Ecological research in the 21st century has entered a new stage of ecosystem science. Macroecosystem science, as the engine and frontier direction of ecosystem science, is focusing on the mutual feedbacks among “environmental change-ecosystem-human well-being-social development”, based on the systemic cognitive framework of “multiple elements-multiple processes-multiple functions-multiple scales-multiple dimensions”. It is committed to developing integrated research methods of “cross media-cross interface-cross time and space-cross level-cross disciplinary”, concentrating on the cascading relationships and process mechanisms of “resource environment-system structure-ecological process-functional service” and “system construction-state evolution-resource and environment effect-regulation and supervision”, and understanding the evolution laws of macroecosystem and the scientific principles of human regulation. We reviewed the theoretical framework of macroecosystem science, adopting the logical framework of “scientific axiom-principle system-basic theory-application technology”, guided by the rational cognition of macroecosystem science such as “biological agglomeration and co-evolution, component riveting and structure nesting theory, process coupling and mechanism mutual feedback, function emergence and service spillover, dynamic succession lineage and spatial succession, natural change and artificial regulation”, and tentatively constructed a knowledge system and logical framework for theoretical research and practical application of macroecosystem science. We aimed to promote the upgrading and transformation of traditional ecological research scope and paradigm to multi-dimensional ecosystem science, expand the application of macroecosystem science to large-scale and long-term ecological science, promote the innovation and practical application of ecosystem science knowledge, and provide technological support for regional and global natural resource management, ecological security pattern construction, and the sustainable development of society.

Based on the survey data of 55 permanent plots of Larix olgensis plantation in Maoershan Experimental Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University, we divided the stand density index (SDI) of the plots into three grades by mean±standard deviation method, namely SDI Ⅰ∈(0, 695], SDI Ⅱ∈(695, 1027], and SDI Ⅲ∈(1027, ∞] trees·hm^-2. Based on the Logistic equation, we constructed the maximum crown width prediction model of individual tree at three quantiles (0.90, 0.95, and 0.99) under different SDI grades by coupling dummy variables and quantile regression. We further used the crown projection area method to compile the stand management density number table under different SDI grades and quantified the influence of stand density on stand volume and carbon storage. The results showed that the maximum crown width models of individual tree with different SDI had significant differences, and that the maximum crown width of individual tree could be better simulated at 0.90 quantile. The independent sample test showed that compared with the Logistic basic model, the R_adj² of the single-tree dummy variable quantile maximum crown model could be significantly increased by 0.20, while the root mean square error was significantly reduced by 0.15 m. Based on the established single tree dummy variable quantile maximum crown width model and crown projection area method, we compiled the stand management density number table under different SDI grades. When the target diameter of cultivation was 30 cm, compared with SDI Ⅰ, stand volume and carbon storage were overestimated by 26.16 m³·hm^-2 and 10.10 t C·hm^-2, respectively, when SDI grades were not distinguished. Similarly, compared with SDIⅡ, these values were overestimated by 15.99 m³·hm^-2 and 6.12 t C·hm^-2. However, compared with SDIⅢ, they were significantly underestimated by 85.13 m³·hm^-2 and 33.04 t C·hm^-2. Our results indicated that ignoring the differences of SDI grades could overestimate the carbon sequestration capacity of low-density stands but underestimate the actual contribution of high-density stands. Therefore, implementing stand density regulation based on SDI grades is conducive to achieving precise quality improvement of L. olgensis plantations.

Glyptostrobus pensilis, a monotypic relict tree species endemic to China, has extremely sparse populations in the wild. The world’s largest natural G. pensilis forest is distributed in the Zhuzhou Island Glyptostrobus Forest Nature Reserve, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. However, artificial plantations of G. pensilis currently exhibit significant decline. To clarify the survival status and dynamic characteristics of G. pensilis populations, we constructed age structure diagrams, compiled static life tables, and applied survival function analysis and time series prediction to analyze population dynamics and driving mechanisms, aiming to provide a scientific basis for conservation and management. The results showed that the artificial G. pensilis population exhibited a “bell-shaped” structure, with fewer juvenile and elderly individuals, and the highest number observed in age class V (20 cm≤DBH<25 cm). Understory natural regeneration was severely limited. The static life table indicated that mortality and disa-ppearance rates initially increased and then decreased, peaking at age class Ⅵ (25 cm≤DBH＜30 cm) and age class Ⅹ (DBH≥45 cm), respectively. Life expectancy declined with increasing age class, and the survival curve aligned with the Deevey-Ⅱ type. Spectral analysis demonstrated significant periodic fluctuations in population dynamics, dominated by the fundamental wave A1 and driven by the third harmonic, with age class V (20 cm≤DBH<25 cm) identified as the critical fluctuation phase. Time series prediction showed that population size increased during age classes Ⅱ-Ⅳ, reaching maximum size at class V, followed by a continuous decline from age classes Ⅵ-Ⅷ onward. Although the population temporarily maintained growth, long-term survival risks arose from insufficient juvenile recruitment, environmental stochasticity, and physiological senescence. To enhance population resilience, the following conservation strategies are recommended, inlcuding artificial propagation, habitat restoration, and invasive species control.

By investigating seed plants at an altitude range of 3800-5100 m in the Nyangchu River Valley, we examined plant community structure and the distribution patterns of species diversity and phylogenetic diversity along the altitudinal gradient, as well as the environmental factors driving these patterns. The results showed that there were three main community types, including the Poa litwinowiana+Elymus brevipes+Stipa purpurea community, the Carex parvula+Blysmus sinocompressus+Argentina anserina community, and the Sophora moorcroftiana+Pennisetum flaccidum community. Species richness varied from 5 to 28, averaging 15.18±5.04. The phylogenetic diversity index (PD) ranged from 621.45 to 2315.96, averaging 1441.44±348.83. The species and phylogenetic diversity monotonically increased with altitude. In 65% of the plots, both the net relatedness index (NRI) and net nearest taxa index (NTI) were greater than zero. The main soil drivers of species and phylogenetic diversity were total nitrogen and hydrolyzable nitrogen, with contribution rates of 23.4% and 22.8%, respectively. In terms of climatic drivers, potential evapotranspiration and mean annual temperature negatively correlated with species and phylogenetic diversity, while moisture negatively correlated with NRI and NTI. Altitude and latitude were the most significant geographical drivers of species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Results of the Mantel tests confirmed that species β-diversity was significantly positively correlated with geographic distance and environmental factors such as altitude, while phylogenetic β-diversity showed comparatively weaker correlations with geographic distance. Community assembly in the Nyangchu River Valley was jointly driven by geographical isolation and environmental heterogeneity. The phylogenetic structure had a clear clustering. Higher phylogenetic diversity was found in mid to high-altitude zones, with environmental heterogeneity showing higher explanatory power. Increasing drought induced by climate change would threaten plant diversity in this region.

Larix gmelinii seedlings were transplanted from Tahe, Songling, Heihe and Dailing to a common garden in Mao’ershan, near the southern edge of its natural distribution range in China. Two decades after the transplantation, we measured the photosynthetic capacity of needles in four transplanting locations (control) and common garden (climate warming treatment) simultaneously, and analyzed the response mechanism of needle photosynthetic capacity to climate warming. The results showed that climate warming significantly increased the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P_{n max}), total nitrogen content (N_area), chlorophyll content (Chl_m), the activities of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), as well as the content and proportion of nitrogen in photosynthetic system. Climate warming significantly increased P_{n max} by 23.5%, 34.4%, 37.5% and 45.8%, increased Rubisco activity by 11.1%, 30.1%, 36.3% and 56.7%, and increased nitrogen content in photosynthetic system by 19.0%, 51.0%, 67.8% and 70.4% for Dailing, Heihe, Songling and Tahe, respectively. The P_{n max} was significantly positively associated with Rubisco activity, PEPC activity and the content of nitrogen in photosynthetic system. Climate warming did not affect photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. The significant increase in photosynthetic capacity of L. gmelinii needles under climate warming was resulted from the interaction of increased nitrogen content in the photosynthetic system and enhanced photosynthetic enzyme activity.

To investigate the photosynthetic responses of needles with different ages (current-year and annual-year) in Pinus koraiensis to sunflecks along the vertical gradient of canopy, we conducted an experiment at the Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem Positioning Station utilizing a canopy tower crane platform. We selected current-year and annual-year needles from the upper (mean height: 23.26 m), middle (16.55 m), and lower (11.15 m) layers of the canopy of dominant species P. koraiensis, to simulate photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) abruptly increasing from a shaded state (50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) to a sunfleck state (1200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) and then decreasing back to 50 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 by using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system. We measured the physiological response of needles during photosynthetic induction and photosynthetic recovery, as well as stomatal dynamic process. The results showed that leaf age and canopy height had significant effects on photosynthetic induction. During photosynthetic induction, the highest maximum reaction rate (RS_max) was recorded in current-year needles at the lower canopy (18.41 nmol·m^-2·s^-1) and in annual-year needles at the upper canopy (17.39 nmol·m^-2·s^-1). During photosynthetic recovery, current-year needles at the lower canopy showed the highest RS_max(2.93 nmol·m^-2·s^-1), while annual-year needles at the upper canopy exhibited the highest RS_max(0.66 nmol·m^-2·s^-1). This result indicated complementary strategies in sunfleck response between needle ages across canopy layers. There was a significant vertical gradient in stomatal kinetics. In the stomatal opening stage, the RS_max for both current-year and annual-year needles was significantly higher at the upper canopy compared to the lower canopy (145.5% faster and 104.4% faster, respectively). During the stomatal closing stage, the RS_max was lower for both needle ages at the upper canopy compared to the lower canopy (40.2% slower and 34.5% slower, respectively). These stomatal dynamics indicated that upper-canopy needles utilized sunflecks more effectively. Collectively, the complementary strategies in sunfleck utilization across needle ages and canopy heights would contribute to maximizing the overall photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity of the broad-leaved Korean pine forest canopy.

We conducted a field nitrogen addition experiment in a subtropical natural Phyllostachys pubescens forest taking ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source. There were three nitrogen addition levels: 0, 20, and 80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1, corresponding to the control, low nitrogen, and high nitrogen treatments, respectively. In the ninth year of treatments, we collected samples of surface soil from 0 to 15 cm to determine soil basic chemical properties, microbial community composition, acid phosphatase activity, and analyzed leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents, leaf phosphorus fractions, and fine root biomass and phosphorus content in P. pubescens. We explored the effects of nitrogen addition on plant phosphorus-utilization and -acquisition strategies of P. pubescens, as well as their correlations with environmental factors. The results showed that both low and high nitrogen additions significantly increased foliar nitrogen and phosphorus contents, but did not change foliar nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio. Only the treatment of high nitrogen addition significantly increased the contents of metabolic phosphorus, nucleic acid phosphorus, and structural phosphorus in the leaves, without altering the proportion of each phosphorus fraction. On average, low and high nitrogen additions significantly increased soil available phosphorus content by 31.4% and fine root phosphorus content by 28.9%, but significantly decreased soil organic phosphorus content by 28.2%. Fine root phosphorus content was significantly positively correlated with fine root biomass, the abundance of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and available phosphorus content. In summary, P. pubescens allocated more carbon to belowground under long-term nitrogen addition, thereby enhanced root phosphorus uptake.

Senesced bark litter of Eucalyptus collected from pure Eucalyptus plantation was placed in four stand types, including pure Eucalyptus urophylla plantation (control), E. urophylla-Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed plantation (Eucalyptus-Cunninghamia), E. urophylla-Fokienia hodginsii mixed plantation (Eucalyptus-Fokienia), and E. urophylla-C. lanceolata-F. hodginsii mixed plantation (Eucalyptus-Cunninghamia-Fokienia). During a 540-day decomposition period, litterbags were retrieved every 60 days to measure remaining dry mass and the contents of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), cellulose, and lignin. We analyzed decomposition characteristics, home-field advantage (HFA), nutrient release, and key drivers in mixed plantations. The results showed that decomposition rates in the mixed plantations were significantly higher than in the pure plantation, with negative HFA indices. Decomposition was fastest in the Eucalyptus-Cunninghamia mixed plantation, followed by the Eucalyptus-Cunninghamia-Fokienia mixed plantation and the Eucalyptus-Fokienia mixed plantation, which slightly exceeded the pure plantation. The three Eucalyptus-conifer mixed plantations promoted the mineralization of C, N, P, and the degradation of cellulose during bark litter decomposition, but had little effect on lignin degradation, accompanied by decreases in C/N, C/P, N/P and an increase in lignin/N. During the decomposition process, C and cellulose showed a continuous release pattern in both home and away fields, while N and P exhibited a “release-accumulation-release” pattern. Nutrient remaining amounts, stoichiometric ratios, and recalcitrant compound contents collectively explained 76.6% of the variation in bark litter decomposition. Higher C remaining amount is positively related with decomposition, while higher P remaining rate, C/N, and N/P negatively related with decomposition. The Eucalyptus-Cunninghamia mixed plantation significantly enhanced the decomposition of Eucalyptus bark litter. In future structural transformations of Eucalyptus plantations, it is recommended that Eucalyptus-Cunninghamia mixed plantation be prioritized.

Wood porosity types (non-porous, diffuse-porous, and ring-porous) reflect evolutionary gradients cha-racteristics of xylem anatomy of temperate tree species. The mechanisms linking porosity type to non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) storage strategy in stem tissues remain unclear. We conducted an experiment with 77 warm-tempe-rate tree species in the Baotianman National Nature Reserve, Henan Province. Among the examined species, there were 3 non-porous wood species, 45 diffuse-porous wood species, and 29 ring-porous wood species (including semi-ring-porous wood). We measured soluble sugars, starch, total NSC concentrations and sugars/starch ratio in bark, sapwood, and heartwood at breast height to explore the influence of wood porosity on NSC storage strategy across stem tissues (bark, sapwood and heartwood). The results showed that the types of trunk tissue and wood porosity had significant effects on the concentration of NSC and its components (soluble sugars, and starch). As for the trunk cross-section, NSC and its components exhibited an inward decline trend, with total NSC concentration in bark (6.4%) being notably higher than that in sapwood (3.2%) and heartwood (2.5%). The total NSC in various trunk tissues was dominant in the form of soluble sugars. Across the three wood porosity types, the concentrations of soluble sugars, total NSC, and sugars/starch ratio in tree bark displayed a counter-evolutionary sequence pattern (non-porous > diffuse-porous > ring-porous), while that in sapwood and heartwood increased along the evolutionary gradient. The concentrations of NSC and its components in sapwood and that in heartwood were significantly correlated for both diffuse-porous and ring-porous tree species. Soluble sugars and starch exhibited significant positive correlations in bark of non-porous and diffuse-porous trees and the three trunk tissues of ring-porous tree species. Along the evolutionary gradient of wood porosity, warm-temperate trees tended to optimize resource allocation by reducing the NSC concentration from bark to sapwood and enhancing the functional differentiation between sapwood and heartwood, reflecting the coordination between xylem anatomical structure and storage function.

Phosphorus components in the soil aggregates of different particle sizes is critical for improving phosphorus availability in north subtropical regions. We investigated two representative stand types, pure Q. acutissima stands and the mixed stands of Q. acutissima and Pinus massoniana in Lishui District, Nanjing. We measured soil aggregates from two soil layers (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) to determine the stability of soil aggregates, labile phosphorus fraction content and the acid phosphatase activity of each particle size, as well as litter biomass and fine root biomass, to analyze the differences of active phosphorus fractions of soil aggregates between different stand types. The results showed that the content of macroaggregates (>2 mm) was higher than those of other particle sizes in different soil layers of both stand types. The proportion of macroaggregates was 48.4% in mixed stands and 43.7% in pure stands. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, the stability of soil aggregates was significantly greater in mixed stands than in pure stands. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, the total phosphorus (TP) content in aggregates of both stands ranged from 181.82 to 273.34 mg·kg^-1, without significant difference between the two stands, while that in the 20-40 cm layer ranged from 172.51 to 251.49 mg·kg^-1, with the mixed stands exhibiting significantly higher TP in macro-aggregates (>2 mm) than the pure stands. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, available phosphorus (AP) content in aggregates ranged from 18.29 to 33.10 mg·kg^-1, without difference between the two stands, while that in the 20-40 cm layer ranged from 11.78 to 25.22 mg·kg^-1, with the mixed stands having higher AP across all aggregate particle sizes than the pure stands. Acid phosphatase activity in mixed stands was significantly higher than in pure stands across all soil aggregate sizes and depth layers. Fine root biomass in the mixed stands was significantly greater than in the pure stands in both soil layers. In contrast, litter biomass did not differ between stands. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that soil pH, acid phosphatase activity of soil aggregates, and stand types exerted significant effects on labile phosphorus content of soil aggregates in the 0-20 cm soil layer, explaining 32.0%, 15.7%, and 9.0% of the variance, respectively. In the 20-40 cm layer, stand type, acid phosphatase activity of soil aggregates, fine root biomass, and litter biomass all showed significant influences, accounting for 22.0%, 16.5%, 16.2%, and 10.6% of the variance. Compared to pure stands, mixed stands enhanced soil labile phosphorus content by influencing multiple environmental factors.

To analyze the impacts of increased nutrient availability on plant community structure, we conducted a long-term field N and P addition experiment in a typical peatland in the north of Greater Khingan Mountain and investigated species dominance, community diversity, and aboveground biomass after four, six, and eight years of N (6 g N·m^-2·a^-1) and P (2 g P·m^-2·a^-1) addition. The results showed that P addition did not affect the dominances of deciduous shrub, evergreen shrub, sedge, grass, forb, moss, and lichen. However, N addition significantly increased the importance values and dominances of deciduous shrub and grass but reduced the importance values and dominances of moss and lichen. The magnitude of N addition effects increased with elevating experimental duration. Both N and P addition decreased species richness, diversity, and evenness. The N addition-induced decline in species diversity primarily resulted from the disappearance of evergreen shrub, moss, and lichen, whereas decreased species diversity under P addition were mainly caused by the loss of forb and moss. Phosphorus addition did not affect aboveground biomass of plants, while N addition significantly reduced aboveground biomass of evergreen shrub, moss, and lichen and increased that of deciduous shrub and grass. Nitrogen and P addition produced a significant interaction on aboveground plant biomass in this community. Nitrogen addition and combined N and P addition treatments had 87% and 128% greater aboveground plant biomass than the control, respectively. These results suggested that nutrient enrichment could promote plant growth but induce reductions in species diversity, and such effect would be amplified by increasing experimental duration.

Peatlands are one of the most important terrestrial carbon storage reservoirs. The response of soil labile organic carbon fractions to environmental changes is a pivotal indicator for assessing the stability of soil organic carbon pools. Soil enzymes act as primary participants in the biogeochemical processes of peatlands, significantly influence the material cycling and energy flow. Taking natural peatlands, degraded peatlands, and peatlands restored for 3, 5, and 8 years in the Changbai Mountains as test objects, we examined the changes of soil labile organic carbon fractions, enzyme activities, soil physicochemical properties, and aboveground biomass during peatland restoration. The results showed that the contents of easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased following peatland restoration. Both MBC and DOC exhi-bited a progressive increase with restoration duration, showing cumulative rises of 139.7% and 160.2%, respec-tively, after 8 years of restoration. In contrast, EOC recovered to the level comparable to natural peatland within just 3 years of restoration, exhibiting a notably rapid recovery. Restoration significantly increase the activities of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine glycosidase (NAG) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the 0-10 cm soil layer. After 8 years of restoration, the activities of NAG and ACP increased by 30.1% and 84.1%, respectively. However, the activity of β-1,4-glucosidase (βG) increased by 60.8% after 3 years of restoration, decreased slightly after 5 years of restoration, and showed no significant difference between the peatland restored for 8 years and the degraded peatlands. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling showed that soil organic carbon directly influenced soil labile organic carbon fractions, while soil labile organic carbon fractions and aboveground biomass collectively influenced soil enzyme activity. In conclusion, natural-based restoration could effectively increase soil labile organic carbon fractions and soil microbial enzyme activities, thereby promoting peatland recovery. This study would provide basic data and a reference framework for the ecological restoration and management of degraded peatlands.

We analyzed the drought adaptation mechanism of shrub species in three typical habitats (oasis, transition zone, and desert) of the extremely arid area in the lower reaches of the Heihe River, with 15 species as the objects. Using paraffin sectioning technology combined with microscopic observation, we measured 14 anatomical traits, including leaf epidermal thickness, total leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, and main vein vascular bundle thickness, etc. The results showed that leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, and leaf structure compactness (palisade tissue thickness/total leaf thickness) significantly varied among different habitats, and increased with the aggravation of drought degree. The other anatomical traits showed no differences among the three habitats. The contribution rate of soil nutrient heterogeneity to the variations of anatomical traits reached 44.4% to 85.2%, being significantly higher than that of soil water availability (5.8% to 32.8%) and salinity-alkalinity (8.0% to 33.9%). The collaborative adaptation strategies of leaf anatomical structures were manifested as: thickening leaves and epidermal cells to reduce water transpiration loss, increasing palisade tissue thickness to improve photosynthetic efficiency, decreasing main vein vascular bundle thickness to sacrifice part of water transport efficiency, thereby enhancing salt secretion capacity, and finally forming a multi-dimensional environmental adaptation mechanism. The shrubs in the arid area formed a stable adaptation mechanism through the systematic reconstruction of leaf anatomical structures. Their trait differentiations were mainly driven by soil nutrients such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus.

We examined the responses of leaf functional traits and their adaptation strategies of four dominant species (Lespedeza davurica, Carex duriuscula, Potentilla chinensis, and Cleistogenes chinensis) to desertification in the Zhanggutai desertified grassland, Liaoning Province. We measured the morphological and chemical functional traits under five desertification levels (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% of sand addition by mass). The results showed that desertification significantly affected leaf functional traits in the natural grasslands of northwestern Liao-ning, but with significant species-specific difference. With the increases of desertification intensity, specific leaf area of C. duriuscula and P. chinensis increased initially and then decreased, peaking at 30% and 10% sand addition levels, respectively. Leaf dry matter content of the four species all showed a decreasing trend with aggravated desertification, but the changes were not statistically significant. Desertification significantly increased leaf N and P contents of C. duriuscula and C. chinensis, with N content being increased by 45.8% and 28.2%, and P content being increased by 87.1% and 50.3%, respectively under 70% sand addition treatment. The four species adapted to desertification through trade-offs among morphological and chemical traits. P. chinensis exhibited a “low-input, high-benefit” resource-conservative strategy. L. davurica maintained relatively stable leaf nutrient content. Both species exhibited a relatively strong adaptability to desertification.

To elucidate the responses of yield and carbon footprint of double-season rice production systems to new-type fertilizers and irrigation regimes, we investigated the effects of three new-type fertilizers, viz, controlled-release urea (CRU), nitrapyrin-treated urea (CP), and effective microorganisms (EM) (conventional fertilizer as control), and two irrigation regimes, conventional flooding (W₁) and shallow water irrigation (W₂), on yield, greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint of early- and late-season rice by the FAO-CROPWAT 8.0 modeling in combination with field experiments (2020-2021). The results showed that compared to the conventional fertilizer (CK), three new-type fertilizers increased rice yield. The average yield increases for early and late rice under the three fertilizer treatments were 14.2% and 17.1% in 2020, and were 36.7% and 23.1% in 2021. There was no difference in rice yield between W₁ and W₂. Application of new-type fertilizers reduced greenhouse gas emission in the double-season rice system, and the mitigation effect varied between early and late rice seasons. Compared to CK, CH₄ emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) under CRU treatment were decreased by 22.2%, 22.9%, and 39.3% in early rice season, that under CP treatment were decreased by 20.7%, 19.3%, and 33.5% in late rice seasons. N₂O emission and GHGI under EM treatment were decreased by 14.7% and 6.2% in early rice seasons. Shallow water irrigation significantly reduced greenhouse gas emission. Compared to the W₁ treatment, CH₄ emission, N₂O emission, GWP, and GHGI under the W₂ treatment were decreased by 21.9%, 42.0%, 24.7%, and 25.9% in early rice season, by 23.4%, 33.6%, 24.0%, and 23.7% in late rice season, respectively. There was a significant interaction effect between new-type fertilizers and irrigation regimes on carbon footprint. Compared to the CK treatment under the W₁ irrigation, the interaction of new-type fertilizers and W₂ irrigation significantly decreased the average value of carbon footprint in early and late rice seasons by 35.9% and 22.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the application of new-type fertilizers significantly increased the yield of double-season rice, while optimizing irrigation regime reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The implementation of appropriate new-type fertilizers under the shallow water irrigation could increase yield and decrease greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon footprint, which would promote clean production and contribute to the sustainable development of double-season rice systems.

White slurry layer of albic soil has low fertility and poor nutrient availability. Organic material return to fields is a primary agricultural management practice for enhancing soil fertility. We examined the variations of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient contents and pH of the topsoil layer (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-35 cm) layers of albic soil under different treatments, including deep tillage at 35 cm without organic materials (T₃₅), straw deep mixing at 35 cm (T₃₅+S), organic fertilizer deep mixing at 35 cm (T₃₅+M), combined straw and organic fertilizer deep mixing at 35 cm (T₃₅+M+S), and conventional tillage at 15 cm without organic materials as the control (CK). Compared to CK, the T₃₅+S treatment significantly increased the contents of total N (TN), total P (TP), total K (TK), available N (AN), available P (AP), and available K (AK) in both the topsoil and subsoil layers. Compared to the T₃₅ treatment, the T₃₅+S treatment showed significant increases in AN, AP, and AK in both soil layers. The T₃₅+M and T₃₅+M+S treatments had significantly higher total and available nutrient contents in both the topsoil layer and subsoil layer than other treatments, with the T₃₅+M+S having the highest total and available nutrient contents. Compared with CK, the contents of TN, AN, AP, and AK in the topsoil layer soil increased significantly by 34.8% and 36.4%, 20.5% and 29.0%, 112.3% and 118.0%, and 39.5% and 49.5% under the T₃₅+M and T₃₅+M+S treatments, respectively. Correspondingly, these parameters in the subsoil layer increased significantly by 68.6% and 72.3%, 39.4% and 46.3%, 124.9% and 131.2%, and 50.4% and 64.9%, respectively. The treatments T₃₅, T₃₅+S, T₃₅+M, and T₃₅+M+S increased the abundance indices (subsoil layer nutrient content/topsoil tillage layer nutrient content) of TN, AN, AP, and AK in subsoil layer by 5.3%-12.4%, 4.8%-5.5%, 11.4%-14.4%, and 18.0%-20.7%, respectively. Our results indicated that deep mixing of organic materials induced by deep tillage effectively mitigated the decrease in TN, AN, AP, and AK content in the topsoil layer, while simultaneously increased nutrient content in the subsoil (white slurry layer). The pH values in the 0-35 cm soil layer increased by 0.01, 0.09, 0.17, and 0.14 under the four treatments, respectively. In summary, deep mixing of organic materials into the soil enhances soil fertility in both the topsoil and subsoil layers of albic soil, and the treatments with organic fertilizer alone or in combination with straw would be the most effective practice.

The escalating salinization and alkalization of arable soils represents a significant threat to the sustainable development of agriculture and environment. The assessment of salinization and alkalization can be facilitated by measuring crucial indicators including soil salinity content (SSC) and pH. The utilization of remote sensing technology could facilitate the effective and large-scale monitoring of soil salinity and alkalinity conditions. In this study, we selected the saline and alkaline farmland soil in the Hetao Plain as the research object, integrated measured soil salinity content (SSC), pH, and Sentinel-2 images (comprising six bands and 24 salinity indices), and incorporated environmental variables, soil physicochemical attributes, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data as mode-ling variables. Following the implementation of feature screening through the utilization of gradient boosting machine (GBM), we established the inverse models of SSC and pH based on six machine learning algorithms, including extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), category boosting (CatBoost), random forest (RF), and extreme random tree (ERT). We further visuali-zed the variable contributions by Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) interpretation, and realized the inverse mapping for the spatial distribution of salinity and alkalinity information. The results showed that the overall soil salinization and alkalization were at mild to moderate levles, with significant spatial heterogeneity between salinization and alkalization. The GBM algorithm could effectively reduce the model’s complexity by filtering the feature variables with a cumulative contribution of up to 90%. The contribution of different types of variables to the salinization and alkalization information varied significantly. The XGBoost and ERT models demonstrated optimal perfor-mance in the SSC and pH inversions, respectively, with model validation R² values of 0.925 and 0.818, respectively. The SHAP analysis revealed that the salinity index was the most significant variable that contributed 34.9% to the SSC and 34.2% to the pH, respectively. Soil physicochemical properties and topographic factors exhibited a range of 15.7% to 23.0% contributions. There were minimal contributions from climatic factors and radar data, and the least contribution from single band. The study could offer a scientific reference for the monitoring of soil salinization and alkalization, the selection of variables, and the decision-making process concerning agricultural enhancement in analogous regions.

Residual trend method is an important method for attributing vegetation changes. The performance of this method depends on the ability of vegetation-climate relationship model to avoid the disturbance from signals of human activities effects (referred to as human disturbance). The fundamental way to suppress human disturbance is to seek modeling reference, and to ensure the degree of freedom of spatial reference is far greater than that of the temporal reference. Previous vegetation-climate relationship model was limited by the fact that only temporal reference could be used in the traditional pixel-by-pixel modeling approach. We broke through the pixel-by-pixel vegetation-climate relationship model and constructed a spatially integrated vegetation-climate relationship model. Within the new model, we developed an iterative scheme for selecting spatial reference, which help improve residual trend method. We further analyzed the vegetation changes in China from 2003 to 2022 with this new model. Results showed that the enhanced vegetation index in China showed an overall increasing trend from 2003 to 2022, with a growth rate 0.002·a^-1. Vegetation distribution showed significant spatial differences, which was bounded by the Heihe-Tengchong line. The eastern region showed significant and extremely significant improvement, accounting for 61.5% of the area covered by vegetation. Vegetation in the western region showed insignificant improvement and degradation, accounting for 36.5%. The remaining 2% area showed significant and extremely significant vegetation degradation. Human factors dominated such vegetation changes in China, with an average contribution of 87.9%. The contribution rates of human factors to both vegetation improvement and degradation areas exceeded 85%. The implementation of ecological protection policies, the improvement of agricultural management and the transformation of socio and economic development patterns were the main reasons for promoting vegetation improvement in most regions of China. Overgrazing and rapid urbanization led to the vegetation degradation in parts of the northern, eastern and central regions. The vegetation-climate relationship model constructed by residual trend method based on spatial reference outperformed the traditional residual trend method in prediction accuracy, which was more precise in quantifying the relative roles of climate and human factors. Moreover, the new model effectively avoided overestimation of the influence of climate factors and reduced human disturbance to a certain extent.

This study aimed to quantitatively distinguish the contributions of climate change and human activities to net primary productivity (NPP). Based on meteorological observation data from 27 ground-based meteorological observation stations in Ningxia from 2000 to 2022 and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, we examined the spatiotemporal variations of potential net primary productivity (PNPP), actual net primary productivity (ANPP), and human-induced net primary productivity change (HNPP). The Thornthwaite Memorial model and the improved Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model, as well as Theil-Sen slope estimation, Mann-Kendall trend test, Hurst index, and partial correlation analysis were used. We quantitatively evaluated the relative effects of climate change and human activities on NPP by the residual method. From 2000 to 2022, both PNPP and ANPP in Ningxia exhibited increasing trends, with annual growth rates of 4.27 and 6.60 g C·m^-2·a^-1, respectively, while HNPP showed a fluctuating decreasing trend, with a reduction rate of 2.33 g C·m^-2·a^-1. Areas with increasing PNPP accounted for 94.4% of the study area, while the area with increasing ANPP covered 92.8%. Declining PNPP was primarily observed in the southeastern part of Shizuishan and the southern part of Yinchuan. The areas experiencing a decrease in ANPP were mainly distributed along the Yellow River. 66.5% area of Ningxia displayed a downtrend in HNPP, and human activities in most regions in the future. Precipitation was the dominant meteorological factor influencing ANPP variation, with 74.4% area of the region showing a significantly positive correlation between ANPP and annual precipitation. The influence of precipitation was greater than that of mean temperature, sunshine duration, and mean wind speed. The average relative contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP were 46.3% and 53.4%, respectively. In 62.1% of the total area, vegetation improvement was primarily driven by the combined effects of climate change and human activities, while 26.1% of the area experienced vegetation improvement mainly due to climate change. Vegetation degradation accounted for 7.2% of the total area, mainly driven by human activities or the combined effects of climate change and human activities. These findings would help reveal the mechanisms underlying the impacts of climate change and human activities on NPP, and thus offer scientific support for regional ecological construction and policy-making.

Integrated management of ecosystem services through ecosystem service bundles (ESBs) is increasingly recognized as one of the most promising approaches for optimizing ecosystem services. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of ESBs is critical for developing precise and adaptive regional ecosystem management strategies. However, most existing studies focus on the static identification of ESBs, with limited attention to the long-term stability and underlying drivers. With Hunan Province as an example and based on the spatiotemporal evolution of six key ecosystem services from 1995 to 2020, we introduced the “dominant service cluster change frequency” indicator to quantify the spatiotemporal stability of ESBs, and established an explanatory framework for the stability dri-ving mechanism. The results showed that food production, carbon sequestration, and soil retention significantly increased, habitat quality remained relatively stable, while flood regulation and water yield declined. The spatial patterns of multiple service types also underwent significant change during 1995-2020. ESBs showed high spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics, with 58.2% of the area showing high transition frequency and only 41.8% remaining relatively stable. High stability regions were mainly located in plains and mountainous forest areas with high levels of agricultural intensification. Geographic detector analysis revealed that land-use factors (e.g., cropland and forest ratios) and climate variables (e.g., precipitation and temperature) were the primary drivers of ESB stability. The interaction effects between land use and climate were stronger than single-factor effects. Based on the stability classifications, we further proposed adaptive and region-specific ecosystem management strategies to provide a new path for improving the ability to sustain service supply and the timeliness of policy implementation. This study would expand the perspective of dynamic regulation in the study of ESBs, providing theoretical support and practical basis for the refined management of ecosystem multifunctionality in changing environments.

The balance between supply and demand of ecosystem services in arid zones is crucial for regional sustainable development. Taking Xinjiang as the study area, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of the supply and demand of food production, habitat quality, carbon storage, soil conservation, water yield and greenfield leisure in relation to the intensity of human activities during 2000-2020 by using bivariate spatial autocorrelation method. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the six ecosystem services in the study area were in a state where their supply was far greater than demand (supply/demand ratio>1). The supply of water yield, carbon sto-rage and soil conservation per unit area increased by 28.61 m³·km^-2, 18.24 t·km^-2 and 3147 t·km^-2, respectively. The demand increased by 14.2 m³·km^-2, 59.85 t·km^-2, and 7151.52 t·km^-2, with insignificant changes in supply and demand for food production, greenfield leisure, and habitat quality. The supply-demand ratios for food production and water yield increased by 118.2% and 34.9%, respectively. Carbon storage and soil conservation decreased by 83.7%, 108.9%, and 20.9%, respectively. The supply and demand ratios of habitat quality and greenfield leisure did not change significantly. From 2000 to 2020, human activity intensity index (HAI) in 98% of the study area were below 0.25. Spatially, HAI showed a pattern of sporadic distribution, with the Tianshan Mountain as the boundary, high in the north, low in the south, and sporadic distribution. The supply/demand ratios of food production, water yield, and habitat quality showed a significant negative correlation with HAI as a whole. The supply/demand ratios of carbon storage, soil conservation, and greenfield leisure showed a significant positive correlation with HAI. The supply-demand ratios of food production, carbon storage, habitat quality, and greenfield leisure were mainly low-high clustered with HAI in the urban belt of the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain and the oasis area of Tarim River Basin, while the supply-demand ratios of soil conservation and water yield were mainly high-high clustered with HAI in the Tianshan Mountain Range and the Tarim River Basin.

The pioneering zoned desertification control mode of desert-crossing highway grids in Ongniud Banner has received widespread societal acclaim. However, the principle, technology, and benefits of this mode have not been systematically summarized, which affects its cognition and promotion in the field of desertification control. We synthesized multi-source data from field investigations, interview and literature to elucidate design principle of the zoned desertification control mode of desert-crossing highway grids, configuration characteristics of “three belts” (dune-fixing and forestation belt, enclosure conservation belt, and aerial seeding belt), vegetation and soil restoration processes, and influences on production and living. The results showed that the desert-crossing highway grids and the “three belts” protective system cut and separated large areas of active sand dunes, blocking sand source, controlling wind-sand hazards, promoting transportation, and facilitating people’s livelihoods. After seven years of vegetation restoration, the number of plant species has increased to more than 16. The vegetation gradually changed from psammophytes to xerophytes. Both species diversity of vegetation and soil seed banks increased significantly. From the dune-fixing and forestation belt, enclosure conservation belt, and aerial seeding belt to uncontrolled active sand dunes in the center of a grid, soil water presented deficit, balance and surplus state, respectively, maintaining water balance in the grid as a whole. The mode in line with principles of aeolian sand dynamics and restoration ecology formed the pattern of “highways cutting sand dunes, grids locking and fixing sand dunes, progressive restoration by the ‘three belts’, left blank to store water in the center”. This mode demonstrates the coordinated deve-lopment between controlling wind-sand hazards and restoring vegetation, constructing artificial vegetation and maintaining water balance, as well as coordinating ecology, production, and livelihoods. This mode embodies a top-level design philosophy guided by county-level planning units, multi-department collaboration, and integration of multiple technologies. It is remarkable in ecological and social benefits in formatting “Ongniud Banner mode” with characteristics of regional desertification control. The mode has the extensive replicability value for sandy land rehabilitation across northern China.

Lakes are crucial terrestrial carbon sinks for the Earth’s surface systems, where the burial and transformation of total organic carbon (OC) and inorganic carbon (IC) are strongly influenced by watershed surface processes. In alpine regions with limited direct human impact, long-term warming trends can enhance key proce-sses, such as algal growth and the mineralization of organic matter, thereby altering OC and IC accumulation and burial dynamics. We examined spatial patterns, synergistic relationships and controlling factors of carbon burial under regional warming across six alpine lakes in northwestern Yunnan (deep lakes: Dinggongniang Co, Gaigong Co Na, Wodi Co; shallow lakes: Dinggong Co, Bigu Tianchi, Shudu Lake), by employing multiple proxies including total nitrogen, chlorophyll, OC and IC contents, combined with climate reconstruction data. Results showed that 1.14 ℃ increase in temperature over the past 150 years had significantly reshaped carbon sequestration across lakes. The response magnitude of primary productivity to temperature increases in shallow lakes (Bigu Tianchi: 39%; Shudu Lake: 58%; Dinggong Co: 30%) was significantly greater than in deep lakes (Dinggongniang Co: 14%; Gaigong Co Na: 7%; Wodi Co: 20%). Distinct carbon cycling processes were observed between lake types. In deep lakes, algal contributions to OC were negligible while enhancing synchronous OC-IC deposition, indicating stratification simultaneously inhibited autochthonous carbon burial while promoting organic matter preservation. Conversely, there were strong chlorophyll-OC correlations with weakened OC-IC coupling in shallow lakes, revealing algal-dominated organic carbon production coupled with enhanced mineralization processes. Furthermore, atmospheric deposition altered inorganic carbon burial regimes through nitrogen enrichment in alkaline waters (Dinggongniang Co, Gaigong Co Na, Wodi Co, Shudu Lake, Bigu Tianchi). Elevated pH promoted carbonate precipitation and IC accumulation, while acidic inputs suppressed IC burial in acidic lake (Dinggong Co) and modified OC-IC burial relationship. Overall, the carbon burial processes in alpine lakes exhibited different responses to regional environmental changes, which were strongly related to lake depth, pH, and other limnological characteristics.

Analysis of water conservation functions of mountainous areas and small watersheds, as well as the spatio-temporal patterns and correlations between water conservation and climate and human activities, is the foundation for regional ecological restoration and water resource management. We analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of water conservation in Xihanshui Basin based on the water production module in the InVEST model, combined with the Pearson correlation coefficient. We used scenario simulation and geoDetector modeling to explore the response of water conservation to climate and human activities and spatial differentiation driving factors. The results showed that water conservation of Xihanshui Basin showed an overall upward trend from 1990 to 2020, with an average value of 38.35 mm. There was a spatial distribution pattern of high in the northwest, high in the southeast, low in the northeast, and high in the mountainous areas and low in the loess hilly areas. Both precipitation and water conservation showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and temperature had highly significant positive, significant negative, and non-significant positive correlations with water conservation. The water conservation was mainly contributed by forest, grassland and cultivated land, accounting for more than 60%. Water conservation per unit area of each class was 61.66, 41.28 and 33.31 mm·km^-2, respectively. The explanatory power of the pair interaction of different driving factors on the water conservation was higher than that of any single factor. The explanatory power of the interaction between the comprehensive index of land use degree and potential evapotranspiration, the comprehensive index of land use degree and NDVI, was relatively high. With the increases of uncertainty of future climate change, the decrease of precipitation would become the key factor limiting water conservation. In addition, promoting the conversion of unused land into eco-logical land types would promote the steady improvement of regional ecological environment quality.

To clarify the effects of daily temperature fluctuation on the growth, development, and reproduction of a migratory agricultural pest, Loxostege sticticalis, we calculated its life-table parameters under a photoperiod of L16:D8 with three daily constant temperatures (22, 25, 28 ℃) and three daily fluctuating temperatures (L25.5 ℃:D15 ℃ with a mean of 22 ℃, Ⅰ; L30 ℃:D15 ℃ with a mean of 25 ℃, Ⅱ; L34.5 ℃:D15 ℃ with a mean of 28 ℃, Ⅲ) by using the theory of two-sex life table. We predicted population dynamics of L. sticticalis in the following 100 days. Compared to daily constant temperatures of 22 ℃ and 25 ℃, the pupal duration of L. sticticalis under fluctuating temperature regimes Ⅰ and Ⅱ was significantly shortened by 3.0% and 5.5%, while egg production was significantly increased by 31.3% and 31.1%, respectively. Compared to the constant temperature of 22 ℃, fluctuating temperature regime Ⅰ significantly shortened the larval duration by 8.6%, and the population reached its maximum intrinsic rate of increase (r=0.076 d^-1), finite rate of increase (λ=1.078 d^-1), and net reproductive rate (R₀=34.82). Larval survival rate, pupal weight, and body weight of new adult under daily fluctuating temperatures were all lower than those under the corresponding daily constant temperature treatments. Additionally, only 2.6% of L. sticticalis completed life cycle under fluctuating temperature regime Ⅲ. Under daily constant temperature treatments, the adult pre-oviposition period of L. sticticalis was shortened with increasing temperature, averaging a reduction of 0.30 d·℃^-1. Under daily fluctuating temperature, the adult pre-oviposition period of L. sticticalis initially increased and then decreased with rising temperature, among which treatment Ