Loading...
Welcome to Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology! Today is Share:

Table of Content

    25 January 2001, Volume 12 Issue 1
    Articles
    Analysis of environmental gradient and community of forest-swamp ecotone in Changbai Mountains
    MU Changcheng, HAN Shijie, LUO Juchun, WANG Xiangping
    2001, 12(1):  1-7. 
    Asbtract ( 231 )  
    This paper discussed the change pattern between environmental gradients, community structure, productivity, plant diversity of forest-swamp ecotones, the mechanism forming those community's traits,which could supply a theoretical basis for conserving, managing the biological resources of ecotonal communities.By setting up sample belts along the environmental gradients on three kinds of ecotones between forests, swamps in Changbai Mountains, through investigating initial data, establishing regression models,the authors studied the dynamic pattern of species composition,diameter class, age class of dominant species,plant diversity,community productivity of forest-swamp ecotone communities with environmental gradients.The results showed that the distribution patterns of community structure characteristics,plant diversity, community productivity were consistent with the changes of environmental gradients of forest-swamp ecotones.Along the environmental gradient from swamp to forest,the displace of dominant species happened,and the species number increased by positive exponent.The diameter distribution of trees decreased by inverse curve,and the age class of trees was suited to cubic distribution.The plant diversity increased by quadratic,and the community biomass increased by cubic power curve along the environmental gradients.The above mentioned results suggested that the relationships between communities, environmental gradients were closely related.
    Impact of substrate salinity on caloric value, energy accumulation and its distribution in various organs of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings
    WANG Wenqing, YE Qinghua, WANG Xiaomei, LIN Peng
    2001, 12(1):  8-12. 
    Asbtract ( 192 )  
    The study with artificial culture showed that the accumulation of dry matter, energy in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings was promoted by low substrate salinity,but inhibited by high substrate salinity,which peaked at 10mg·g -1 substrate salinity.With the increase of substrate salinity, the dry matter, the energy tended to be allocated to the micro-roots, leaves, which are nutrient-absorbing organ, photosynthetic organ, respectively.With the increase of substrate salinity, the changes in caloric values were differed in various organs of B. gymnorrhiza seedlings,and those in leaves could reflect the changes in the salt-resistance of the seedlings.
    Vegetation carbon storage and density of forest ecosystems in China
    WANG Xiaoke, FENG Zongwei, OUYANG Zhiyun
    2001, 12(1):  13-16. 
    Asbtract ( 356 )   PDF (1KB) ( 134 )  
    To improve the estimatation of carbon pool of forest ecosystems is very important in studying their CO2 emission, uptake. The estimation of vegetation carbon pool in China has just begun. There is a significant difference among estimates from different methods applied. Based on forest inventory recorded by age class, the vegetation carbon storage of forest ecosystems in China was estimated to be 3.26~3.73Pg, accounting for 0.6~0.7% of the global pool. The carbon densities were difference among forest types, provinces, in range of 6.47~118.14Mg·hm -2 .There is an incremental tendency from southeast to north, west. This trend is negatively related with the change in population density in logarithmic mode, which indicates that the actual forest carbon density is prominently determined by human activities.
    Several basic issues of forest gap model I. Effect of simulated plot area
    YAN Xiaodong
    2001, 12(1):  17-22. 
    Asbtract ( 192 )  
    A case study on the effect of different plot area on forest gap model simulation was conducted with forest gap model NEWCOP in broad leaved Korean pine forests at Changbai Mt.of Northeastern China.The results showed that change of plot area affected the tree species composition, the gap appearance periodicity of simulated forest stand,which was applied to determine 400~800m2 as the area of forest gap.
    Geostrophic deviation analysis of regional effects of protective forest system in reducing windspeed in north Liaoning plain
    GUAN Dexin, ZHU Tingyao, XING Yunpeng,
    2001, 12(1):  23-26. 
    Asbtract ( 151 )  
    East Asian synoptic charts, ground wind data in April, May of four counties of north Liaoning plain were selec ted to calculate the regional effects of protective forest system in reducing windspeed by geostrophic deviation method.The results show that the protection effects increased with increasing forestration area.Different protection effects of protective forest appeared at different daytime,with the greatest at 14:00, smallest at 2:00, the average windspeed reduced 13.3%.The characteristics of the geostrophic deviation method was also discussed.
    Ecophyslological response of Pinus koraiensis seedlings to elevated CO2
    HAN Shijie, ZHOU Yumei, WANG Chenrui, ZHANG Junhui, ZOU Chunjing
    2001, (1):  27-30. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Studies on the ecophysiological response of Pinus koraiensis seedlings were conducted in open-top chambers which were controlled with CO2 concentration of about 500, 700μmol·mol-1 .The result shows that there were different responses in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance at high CO2(500, 700μmol·mol-1), ambient CO2 concentrations.Under 500μmol·mol-1 CO2,the carboxylase activity of RuBP was the highest,the photosynthesis showed “up-ward”,the average daily net CO2 assimilation was the greatest,and the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugars were the highest.While under 700μmol·mol-1 CO2,the photosynthesis showed “down-ward”, was lower than that of the control,and the enzyme activity, the contents of substances were the lowest.
    Articles
    Soil P availability in larch rhizosphere
    ZHANG Yandong, BAI Shangbin, WANG Zhengquan, WANG Qingcheng
    2001, 12(1):  31-34. 
    Asbtract ( 204 )  
    Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere, non rhizosphere of larch(Larix gmelini) stand by exfoliation method,, the variation of P concentration was analyzed. The results show that there was no significant difference between total P concentrations in the rhizosphere, the non-rhizosphere soil,while the concentration of available P in rizhosphere soil was significantly higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil.The concentrations of available P in rhizosphere 12 years old, 40 years old larch rhizosphered by 12.6%, 23.4% respectively,indicating that larch roots had the effect of mobilizing soil phosphorus.The components of inorganic P in rhizospheric soil were different from those in non-rhizospheric soil.The concentration of O-P was lower,and the concentrations of Al-P,Fe-P,Ca-P,NH4Cl-P were higher in the rhizosphere.The pH of rhizospheric soil was lower than that of non-rhizospheric soil,but no further acidification was observed.There was no close relationship between pH variation, available P concentration in larch rhizosphere.
    Leaf decomposition of two species in a mangrove community in Futian of Shenzhen
    HUANG Linan, LAN Chongyu, SHU Wensheng
    2001, 12(1):  35-38. 
    Asbtract ( 247 )  
    Using litter bags,the authors studied the dynamics of dry weight, organic C,N, P of leaves of two species (Kandelia candel,Aegiceras corniculatum) in a mangrove community in Shenzhen during their decomposition in situ .Leaves of K.candel degraded more rapidly than those of A.corniculatum. For A.corniculatum ,it needed 35 days to lose half initial ash free dry weights (AFDW) of the leaves,while for K.candel ,only 12 days.Despite the difference in loss rate of litter bags with the two species,the dynamics of organic C,N, P of leaf detritus followed the same pattern.During decomposition,the N concentration of leaf detritus of both species rose up sharply,and then decreased gradually from the peak.The P level declined slightly,and then rose up slowly.The concentration of C remained fairly constant throughout the experiment.No significant difference in decomposition rates of the leaves of A.corniculatum was found when they degraded at different positions along tidal gradient within the mangrove ecosystem.
    Photosynthetic characteristics of two plagiomnium mosses in Summer and Winter
    LIU Yingdi, CHEN Jun, ZHANG Lijuan, CAO Tong
    2001, (1):  39-42. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    A comparative study on the photosynthetic characteristics of Plagiomnium acuium (Lindb.)T.Kop., P.maximoviozii (Lindb.)T.Kp.,two overwintering host mosses for Chinese gall aphid(Schlechtendalia chinensis),was conducted by using CI-301PS in Summer, Winter.The results showed that the photosynthetic capacity of these two mosses species was 125.67, 94.63μmol CO2·kg-1 DW·s-1 in Summer,and 58.1, 62.1μmol CO2·kg-1 DW·s-1 in Winter,respectively.The dark respiration rates of these two species in Summer significantly exceeded those in Winter.The light complementary point of these two mosses species was in the range from 20 to 40μmol·m-2·s-1 ,and light saturated point was from 200 to 400μmol·m-2·s-1 ,with higher value in Summer, lower value in Winter.Their apparent quantum yields were 1.535, 1.559 in Summer,but only 0.456, 0.459 in Winter.The optimum temperature for photosynthesis of these two mosses species was 20 to 35℃,also higher in Summer, lower in Winter.No matter which species, growing season,the temperature coefficients(Q10) measured in the range of 0~20℃ were similar,ranging from 1.15 to 1.23.These two moss species could maintain a certain net photosynthesis for 10~30 minutes under temperature stress from -15 to -10℃, from 40 to 45℃.
