory. According to the results, the invasion trajectory of alien plants in the invasive site was divided into four stages: introduction, colonization, establishment, and invasion. Integrating all kinds of obstacles and promoting factors encountered into it and putting forward the invasion curve of plants would contribute to the future research and management of invasive plants. We further highlighted the current research deficiencies and future research directions and objectives based on analyzing current research methods of plant invasion.

Retarding potential of biochar on antibiotic resistance genes in soil and the mechanisms: A review.

WANG Yu-jie, TANG Yu-jia, ZHANG Ya-ping, ZHANG Miao-yue, CHU Shuang-shuang, QIU Rong-liang

2022, 33(11):  3116-3126.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.014

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Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil pose a major challenge to global environment and health. The development of effective technologies to reduce their negative effects has implications for maintaining soil health and human health. Biochar would be a suitable control material due to its characteristics of high carbon content, large surface area, excellent adsorption capacity, and economic advantages. There are three mechanisms underlying its negative effects on the abundance of ARGs: 1) adsorption of certain pollutants (e.g., antibiotics and heavy metals) to reduce the co-selective pressure of ARGs; 2) alteration of microbial composition through altering soil physico-chemical properties, and thereby limiting the ability of bacteria to undergo horizontal transfer of ARGs; 3) direct impairment of horizontal gene transfer by the adsorption of horizontal transfer vectors such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons. However, the negative effect of biochar depends on the source of material, pyrolysis process, and its amount added. Furthermore, field aging of biochar may reduce its ability to block ARGs. Endogenous contaminants of biochar, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, may cause the enrichment of specific antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment or induce horizontal gene transfer. In further studies, suitable biochar should be selected according to soil environments, and biochar aging control measures should be taken to improve its retarding effect on ARGs.

Research methods and progress on the reduction effects of vehicle emission pollutants by street canyon greening.

XIAO Qian-kun, CHENG Ya-tian, LI Si-tao, LIN Yao-yu, CHENG Wei-jin, WU Chang-guang

2022, 33(11):  3127-3136.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.022

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With the development of high-density and high-rise buildings on both sides of the street, widespread attention has been paid to the applicability of the traditional greening model of ‘the more trees, the better atmospheric environment' in dealing with air pollution in urban street canyons. Clarifying the characteristics of street canyons greening and its planting design pattern on the reduction of emission pollutants by vehicles is an important prerequisite for the improvement of air quality in the street canyons. Based on literature review, we compared the applicability and limitations of the three methods, including field observation, wind tunnel test, and numerical simulation. We further analyzed the effects of roadside trees and hedges on the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants, and put forward a framework of adaptive greening design for air quality improvement. Finally, we proposed that future studies should address the creation of graphic languages for roadside greening design, the development of technical guidelines for evaluating the exposure of air pollution, and the optimization of parameterization schemes for the physical processes of greening effect in computational fluid dynamics models. Overall, our review could provide ideas and reference for the subsequent research.

Research hotspots and trends of urban stormwater management in China based on resilience theory.

CHEN Na, XIANG Hui, MA Bo, LI Jing-yu

2022, 33(11):  3137-3145.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.025

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Under the context of frequent flood disasters in China, stormwater management practices such as sponge cities can play a role in flood mitigation and improve the ‘resilience' of cities to flood. Resilient city is a concept related with adaptation to disasters, which is increasingly applied to stormwater and flood risk management in some countries. Based on the theory of resilience, we used the scientific metrological analysis tool CiteSpace to review the actualities of Chinese research on rainfall flood, analyzed the hot spots and related technologies of stormwater management from three aspects including ecology, engineering and society of stormwater resilience. Results showed the shortcomings in cross-sectoral stormwater management, and water regulation and storage management of land use at different scales from region to block. We proposed that ‘ecology-engineering-society' should be set as the core to establish an adaptive and resilient stormwater management system that offers service to ‘region-city-block' with the support of multi-technology integration in the future.

Research progress on insect single sensillum recording.

TANG Jia-cai, WEI Cheng-mei, ZHAO Jing, YAN Nai-sheng, DONG Wen-xia

2022, 33(11):  3146-3158.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.010

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Single sensillum recording is an insect extracellular electrophysiological technique, which can measure the electrophysiological responses of a single sensillum to stimuli in insects. It can help explore the electrophysiologi-cal response mechanism of insect olfactory and taste receptors to different semiochemicals. Combined with other techniques, it can be used to understand the molecular genetic mechanisms of olfactory responses, as well as to develop behavior regulators and volatile organic compound biosensors. In this review, we proposed the basic structure and the principle of single sensillum recording, and summarized its applications in insect studies, aiming to provide the foundation for understanding the mechanisms and applications in insect perception of semiochemicals.

Research progress on the ecological roles of ‘marine ecosystem engineers'.

AN Xin-long, GU Ji-guang, HUANG Ling-feng, ZHENG Zi-yao, LI Xue-mei

2022, 33(11):  3159-3168.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202211.028

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‘Marine ecosystem engineers' are marine species that can shape habitats and benefit other marine organisms, which are widely found in marine plants, animals and microorganisms. Their ecological roles are the basis of marine ecological functions. By analyzing the relevant literature, we systematically reviewed the research progress of the ecological roles of ‘marine ecosystem engineers', and proposed the main research direction and content in the future. In general, ‘marine ecosystem engineers' play an active role in a particular marine environment. However, once they become invasive species, they may have negative impacts on the invasive sea area. In addition, some ‘marine ecosystem engineers' can have both positive and negative impacts simultaneously. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen researches on the role of ‘marine ecosystem engineers' in marine biological beds, marine biogenic reefs, marine biofilms and composite ecosystem engineering, effectively utilize their positive roles and prevent and control their negative impacts, so as to realize the comprehensive development, utilization and protection of the ocean.