Abstract: Soil erosion in the ecologically fragile zone is severely affected by the intensified coal mining activities in the Yushenfu Mining Region of the Loess Plateau. Soil erosion controlling projects such as the “Grain for Green” program are continuously implemented by the government, which has effectively mitigated or even controlled soil erosion. Coal mining results in new environmental problems, which has changed the erosion characteristics and sediment transport in watersheds. In this study, we identified the sediment source trapped behind the check dam using a composite fingerprinting approach and clarified the impact of “Grain for Green” program and coal mining on variation of the amount and sources of sediment during two decades, in a representative check-dam which controlled the watershed of Laoyeman. The two decades were divided into two stages, i.e. an earlier decade (1990-1999) and a later decade (2000-2010) with respect to the implement of the “Grain for Green” program in the flood couplets sequence established during the running of the dam. The annual average thickness of flood couplets during 2000-2010 decreased from (42.7±29.9) cm to (16.6±13.7) cm during 1990-1999, and the annual sediment deposition per unit area (square meter) at the sampling site reduced from 579.9 kg·m^-2 to 245.8 kg·m^-2. The main source of sediment was gully wall (averaged 79.2%±10.1%) during the study period. However, compared with sediment sources during 1990-1999, the contribution of sediment from slope during 2000-2010, which was greatly affected by the “Grain for Green” program, showed an increasing trend (average annual contribution increased by 7.4%). According to the coaling mining and the variation of rainfall erosivity, our results indicated that under the combined effects of the “Grain for Green” program and decreases of rainfall erosivity, the intensity of sediment production in the watershed was substantially decreased. Coal mining had important impacts on sediment contribution from the slope, and obviously affected soil erosion controlling effects of the “Grain for Green” program. It is obvious that coal mining has increased the risk of erosion and sediment production on the slope, and that soil erosion control on the slope should focus on areas affected by coal mining.