    Articles
    Changes of crop yields and soil fertility under long-term application of fertilizer and recycled nutrients in manure on a black soil
    LIU Hongxiang, WANG Delu, WANG Shouyu, MENG Kai, HAN Xiaozeng, ZHANG Lu, SHEN Shanmin
    2001, 12(1):  43-46. 
    Asbtract ( 157 )   PDF (1KB) ( 416 )  
    The results from a field experiment over thirteen years on a black soil in Northeast China indicated that nitrogen fertilizer increased crop yields by 724kg·hm-2 per year on average,with an increase rate of 27.5%, about 9.4kg increased yield from 1kg applied N.In the early stage,the crop yields almost gave no response to phosphorus fertilizer,owing to the high level of soil available phosphorus at the begining of the experiment.The average increase of crop yields by phosphorus in thirteen years was only 241kg·hm-2 per year,with an increase rate of 7%,about 12.7kg increased yield from 1kg applied P.Annual application of recycled pig manure made by 80% of harvested grain fed to pigs, the stolks as bedding materials could increase crop yields by 268,258, 255kg·hm-2 per year with an increase rate of 9.8%,7.6%, 7.0%,based on no fertilizer,with N, with P, N,respectively.There was a trend that the effect of recycled manure on crop yield was gradually increased during the period of experiment,implying the existence of accumulative residual effect from the manure.
    Soil and water loss from cultivated slope land derived from granite under different cropping systems in Three-Gorges reservoir areas
    XIANG Wansheng, LIANG Chenfu, LI Weihong
    2001, 12(1):  47-50. 
    Asbtract ( 155 )  
    The water, soil loss caused by cultivation on slope land derived from granite under different cropping systems in the Three Gorges reservoir area was analyzed based on the data from localized observation.The results showed that in this area, proximately 60% of total annual rainfall,distributed in May to August,and 60% of soil erosion occurred in these four monthes,with 50% in June, July.The coverage rates under different cropping systems differed significantly,e.g.,triple cropping systems, inter croping system with perennial plants(grass, day lily)had a bigger covering than double cropping systems.The soil loss under cropping system with peanut was much lower than that with sweet potato,because the covering rate of the former was higher than that of the latter in summer raining season.The sequence of soil, nutrient loss for different cropping systems was rape(wheat)sweet potato>rape(wheat)/corn/sweet potato>rape(wheat)/corn/peanut/rape(wheat)/grass/peanut/rape(wheat)/day lily/peanut.It was concluded that soil loss from cultivated slope land could be controlled below a permissible value,if rational cropping, management systems were adopted.
    Combined construction of rainwater catchment techniques with methane pool and greenhouse
    WANG Jing, LI Zhaoxiang, WANG Zizhong, LIU Hongsheng, NAN Dongcheng
    2001, 12(1):  51-54. 
    Asbtract ( 175 )   PDF (1KB) ( 181 )  
    A combined structure of rainwater catchment,methane pool, reformed greenhouse was constructed to improve water use efficiency.The results showed that the combination of rainwater catchment,reserving techniques, water saving measures was efficient to resolve the problem of water deficiency in the semi arid region with precipitation of 250~550mm.The combined structure of water catchment engineering,greenhouse, methane pool redistributed light,temperature,water, heat to develop higher benefits economic crops,and improved water use efficiency,which made it possible to develop high yield,and best quality agriculture in this region.Through optimizing the ecological factor in greenhouse,the water use was reduced by 50%~70%,and the soil temperature, night temperature were raised.This combined construction also improved productivity in greenhouse,and efficiently controlled plant diseases, insect pests.Methane pool provided CO2, part energy source.The shady area back of the greenhouse was exploited by growing shady crops, epiphyte,which contributed to exchange energy, CO2 between light, shady house.This model could be used as water catchment agricultural development model in the region,and some other new approaches to water catchment agriculture in semi arid region were discussed in this paper.
    Comprehensive evaluation on the effect of chemical regulation agent on rice injured by insufficient illumination during its heading-filling period
    WEI Chaoling, LIU Minhua, LI Lin
    2001, (1):  55-58. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Main indexes of rice injury by insufficient illumination (Ⅱ) were selected through Gray Relation,and the effect of regulation agent on rice injured by Ⅱ at different stages during heading-filling period was analyzed using Gradation Analysis, Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation.The results showed that the percentage of filled-grain,net assimilation rate, root activity were the top three indexes subject to injury.Application of chemical regulation agent when the injury occured 6~20 days after heading had the best effect,with a degree of subordinacy of 0.7869.
    Ecological characteristics of phytoplankton in waters of biological-controlling and ordinary rice fields
    LIU Weiqiu, WANG Yongfan, XU Runlin
    2001, (1):  59-62. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Through investigations from March to June 1998 on the phytoplankton in waters of biological-controlled, ordinary rice fields,112 species of phytoplankton were found,of which, Bacillariophyta,Euglenophyta and Chlorophyta were dominant.The comparison of the species in two rice fields showed that in biological-controlled rice field,there were more species of Euglenophyta ,with 5 most dominant species,i.e.,2 of Euglenophyta ,2 of Bacillariophyta, 1 of Chlorophyta .In ordinary rice field,there were more Bacillariophyta species,in which,5 most dominant species belonged to Bacillariophyta ,except Scenedesmus bijuga to Chlorophyta .The biodiversities of phytoplankton, their evennesses were also analyzed with the period from the seedlings being planted to the rice fields being dried,showing that a little increase in their biodiversity mainly caused by the increase of species number, an evident decrease in their evennesses.
    Effects of soil water condition and microelimate on transpiration rate of rice
    CHEN Jiazhou, CHEN Mingliang, HE Yuanqiu
    2001, (1):  63-67. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The transpiration rate, water use efficiency (WUE) of rice were studied under high,moderate, low soil water conditions (treatments A,B, C) in the red soil area of southern China. Diurnal variation of transpiration showed that rice transpiration rate was influenced by several microclimatic factors in the field.Correlation analysis, stepping multi-regression analysis suggested that the difference of relative humidity between leaf, air,and the leaf temperature were the two main factors affecting the transpiration rate of rice.The results also showed that WUE was, yield were increased significantly in treatment B.While in treatment C,the WUE increased,but the yield of late rice decreased.The transpiration rate of early rice was decreased under moderate, low soil water treatments,but this did not happen to late rice.
    Landscape change in middle Heihe River Basin
    LU Ling, CHENG Guodong, LI Xin
    2001, (1):  68-74. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Using GIS, a landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS,this paper dealt with the landscape change in the middle Heihe River Basin during the past 20 years.During the past 20 years,the landscape elements had a complex change of landscape structure, an apparent transition of landscape composition, but the landscape in a whole still displayed a pattern of sharply contrast between oasis landscape, desertification landscape.Human activities significantly changed the distribution, allocation of the limited water resource in the basin, leading to an acute contradiction between desertification, oasisfication.Moreover,the transitional area between desertification, oasisfication was very sensitive to these processes. The decrease of Shannon's diversity index, evenness index manifested the intensive management, reconstruction of landscape by human beings,which improved the socioeconomic benefits of the region on one hand, but decreased the landscape heterogeneity, landscape diversity,leading to the decrease of eco environmental benefits of some areas in the basin on the other hand.The research method, technology used in this paper were also discussed.
    Analysis on ecophysiologlcal characteristics of leaf photosynthesis of Aneurolepidium chinense in Songnen grassland
    WANG Yuhui, ZHOU Guangsheng
    2001, (1):  75-79. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    A series of physiological characteristics of leaf photosynthesis, environmental factors are measured on Aneurolepidium chinense in Songnen salinized grassland during the growth season.The results showed that the daily change pattern of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Aneurolepidium chinense could be expressed as a two-humped curve, the daily change pattern of transpiration rate is one-humped curve.In addition,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(E), stomatal resistance(Rs) are affected by various environmental factors.At different growth stage,the influence of environmental factor on them is different,and even the same environmental factor had an different effect on Pn, E, Rs. In the whole growth period,photosynthetic available radiation(PAR) was the most intensive effect on the photosynthesis of Aneurolepidium chinense. Among Pn,E, Rs,E was one of the most obvious ecophysiological factor affected by environmental factors.
    Ecological adaptability of Suffolk sheep and Polled Dosert sheep introduced from Anstralia to Xinjiang and their hybrid utilization
    LI Junnian, YANG Dongmei, Liu Jike,
    2001, (1):  80-82. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The physiological characters,reproductive rate, comprehensive adaptability of Suffolk sheep, Polled Dosert sheep introduced from Australia to Xinjiang Region were measured.The results showed that the Suffolk sheep, the Polled Dosert sheep were similar or higher than those in Australia in productive rate,and body weight.The comprehensive adaptability of Suffolk sheep, Polled Dosert sheep were 98.80%, 98.74%,respectively.The performance of fattening,slaughtering of F1 of Suffolk, Polled Dosert sheep with Kasak sheep were better than that of Kazak sheep.
    Life table of experimental population Liposcelis bostrychophila
    WANG Jinjun, ZHAO Zhimo, LI Longshu
    2001, (1):  83-85. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The age specific, time specific life table of experimental population Liposcelis bostrychophila was established at 8 different temperatures (17.5~35℃), 5 different humidities (50~90%RH).The relations between population dynamics, temperature or humidity were discussed with Morris model, Weibull frequency distribution.The results indicated that the effect of temperature, humidity on survivorship was the most important factor to population trend index(I).Under suitable range of temperature, humidity,the population survival curve belonged to Deevey Ⅰ;while under improper conditions,it belonged to Deevey Ⅲ.Theoretically, finite increase rate (λ) had the highest value 1.0628 /day at 30.63℃.The optimum range of temperature, relative humidity for its development, reproduction was estimated at 28~30℃, 80%±RH, respectively.
    Damage and economic threshold of the third generation of cotton bollworm in the Yangtze River basin cotton region of Jiangsu Province
    YANG Yantao, WANG Donghua, ZHU Minghua
    2001, (1):  86-90. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The impact of the third generation of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera on shedding of buds, bolls, on bolling was studied by inoculating its larvae to cotton plants. The results showed that the shed rate of buds, bolls damaged by the larvae had the greatest impact on bolling,, its direct path coefficient was up to -0.8917.The larval population density, the number of buds, bolls damaged by the larvae impacted bolling mainly through the damaged shed rate during inoculating stage,, their indirect path coefficients were -0.8894, -0.891 respectively. Both of the direct, indirect path coefficients of natural shed rate during inoculating stage to bolling were small, which showed that the cotton had little capacity of compensation while the third generation cotton bollworm occurring. The investigations of damage number by larvae showed that the damage equivalent of the 1st~6th instar larval were 0.02, 0.14, 0.31,0.47, 0.84, 1.54 old bolls respectively.Based on direct, indirect benefits from controlling,the economic threshold of the third generation of the bollworm was worked out to be 26 accumulated eggs per 100 plants.
    Effect of temperature and salinity on intrinsic increasing rate of Moina mongolica Daddy (Cladocera: Moinidae)population
    WANG Yan, HE Zhihui
    2001, (1):  91-94. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The intrinsic increasing rate of Moina mongolica Daddy,a euryhaline cladocera species isolated from inland brackish lakes of northwestern China,was studied at 20℃~33℃, 5~40ppt,respectively.The results showed that its intrinsic increasing rate(rm) increased with increasing temperature from 20℃~30℃,and sharply dropped with further increasing temperature up to 33℃.The rm of M.mongolica was relatively high at low salinity,the highest at 10ppt,but no significant difference at 20~40ppt.Therefore,25℃~30℃, 10ppt could be optimal for the development of M.mongolica population,and its increasing potential would not be affected significantly by rearing this cladocera species in seawater for a long period.
    Effect of temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod on embryonic development and egg hatch of Pirata piraticus
    PENG Yu, ZHAO Jingzhao, HU Cui
    2001, (1):  95-98. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    In this paper,the effects of temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod on embryonic development, egg hatch of Pirata piraticus were investigated. Temperature affected not only the whole course of embryonic development, but also its different phases.At 20℃~35℃, as temperature increased, the embryonic development became faster. The developmental threshold of egg was estimated to be at 11.9℃. The uniform degree of egg hatch was higher at low temperature,while the highest hatching rate was happened at 28℃.In order to study the factors affecting embryonic development, to determine the optimum condition for egg hatch, experiments were arranged by quadratic regression rotation composite design with three factors: temperature (X1) ,relative humidity (X2), photoperiod (X3) .Three models were built up,and the factors affecting the embryonic development were analyzed. After calculating the hatching rate using the model of hatching rate by computer, the optimum condition for egg hatch of the spider was given:temperature 27℃~28.5℃, relative humidity 94%~97%,, photoperiod 14~17h.
    Poison effect of plant granules on Oncomelania hupensis
    MA Anning, WANG Wanxian, WANG Huiping, YANG Yi, KE Wenshan, FU Yunsheng
    2001, (1):  99-102. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Plant granules (φ2~3mm) made of starch,gelatin, medicine plant powder were used to kill Oncomelania hupensis. The results showed that after eating the plant granules,the mortality of the snail was 92.5%~100% within 24hrs.The poison effect of the plant granules was much better than that of others,e.g.,they could kill snails 12~24h earlier than Niclosamidum (1×10-3 g·L-1).In a field experiment,the snail mortality was up to 61.5% by using plant granules.
    Preferential flow and its effect on solute migration in soil
    NI Yuwen, OU Ziging, YING Peifeng
    2001, (1):  103-107. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The characteristics of soil preferential flow, the preferential migrate in soil for non-absorptive bromide, nitrate ions were studied.With undisturbed, packed soil columns,the results showed that soil preferential flow was characterized with preferential breakthrough,non-symmetric breakthrough curve,lateral infiltration,tailing, so on.The preferential breakthrough for Br- was 24 hours after it was applied,and the leachate volume was only 0.04 times asmuch as the pore volumes.The preferential flow for Br- accounted for 26% of total flux in the undisturbed soil columns.But the accumulative leachate mass for Br- resulted from the preferential flow were 86.7% of total accumulative leachate mass,showing that the soil preferential flow accounted for relative small ratio of the flux,but caused re lative much more solute transference.NO3- was moved down rapidly by preferential flow at only one time as large as pore volumes,and got 11% of the applied amount,respectively.As a result of the preferential flow,the lateral infiltration flow enabled Br-, NO3- rapidly distribute, diffuse into the deeper soil.
    Bioremediation of mineral oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils with two plant species
    SONG Yufang, XU Huaxia, REN Liping
    2001, (1):  108-112. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    With alfalfa(Medicago sativa), paddy rice as test plants,and with pollutant level,specific bacteria,fungi, orga nic fertilizer as control factors,the bioremediation of mineral oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils with two plant species was conducted.The results showed that the degradation rate of mineral oil was promoted by fertilization in alfalfa soil,but not in paddy rice soil.The degradation rate of total PAHs (11 PAH listed in USEPA) was increased by fertilization both in alfalfa, in paddy rice soil,and the promotion effect of fertilizer was better in paddy rice soil than in alfalfa soil.The fertilization rate was positively related to the rhizospheric indigenous fungi, bacteria's CFU in affalfa soil,but only to the indigenous bacteria's CFU in paddy rice soil.The fungi, bacteria's CFU in both test soils had no positive relation with the amount of specific bacteria, fungi spiked.The degradation rate of 3 ring PAHs was inhanced in both alfalfa, paddy rice soil by fertilization,and the effect was stronger in paddy rice soil than in alfalfa soil.However,fertilization had no positive effect on the degradation of 4-ring PAHs.
    Environmental impact of oil pollutant on groundwater during oilfield exploitation in Daqing—a modelling analysis
    CHEN Jiajun, WANG Hongqi, XI Chenggang, ZHANG Jun
    2001, (1):  113-116. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    This paper analyzed the pollution sources, paths of groundwater environment in Longnan of Daqing during oilfield exploitation.Based on the technological characteristics of oilfield exploitation,a mathematical model on the migration, transformation of oil pollutants was developed,in which,the degradability, the adsorption capacity of oil pollutants were taken into account.An analytical formula of oil pollutant migration in groundwater was derived with continuous sources,and a prediction on the migration was made,which provide an important basis for the environmental impact assessment of oilfield exploitation project.
    Effect of Cu and As and their combination pollution on Glycine max
    WANG Youbao, LIU Dengyi, ZHANG Li, GUO Hu
    2001, (1):  117-120. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Experiments are carried out with hoagland cultivation to study the effects of Cu, As, their interactions on the germination, seedling growth of Glycine max. The results show that Cu or As pollution reduced proteinase activities,inhibited the seedling growth, the respiration rate of germinating seed of soybean.The inhibition increased as Cu, As concentration increased,POD activities increased with increasing Cu, As concentration.Cu pollution has an antagonistic effect against the pollution of As,and vise versa.
    Effect of fly ash-filtered mud mixture on soil properties and radish yield and quality
    XING Shihe, ZHAO Zhenyu, ZHOU Biqing, WU Xiaoping
    2001, (1):  121-125. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Based on pot culture experiment,the effect of fly ash filtered mud mixture on soil biochemical properties,radish yield, its quality,and heavy metal accumulation in both soil, radish was examined.The mixture was made by mixing fly ash, filtered mud in proportion 1:1(w/w), adding small amount of inorganic fertilizer.Its Cd,Pb,Cr,As, Hg contents were much lower than those requested by state control criteria.After applying this mixture in a definite amount,no significant accumulation of heavy metals was found in both soil, radish,the pollution index of heavy metals was <1,the quantities of soil bacteria increased notably,and the activities of soil urease,phosphates, cellu2 losase also raised significantly.The application of the mixture promoted radish growth, its development, metabolism.The reducing sugar, vitamin C in radish also increased markedly.The results indicated that the use of adequate amounts of the mixture did not cause any obvious heavy metal pollution in both soil, radish,but could im2prove soil fertility,and raise radish yield, its quality remarkably.
    Effects of copper mine tailings on growth and development and physiological function of wheat
    LIU Dengyi, XIE Jianchun, YANG Shiyong, SHEN Hao
    2001, (1):  126-128. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Through pot culture experiments,the effects of Tonling copper mine tailings on growth, development, physiological function of wheat were investigated in this paper.The results showed that the seeds of wheat could germinate in copper mine tailings,but seed germination percentage, germination rate were lower than that in control.High ratio tailings decreased seedling height.Tailings decreased chlorophyll contents,but didn't effect on chlorophyll a/b.Compared with control,tailings significantly inhibited root growth, decreased root number.Tailings increased root, shoot biomass, significantly increased root/shoot ratio of wheat.The permeability of cell membrane, the free proline content in leaves of wheat increased with the increase of the ratio of tailings, they were relative tolerance index of wheat to copper tailings stress.
    Emergy analysis of ecosystems
    LAN Shengfang, QIN Pei
    2001, (1):  129-131. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The concept of emergy, its use for comparing with energy were discussed in this paper.Emergy was defined as the amount of available energy required directly, indirectly to make a product or services,and emergy analysis was based on the solar emergy units (solar emjoules).Emergy provided the methodology with a common basis for measuring the value of different kinds of energy,and for evaluating the contributions from nature, humanity.A comparison of emergy analysis with previous energy analysis was also performed.
    Species and species diversity in relation with restoration and persistence of degraded ecosystem functions
    ZHAO Ping, PENG Shaolin
    2001, (1):  132-136. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Species diversity is an important character of an ecosystem,and keeps it to function.Species diversity, their communities provide human with essential ecosystem services,including nutrient cycling,biological productivity,trophic function,etc.Species diversity is tightly related with the ecosystem's ability to withstand stress, disturbance.Increasing biodiversity could enhance system stability.Compared to individual species, species number,functional group, functional diversity impose larger impact on system functioning,and are good approaches used to measure stability, to predict community change.Several forms with which the species act on ecosystem functioning were proposed, discussed in this paper.Understanding the relationship between species diversity, ecosystem function could guide the practice of restoring degraded ecosystem, maintaining its functions.Particularly,it provides basic ecological theories for “species assemblage” at initial stage of restoration.
    Soil biota and its role in soil ecology
    LIANG Wenju, WEN Dazhong
    2001, (1):  137-140. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Soil organisms alter soil physical, chemical, biological properties in different ways.The composition, structure of biotic communities at one hierarchical level can influence the spatial heterogeneity of resource at other hierarchical levels, and the latter is supported by a number of biologically relevant spheres functional domains in soil.In this paper, the role of soil biota in soil ecosystem processes was assessed, and the relationship between soil biodiversity, ecosystem function was presented.Soil ecosystem responses to global change were also discussed.
    Simulation and display methods of spatial data in landscape ecology
    ZHOU Qiang, WANG Jianwu, ZHANG Runjie
    2001, (1):  141-144. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Simulating, display ecological data over large geographic areas require much time,many resources,and considerable special training.Based on the latest researches all over the world, 7 simulation methods of ecological spatial data, 4 data display formats were reviewed,, several sampling ways were also discussed. Sample density, its spatial distribution,spatial dependence,and estimation accuracy were primarily considered to be the major factors influencing surface representation.
    Discussion on some basic problems in design of wetland ecosystem
    CUI Baoshan, LIU Xingtu
    2001, (1):  145-150. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The design of wetland ecosystem is the key, fundament in wetland restoration, mitigation. In recent years, it has been frequently applied to the proper construction of wetlands. The paper first reviews the concept of wetland ecosystem design, as well as the basis of ecological engineering,, then presented the basic principles in the design of wetland ecosystem .Some major ecological indicators including hydrology, chemical, substrate, soil, biotic indicatiors were also discussed,and some reference values for ecological indicators were presented.On the base of the designing purposes,three major types in the wetland design were analysed. They include constructing wetlands for wastewater treatment, for mitigation wetlands,, for controlling flooding, non-point source pollution.
    Effect of environmental factors on gonadal maturation as well as its ovulation and spawning in teleosts
    WEN Haishen, LIN Haoran
    2001, (1):  151-155. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    This paper reviewed the environmental factors affecting gonadal maturation as well as its ovulation, spawning in teleosts which include water temperature,sun-light, rainfall, current, chemical composition of waters, aquatic organi sms,water pollution, so on.The impact of environmental pollution on the reproduction of teleosts was emphasized,aimed to approach strategies protecting fish germplasm resource from the standpoint of ecology.
    Quantitative measurement on degradation degree of ecosystem in hilly region of western Liaoning Province
    DU Xiaojun, JIANG Fengqi, SHEN Hui, LIN Heming
    2001, (1):  156-158. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Exactly measuring the degradation degree of ecosystems is the basis, precondition of restoring ecosystems. At present,degradation degree is usually analyzed qualitatively.In this paper,quantitative classification method was used to study the degradation degree of ecosystem in hilly region of western Liaoning,which was measured by the degradation degree of habitat.The result shows that the habitat in the northern slope of mountains has been degraded to certain stage between shrubbery, pioneer tree forest,which provides theoretical basis for vegetation restoration practice. Moreover,the result is beneficial for studying the degradation degree of ecosystems in other regions or of other types.
    Physiological indices for evaluating iron-toxicity tolerance of rice (Oryza sativ L.)
    ZHOU Jianlin, TANG Jianjun
    2001, (1):  159-160. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    This paper studied the content malodialdehyde (MDA), the leakage rate of electrolyte in leaves of various rice va rieties with different iron toxicity tolerance, of Echinochloa crusgalli under excessive Fe2+(160mg稬-1) stress.The results showed that both the MDA content, the leakage rate of electrolyte in leaves of plants were significantly, negatively correlated with the tolerance of test plants to iron toxicity.It was suggested that both MDA content, leakage rate of electrolyte could be used as the index for evaluating the tolerance to iron toxicity.
    Articles
    Analysis of environmental gradient and community of forest-swamp ecotone in Changbai Mountains
    MU Changcheng, HAN Shijie, LUO Juchun, WANG Xiangping
    2001, (1):  1-7. 
    Asbtract ( 1427 )   PDF (917KB) ( 462 )  
    This paper discussed the change pattern between environmental gradients, community structure, productivity, plant diversity of forest-swamp ecotones, the mechanism forming those community's traits,which could supply a theoretical basis for conserving, managing the biological resources of ecotonal communities.By setting up sample belts along the environmental gradients on three kinds of ecotones between forests, swamps in Changbai Mountains, through investigating initial data, establishing regression models,the authors studied the dynamic pattern of species composition,diameter class, age class of dominant species,plant diversity,community productivity of forest-swamp ecotone communities with environmental gradients.The results showed that the distribution patterns of community structure characteristics,plant diversity, community productivity were consistent with the changes of environmental gradients of forest-swamp ecotones.Along the environmental gradient from swamp to forest,the displace of dominant species happened,and the species number increased by positive exponent.The diameter distribution of trees decreased by inverse curve,and the age class of trees was suited to cubic distribution.The plant diversity increased by quadratic,and the community biomass increased by cubic power curve along the environmental gradients.The above mentioned results suggested that the relationships between communities, environmental gradients were closely related.
    Impact of substrate salinity on caloric value, energy accumulation and its distribution in various organs of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings
    WANG Wenqing, YE Qinghua, WANG Xiaomei, LIN Peng
    2001, (1):  8-12. 
    Asbtract ( 1213 )   PDF (572KB) ( 384 )  
    The study with artificial culture showed that the accumulation of dry matter, energy in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza seedlings was promoted by low substrate salinity,but inhibited by high substrate salinity,which peaked at 10mg穏 -1 substrate salinity.With the increase of substrate salinity, the dry matter, the energy tended to be allocated to the micro-roots, leaves, which are nutrient-absorbing organ, photosynthetic organ, respectively.With the increase of substrate salinity, the changes in caloric values were differed in various organs of B. gymnorrhiza seedlings,and those in leaves could reflect the changes in the salt-resistance of the seedlings.
    Vegetation carbon storage and density of forest ecosystems in China
    WANG Xiaoke, FENG Zongwei, OUYANG Zhiyun
    2001, (1):  13-16. 
    Asbtract ( 1585 )   PDF (144KB) ( 1259 )  
    To improve the estimatation of carbon pool of forest ecosystems is very important in studying their CO2 emission, uptake. The estimation of vegetation carbon pool in China has just begun. There is a significant difference among estimates from different methods applied. Based on forest inventory recorded by age class, the vegetation carbon storage of forest ecosystems in China was estimated to be 3.26~3.73Pg, accounting for 0.6~0.7% of the global pool. The carbon densities were difference among forest types, provinces, in range of 6.47~118.14Mg·hm -2 .There is an incremental tendency from southeast to north, west. This trend is negatively related with the change in population density in logarithmic mode, which indicates that the actual forest carbon density is prominently determined by human activities.
    Several basic issues of forest gap model I. Effect of simulated plot area
    YAN Xiaodong
    2001, (1):  17-22. 
    Asbtract ( 1258 )   PDF (852KB) ( 353 )  
    A case study on the effect of different plot area on forest gap model simulation was conducted with forest gap model NEWCOP in broad leaved Korean pine forests at Changbai Mt.of Northeastern China.The results showed that change of plot area affected the tree species composition, the gap appearance periodicity of simulated forest stand,which was applied to determine 400~800m2 as the area of forest gap.
    Geostrophic deviation analysis of regional effects of protective forest system in reducing windspeed in north Liaoning plain
    GUAN Dexin, ZHU Tingyao, XING Yunpeng,
    2001, (1):  23-26. 
    Asbtract ( 1280 )   PDF (1088KB) ( 320 )  
    East Asian synoptic charts, ground wind data in April, May of four counties of north Liaoning plain were selec ted to calculate the regional effects of protective forest system in reducing windspeed by geostrophic deviation method.The results show that the protection effects increased with increasing forestration area.Different protection effects of protective forest appeared at different daytime,with the greatest at 14:00, smallest at 2:00, the average windspeed reduced 13.3%.The characteristics of the geostrophic deviation method was also discussed.
    Ecophyslological response of Pinus koraiensis seedlings to elevated CO2
    HAN Shijie, ZHOU Yumei, WANG Chenrui, ZHANG Junhui, ZOU Chunjing
    2001, (1):  27-30. 
    Asbtract ( 967 )   PDF (721KB) ( 460 )  
    Studies on the ecophysiological response of Pinus koraiensis seedlings were conducted in open-top chambers which were controlled with CO2 concentration of about 500, 700μmol·mol-1 .The result shows that there were different responses in net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance at high CO2(500, 700μmol·mol-1), ambient CO2 concentrations.Under 500μmol·mol-1 CO2,the carboxylase activity of RuBP was the highest,the photosynthesis showed “up-ward”,the average daily net CO2 assimilation was the greatest,and the contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugars were the highest.While under 700μmol·mol-1 CO2,the photosynthesis showed “down-ward”, was lower than that of the control,and the enzyme activity, the contents of substances were the lowest.
    Articles
    Soil P availability in larch rhizosphere
    ZHANG Yandong, BAI Shangbin, WANG Zhengquan, WANG Qingcheng
    2001, (1):  31-34. 
    Asbtract ( 1215 )   PDF (459KB) ( 415 )  
    Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere, non rhizosphere of larch(Larix gmelini) stand by exfoliation method,, the variation of P concentration was analyzed. The results show that there was no significant difference between total P concentrations in the rhizosphere, the non-rhizosphere soil,while the concentration of available P in rizhosphere soil was significantly higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil.The concentrations of available P in rhizosphere 12 years old, 40 years old larch rhizosphered by 12.6%, 23.4% respectively,indicating that larch roots had the effect of mobilizing soil phosphorus.The components of inorganic P in rhizospheric soil were different from those in non-rhizospheric soil.The concentration of O-P was lower,and the concentrations of Al-P,Fe-P,Ca-P,NH4Cl-P were higher in the rhizosphere.The pH of rhizospheric soil was lower than that of non-rhizospheric soil,but no further acidification was observed.There was no close relationship between pH variation, available P concentration in larch rhizosphere.
    Leaf decomposition of two species in a mangrove community in Futian of Shenzhen
    HUANG Linan, LAN Chongyu, SHU Wensheng
    2001, (1):  35-38. 
    Asbtract ( 1222 )   PDF (228KB) ( 340 )  
    Using litter bags,the authors studied the dynamics of dry weight, organic C,N, P of leaves of two species (Kandelia candel,Aegiceras corniculatum) in a mangrove community in Shenzhen during their decomposition in situ .Leaves of K.candel degraded more rapidly than those of A.corniculatum. For A.corniculatum ,it needed 35 days to lose half initial ash free dry weights (AFDW) of the leaves,while for K.candel ,only 12 days.Despite the difference in loss rate of litter bags with the two species,the dynamics of organic C,N, P of leaf detritus followed the same pattern.During decomposition,the N concentration of leaf detritus of both species rose up sharply,and then decreased gradually from the peak.The P level declined slightly,and then rose up slowly.The concentration of C remained fairly constant throughout the experiment.No significant difference in decomposition rates of the leaves of A.corniculatum was found when they degraded at different positions along tidal gradient within the mangrove ecosystem.
    Photosynthetic characteristics of two plagiomnium mosses in Summer and Winter
    LIU Yingdi, CHEN Jun, ZHANG Lijuan, CAO Tong
    2001, (1):  39-42. 
    Asbtract ( 944 )   PDF (238KB) ( 328 )  
    A comparative study on the photosynthetic characteristics of Plagiomnium acuium (Lindb.)T.Kop., P.maximoviozii (Lindb.)T.Kp.,two overwintering host mosses for Chinese gall aphid(Schlechtendalia chinensis),was conducted by using CI-301PS in Summer, Winter.The results showed that the photosynthetic capacity of these two mosses species was 125.67, 94.63μmol CO2·kg-1 DW·s-1 in Summer,and 58.1, 62.1μmol CO2·kg-1 DW·s-1 in Winter,respectively.The dark respiration rates of these two species in Summer significantly exceeded those in Winter.The light complementary point of these two mosses species was in the range from 20 to 40μmol·m-2·s-1 ,and light saturated point was from 200 to 400μmol·m-2·s-1 ,with higher value in Summer, lower value in Winter.Their apparent quantum yields were 1.535, 1.559 in Summer,but only 0.456, 0.459 in Winter.The optimum temperature for photosynthesis of these two mosses species was 20 to 35℃,also higher in Summer, lower in Winter.No matter which species, growing season,the temperature coefficients(Q10) measured in the range of 0~20℃ were similar,ranging from 1.15 to 1.23.These two moss species could maintain a certain net photosynthesis for 10~30 minutes under temperature stress from -15 to -10℃, from 40 to 45℃.
    Articles
    Changes of crop yields and soil fertility under long-term application of fertilizer and recycled nutrients in manure on a black soil
    LIU Hongxiang, WANG Delu, WANG Shouyu, MENG Kai, HAN Xiaozeng, ZHANG Lu, SHEN Shanmin
    2001, (1):  43-46. 
    Asbtract ( 1201 )   PDF (700KB) ( 511 )  
    The results from a field experiment over thirteen years on a black soil in Northeast China indicated that nitrogen fertilizer increased crop yields by 724kg穐m-2 per year on average,with an increase rate of 27.5%, about 9.4kg increased yield from 1kg applied N.In the early stage,the crop yields almost gave no response to phosphorus fertilizer,owing to the high level of soil available phosphorus at the begining of the experiment.The average increase of crop yields by phosphorus in thirteen years was only 241kg穐m-2 per year,with an increase rate of 7%,about 12.7kg increased yield from 1kg applied P.Annual application of recycled pig manure made by 80% of harvested grain fed to pigs, the stolks as bedding materials could increase crop yields by 268,258, 255kg穐m-2 per year with an increase rate of 9.8%,7.6%, 7.0%,based on no fertilizer,with N, with P, N,respectively.There was a trend that the effect of recycled manure on crop yield was gradually increased during the period of experiment,implying the existence of accumulative residual effect from the manure.
    Soil and water loss from cultivated slope land derived from granite under different cropping systems in Three-Gorges reservoir areas
    XIANG Wansheng, LIANG Chenfu, LI Weihong
    2001, (1):  47-50. 
    Asbtract ( 1425 )   PDF (215KB) ( 502 )  
    The water, soil loss caused by cultivation on slope land derived from granite under different cropping systems in the Three Gorges reservoir area was analyzed based on the data from localized observation.The results showed that in this area, proximately 60% of total annual rainfall,distributed in May to August,and 60% of soil erosion occurred in these four monthes,with 50% in June, July.The coverage rates under different cropping systems differed significantly,e.g.,triple cropping systems, inter croping system with perennial plants(grass, day lily)had a bigger covering than double cropping systems.The soil loss under cropping system with peanut was much lower than that with sweet potato,because the covering rate of the former was higher than that of the latter in summer raining season.The sequence of soil, nutrient loss for different cropping systems was rape(wheat)sweet potato>rape(wheat)/corn/sweet potato>rape(wheat)/corn/peanut/rape(wheat)/grass/peanut/rape(wheat)/day lily/peanut.It was concluded that soil loss from cultivated slope land could be controlled below a permissible value,if rational cropping, management systems were adopted.
    Combined construction of rainwater catchment techniques with methane pool and greenhouse
    WANG Jing, LI Zhaoxiang, WANG Zizhong, LIU Hongsheng, NAN Dongcheng
    2001, (1):  51-54. 
    Asbtract ( 1341 )   PDF (232KB) ( 344 )  
    A combined structure of rainwater catchment,methane pool, reformed greenhouse was constructed to improve water use efficiency.The results showed that the combination of rainwater catchment,reserving techniques, water saving measures was efficient to resolve the problem of water deficiency in the semi arid region with precipitation of 250~550mm.The combined structure of water catchment engineering,greenhouse, methane pool redistributed light,temperature,water, heat to develop higher benefits economic crops,and improved water use efficiency,which made it possible to develop high yield,and best quality agriculture in this region.Through optimizing the ecological factor in greenhouse,the water use was reduced by 50%~70%,and the soil temperature, night temperature were raised.This combined construction also improved productivity in greenhouse,and efficiently controlled plant diseases, insect pests.Methane pool provided CO2, part energy source.The shady area back of the greenhouse was exploited by growing shady crops, epiphyte,which contributed to exchange energy, CO2 between light, shady house.This model could be used as water catchment agricultural development model in the region,and some other new approaches to water catchment agriculture in semi arid region were discussed in this paper.
    Comprehensive evaluation on the effect of chemical regulation agent on rice injured by insufficient illumination during its heading-filling period
    WEI Chaoling, LIU Minhua, LI Lin
    2001, (1):  55-58. 
    Asbtract ( 1012 )   PDF (731KB) ( 401 )  
    Main indexes of rice injury by insufficient illumination (Ⅱ) were selected through Gray Relation,and the effect of regulation agent on rice injured by Ⅱ at different stages during heading-filling period was analyzed using Gradation Analysis, Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation.The results showed that the percentage of filled-grain,net assimilation rate, root activity were the top three indexes subject to injury.Application of chemical regulation agent when the injury occured 6~20 days after heading had the best effect,with a degree of subordinacy of 0.7869.
    Ecological characteristics of phytoplankton in waters of biological-controlling and ordinary rice fields
    LIU Weiqiu, WANG Yongfan, XU Runlin
    2001, (1):  59-62. 
    Asbtract ( 961 )   PDF (553KB) ( 423 )  
    Through investigations from March to June 1998 on the phytoplankton in waters of biological-controlled, ordinary rice fields,112 species of phytoplankton were found,of which, Bacillariophyta,Euglenophyta and Chlorophyta were dominant.The comparison of the species in two rice fields showed that in biological-controlled rice field,there were more species of Euglenophyta ,with 5 most dominant species,i.e.,2 of Euglenophyta ,2 of Bacillariophyta, 1 of Chlorophyta .In ordinary rice field,there were more Bacillariophyta species,in which,5 most dominant species belonged to Bacillariophyta ,except Scenedesmus bijuga to Chlorophyta .The biodiversities of phytoplankton, their evennesses were also analyzed with the period from the seedlings being planted to the rice fields being dried,showing that a little increase in their biodiversity mainly caused by the increase of species number, an evident decrease in their evennesses.
    Effects of soil water condition and microelimate on transpiration rate of rice
    CHEN Jiazhou, CHEN Mingliang, HE Yuanqiu
    2001, (1):  63-67. 
    Asbtract ( 974 )   PDF (773KB) ( 464 )  
    The transpiration rate, water use efficiency (WUE) of rice were studied under high,moderate, low soil water conditions (treatments A,B, C) in the red soil area of southern China. Diurnal variation of transpiration showed that rice transpiration rate was influenced by several microclimatic factors in the field.Correlation analysis, stepping multi-regression analysis suggested that the difference of relative humidity between leaf, air,and the leaf temperature were the two main factors affecting the transpiration rate of rice.The results also showed that WUE was, yield were increased significantly in treatment B.While in treatment C,the WUE increased,but the yield of late rice decreased.The transpiration rate of early rice was decreased under moderate, low soil water treatments,but this did not happen to late rice.
    Landscape change in middle Heihe River Basin
    LU Ling, CHENG Guodong, LI Xin
    2001, (1):  68-74. 
    Asbtract ( 931 )   PDF (377KB) ( 503 )  
    Using GIS, a landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS,this paper dealt with the landscape change in the middle Heihe River Basin during the past 20 years.During the past 20 years,the landscape elements had a complex change of landscape structure, an apparent transition of landscape composition, but the landscape in a whole still displayed a pattern of sharply contrast between oasis landscape, desertification landscape.Human activities significantly changed the distribution, allocation of the limited water resource in the basin, leading to an acute contradiction between desertification, oasisfication.Moreover,the transitional area between desertification, oasisfication was very sensitive to these processes. The decrease of Shannon's diversity index, evenness index manifested the intensive management, reconstruction of landscape by human beings,which improved the socioeconomic benefits of the region on one hand, but decreased the landscape heterogeneity, landscape diversity,leading to the decrease of eco environmental benefits of some areas in the basin on the other hand.The research method, technology used in this paper were also discussed.
    Analysis on ecophysiologlcal characteristics of leaf photosynthesis of Aneurolepidium chinense in Songnen grassland
    WANG Yuhui, ZHOU Guangsheng
    2001, (1):  75-79. 
    Asbtract ( 1119 )   PDF (623KB) ( 427 )  
    A series of physiological characteristics of leaf photosynthesis, environmental factors are measured on Aneurolepidium chinense in Songnen salinized grassland during the growth season.The results showed that the daily change pattern of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of Aneurolepidium chinense could be expressed as a two-humped curve, the daily change pattern of transpiration rate is one-humped curve.In addition,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(E), stomatal resistance(Rs) are affected by various environmental factors.At different growth stage,the influence of environmental factor on them is different,and even the same environmental factor had an different effect on Pn, E, Rs. In the whole growth period,photosynthetic available radiation(PAR) was the most intensive effect on the photosynthesis of Aneurolepidium chinense. Among Pn,E, Rs,E was one of the most obvious ecophysiological factor affected by environmental factors.
    Ecological adaptability of Suffolk sheep and Polled Dosert sheep introduced from Anstralia to Xinjiang and their hybrid utilization
    LI Junnian, YANG Dongmei, Liu Jike,
    2001, (1):  80-82. 
    Asbtract ( 1177 )   PDF (559KB) ( 448 )  
    The physiological characters,reproductive rate, comprehensive adaptability of Suffolk sheep, Polled Dosert sheep introduced from Australia to Xinjiang Region were measured.The results showed that the Suffolk sheep, the Polled Dosert sheep were similar or higher than those in Australia in productive rate,and body weight.The comprehensive adaptability of Suffolk sheep, Polled Dosert sheep were 98.80%, 98.74%,respectively.The performance of fattening,slaughtering of F1 of Suffolk, Polled Dosert sheep with Kasak sheep were better than that of Kazak sheep.
    Life table of experimental population Liposcelis bostrychophila
    WANG Jinjun, ZHAO Zhimo, LI Longshu
    2001, (1):  83-85. 
    Asbtract ( 929 )   PDF (992KB) ( 411 )  
    The age specific, time specific life table of experimental population Liposcelis bostrychophila was established at 8 different temperatures (17.5~35℃), 5 different humidities (50~90%RH).The relations between population dynamics, temperature or humidity were discussed with Morris model, Weibull frequency distribution.The results indicated that the effect of temperature, humidity on survivorship was the most important factor to population trend index(I).Under suitable range of temperature, humidity,the population survival curve belonged to Deevey Ⅰ;while under improper conditions,it belonged to Deevey Ⅲ.Theoretically, finite increase rate (λ) had the highest value 1.0628 /day at 30.63℃.The optimum range of temperature, relative humidity for its development, reproduction was estimated at 28~30℃, 80%±RH, respectively.
    Damage and economic threshold of the third generation of cotton bollworm in the Yangtze River basin cotton region of Jiangsu Province
    YANG Yantao, WANG Donghua, ZHU Minghua
    2001, (1):  86-90. 
    Asbtract ( 814 )   PDF (259KB) ( 383 )  
    The impact of the third generation of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera on shedding of buds, bolls, on bolling was studied by inoculating its larvae to cotton plants. The results showed that the shed rate of buds, bolls damaged by the larvae had the greatest impact on bolling,, its direct path coefficient was up to -0.8917.The larval population density, the number of buds, bolls damaged by the larvae impacted bolling mainly through the damaged shed rate during inoculating stage,, their indirect path coefficients were -0.8894, -0.891 respectively. Both of the direct, indirect path coefficients of natural shed rate during inoculating stage to bolling were small, which showed that the cotton had little capacity of compensation while the third generation cotton bollworm occurring. The investigations of damage number by larvae showed that the damage equivalent of the 1st~6th instar larval were 0.02, 0.14, 0.31,0.47, 0.84, 1.54 old bolls respectively.Based on direct, indirect benefits from controlling,the economic threshold of the third generation of the bollworm was worked out to be 26 accumulated eggs per 100 plants.
    Effect of temperature and salinity on intrinsic increasing rate of Moina mongolica Daddy (Cladocera: Moinidae)population
    WANG Yan, HE Zhihui
    2001, (1):  91-94. 
    Asbtract ( 1179 )   PDF (654KB) ( 451 )  
    The intrinsic increasing rate of Moina mongolica Daddy,a euryhaline cladocera species isolated from inland brackish lakes of northwestern China,was studied at 20℃~33℃, 5~40ppt,respectively.The results showed that its intrinsic increasing rate(rm) increased with increasing temperature from 20℃~30℃,and sharply dropped with further increasing temperature up to 33℃.The rm of M.mongolica was relatively high at low salinity,the highest at 10ppt,but no significant difference at 20~40ppt.Therefore,25℃~30℃, 10ppt could be optimal for the development of M.mongolica population,and its increasing potential would not be affected significantly by rearing this cladocera species in seawater for a long period.
    Effect of temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod on embryonic development and egg hatch of Pirata piraticus
    PENG Yu, ZHAO Jingzhao, HU Cui
    2001, (1):  95-98. 
    Asbtract ( 1039 )   PDF (222KB) ( 364 )  
    In this paper,the effects of temperature, relative humidity, photoperiod on embryonic development, egg hatch of Pirata piraticus were investigated. Temperature affected not only the whole course of embryonic development, but also its different phases.At 20℃~35℃, as temperature increased, the embryonic development became faster. The developmental threshold of egg was estimated to be at 11.9℃. The uniform degree of egg hatch was higher at low temperature,while the highest hatching rate was happened at 28℃.In order to study the factors affecting embryonic development, to determine the optimum condition for egg hatch, experiments were arranged by quadratic regression rotation composite design with three factors: temperature (X1) ,relative humidity (X2), photoperiod (X3) .Three models were built up,and the factors affecting the embryonic development were analyzed. After calculating the hatching rate using the model of hatching rate by computer, the optimum condition for egg hatch of the spider was given:temperature 27℃~28.5℃, relative humidity 94%~97%,, photoperiod 14~17h.
    Poison effect of plant granules on Oncomelania hupensis
    MA Anning, WANG Wanxian, WANG Huiping, YANG Yi, KE Wenshan, FU Yunsheng
    2001, (1):  99-102. 
    Asbtract ( 1026 )   PDF (220KB) ( 329 )  
    Plant granules (φ2~3mm) made of starch,gelatin, medicine plant powder were used to kill Oncomelania hupensis. The results showed that after eating the plant granules,the mortality of the snail was 92.5%~100% within 24hrs.The poison effect of the plant granules was much better than that of others,e.g.,they could kill snails 12~24h earlier than Niclosamidum (1×10-3 g·L-1).In a field experiment,the snail mortality was up to 61.5% by using plant granules.
    Preferential flow and its effect on solute migration in soil
    NI Yuwen, OU Ziging, YING Peifeng
    2001, (1):  103-107. 
    Asbtract ( 952 )   PDF (786KB) ( 460 )  
    The characteristics of soil preferential flow, the preferential migrate in soil for non-absorptive bromide, nitrate ions were studied.With undisturbed, packed soil columns,the results showed that soil preferential flow was characterized with preferential breakthrough,non-symmetric breakthrough curve,lateral infiltration,tailing, so on.The preferential breakthrough for Br- was 24 hours after it was applied,and the leachate volume was only 0.04 times asmuch as the pore volumes.The preferential flow for Br- accounted for 26% of total flux in the undisturbed soil columns.But the accumulative leachate mass for Br- resulted from the preferential flow were 86.7% of total accumulative leachate mass,showing that the soil preferential flow accounted for relative small ratio of the flux,but caused re lative much more solute transference.NO3- was moved down rapidly by preferential flow at only one time as large as pore volumes,and got 11% of the applied amount,respectively.As a result of the preferential flow,the lateral infiltration flow enabled Br-, NO3- rapidly distribute, diffuse into the deeper soil.
    Bioremediation of mineral oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils with two plant species
    SONG Yufang, XU Huaxia, REN Liping
    2001, (1):  108-112. 
    Asbtract ( 927 )   PDF (1027KB) ( 507 )  
    With alfalfa(Medicago sativa), paddy rice as test plants,and with pollutant level,specific bacteria,fungi, orga nic fertilizer as control factors,the bioremediation of mineral oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils with two plant species was conducted.The results showed that the degradation rate of mineral oil was promoted by fertilization in alfalfa soil,but not in paddy rice soil.The degradation rate of total PAHs (11 PAH listed in USEPA) was increased by fertilization both in alfalfa, in paddy rice soil,and the promotion effect of fertilizer was better in paddy rice soil than in alfalfa soil.The fertilization rate was positively related to the rhizospheric indigenous fungi, bacteria's CFU in affalfa soil,but only to the indigenous bacteria's CFU in paddy rice soil.The fungi, bacteria's CFU in both test soils had no positive relation with the amount of specific bacteria, fungi spiked.The degradation rate of 3 ring PAHs was inhanced in both alfalfa, paddy rice soil by fertilization,and the effect was stronger in paddy rice soil than in alfalfa soil.However,fertilization had no positive effect on the degradation of 4-ring PAHs.
    Environmental impact of oil pollutant on groundwater during oilfield exploitation in Daqing—a modelling analysis
    CHEN Jiajun, WANG Hongqi, XI Chenggang, ZHANG Jun
    2001, (1):  113-116. 
    Asbtract ( 1418 )   PDF (476KB) ( 608 )  
    This paper analyzed the pollution sources, paths of groundwater environment in Longnan of Daqing during oilfield exploitation.Based on the technological characteristics of oilfield exploitation,a mathematical model on the migration, transformation of oil pollutants was developed,in which,the degradability, the adsorption capacity of oil pollutants were taken into account.An analytical formula of oil pollutant migration in groundwater was derived with continuous sources,and a prediction on the migration was made,which provide an important basis for the environmental impact assessment of oilfield exploitation project.
    Effect of Cu and As and their combination pollution on Glycine max
    WANG Youbao, LIU Dengyi, ZHANG Li, GUO Hu
    2001, (1):  117-120. 
    Asbtract ( 860 )   PDF (218KB) ( 377 )  
    Experiments are carried out with hoagland cultivation to study the effects of Cu, As, their interactions on the germination, seedling growth of Glycine max. The results show that Cu or As pollution reduced proteinase activities,inhibited the seedling growth, the respiration rate of germinating seed of soybean.The inhibition increased as Cu, As concentration increased,POD activities increased with increasing Cu, As concentration.Cu pollution has an antagonistic effect against the pollution of As,and vise versa.
    Effect of fly ash-filtered mud mixture on soil properties and radish yield and quality
    XING Shihe, ZHAO Zhenyu, ZHOU Biqing, WU Xiaoping
    2001, (1):  121-125. 
    Asbtract ( 942 )   PDF (382KB) ( 316 )  
    Based on pot culture experiment,the effect of fly ash filtered mud mixture on soil biochemical properties,radish yield, its quality,and heavy metal accumulation in both soil, radish was examined.The mixture was made by mixing fly ash, filtered mud in proportion 1:1(w/w), adding small amount of inorganic fertilizer.Its Cd,Pb,Cr,As, Hg contents were much lower than those requested by state control criteria.After applying this mixture in a definite amount,no significant accumulation of heavy metals was found in both soil, radish,the pollution index of heavy metals was <1,the quantities of soil bacteria increased notably,and the activities of soil urease,phosphates, cellu2 losase also raised significantly.The application of the mixture promoted radish growth, its development, metabolism.The reducing sugar, vitamin C in radish also increased markedly.The results indicated that the use of adequate amounts of the mixture did not cause any obvious heavy metal pollution in both soil, radish,but could im2prove soil fertility,and raise radish yield, its quality remarkably.
    Effects of copper mine tailings on growth and development and physiological function of wheat
    LIU Dengyi, XIE Jianchun, YANG Shiyong, SHEN Hao
    2001, (1):  126-128. 
    Asbtract ( 940 )   PDF (868KB) ( 519 )  
    Through pot culture experiments,the effects of Tonling copper mine tailings on growth, development, physiological function of wheat were investigated in this paper.The results showed that the seeds of wheat could germinate in copper mine tailings,but seed germination percentage, germination rate were lower than that in control.High ratio tailings decreased seedling height.Tailings decreased chlorophyll contents,but didn't effect on chlorophyll a/b.Compared with control,tailings significantly inhibited root growth, decreased root number.Tailings increased root, shoot biomass, significantly increased root/shoot ratio of wheat.The permeability of cell membrane, the free proline content in leaves of wheat increased with the increase of the ratio of tailings, they were relative tolerance index of wheat to copper tailings stress.
    Emergy analysis of ecosystems
    LAN Shengfang, QIN Pei
    2001, (1):  129-131. 
    Asbtract ( 1460 )   PDF (398KB) ( 1008 )  
    The concept of emergy, its use for comparing with energy were discussed in this paper.Emergy was defined as the amount of available energy required directly, indirectly to make a product or services,and emergy analysis was based on the solar emergy units (solar emjoules).Emergy provided the methodology with a common basis for measuring the value of different kinds of energy,and for evaluating the contributions from nature, humanity.A comparison of emergy analysis with previous energy analysis was also performed.
    Species and species diversity in relation with restoration and persistence of degraded ecosystem functions
    ZHAO Ping, PENG Shaolin
    2001, (1):  132-136. 
    Asbtract ( 903 )   PDF (991KB) ( 386 )  
    Species diversity is an important character of an ecosystem,and keeps it to function.Species diversity, their communities provide human with essential ecosystem services,including nutrient cycling,biological productivity,trophic function,etc.Species diversity is tightly related with the ecosystem's ability to withstand stress, disturbance.Increasing biodiversity could enhance system stability.Compared to individual species, species number,functional group, functional diversity impose larger impact on system functioning,and are good approaches used to measure stability, to predict community change.Several forms with which the species act on ecosystem functioning were proposed, discussed in this paper.Understanding the relationship between species diversity, ecosystem function could guide the practice of restoring degraded ecosystem, maintaining its functions.Particularly,it provides basic ecological theories for “species assemblage” at initial stage of restoration.
    Soil biota and its role in soil ecology
    LIANG Wenju, WEN Dazhong
    2001, (1):  137-140. 
    Asbtract ( 1021 )   PDF (481KB) ( 896 )  
    Soil organisms alter soil physical, chemical, biological properties in different ways.The composition, structure of biotic communities at one hierarchical level can influence the spatial heterogeneity of resource at other hierarchical levels, and the latter is supported by a number of biologically relevant spheres functional domains in soil.In this paper, the role of soil biota in soil ecosystem processes was assessed, and the relationship between soil biodiversity, ecosystem function was presented.Soil ecosystem responses to global change were also discussed.
    Simulation and display methods of spatial data in landscape ecology
    ZHOU Qiang, WANG Jianwu, ZHANG Runjie
    2001, (1):  141-144. 
    Asbtract ( 857 )   PDF (515KB) ( 494 )  
    Simulating, display ecological data over large geographic areas require much time,many resources,and considerable special training.Based on the latest researches all over the world, 7 simulation methods of ecological spatial data, 4 data display formats were reviewed,, several sampling ways were also discussed. Sample density, its spatial distribution,spatial dependence,and estimation accuracy were primarily considered to be the major factors influencing surface representation.
    Discussion on some basic problems in design of wetland ecosystem
    CUI Baoshan, LIU Xingtu
    2001, (1):  145-150. 
    Asbtract ( 984 )   PDF (818KB) ( 553 )  
    The design of wetland ecosystem is the key, fundament in wetland restoration, mitigation. In recent years, it has been frequently applied to the proper construction of wetlands. The paper first reviews the concept of wetland ecosystem design, as well as the basis of ecological engineering,, then presented the basic principles in the design of wetland ecosystem .Some major ecological indicators including hydrology, chemical, substrate, soil, biotic indicatiors were also discussed,and some reference values for ecological indicators were presented.On the base of the designing purposes,three major types in the wetland design were analysed. They include constructing wetlands for wastewater treatment, for mitigation wetlands,, for controlling flooding, non-point source pollution.
    Effect of environmental factors on gonadal maturation as well as its ovulation and spawning in teleosts
    WEN Haishen, LIN Haoran
    2001, (1):  151-155. 
    Asbtract ( 1112 )   PDF (899KB) ( 911 )  
    This paper reviewed the environmental factors affecting gonadal maturation as well as its ovulation, spawning in teleosts which include water temperature,sun-light, rainfall, current, chemical composition of waters, aquatic organi sms,water pollution, so on.The impact of environmental pollution on the reproduction of teleosts was emphasized,aimed to approach strategies protecting fish germplasm resource from the standpoint of ecology.
    Quantitative measurement on degradation degree of ecosystem in hilly region of western Liaoning Province
    DU Xiaojun, JIANG Fengqi, SHEN Hui, LIN Heming
    2001, (1):  156-158. 
    Asbtract ( 935 )   PDF (420KB) ( 436 )  
    Exactly measuring the degradation degree of ecosystems is the basis, precondition of restoring ecosystems. At present,degradation degree is usually analyzed qualitatively.In this paper,quantitative classification method was used to study the degradation degree of ecosystem in hilly region of western Liaoning,which was measured by the degradation degree of habitat.The result shows that the habitat in the northern slope of mountains has been degraded to certain stage between shrubbery, pioneer tree forest,which provides theoretical basis for vegetation restoration practice. Moreover,the result is beneficial for studying the degradation degree of ecosystems in other regions or of other types.
    Physiological indices for evaluating iron-toxicity tolerance of rice (Oryza sativ L.)
    ZHOU Jianlin, TANG Jianjun
    2001, (1):  159-160. 
    Asbtract ( 937 )   PDF (137KB) ( 443 )  
    This paper studied the content malodialdehyde (MDA), the leakage rate of electrolyte in leaves of various rice va rieties with different iron toxicity tolerance, of Echinochloa crusgalli under excessive Fe2+(160mg稬-1) stress.The results showed that both the MDA content, the leakage rate of electrolyte in leaves of plants were significantly, negatively correlated with the tolerance of test plants to iron toxicity.It was suggested that both MDA content, leakage rate of electrolyte could be used as the index for evaluating the tolerance to iron toxicity.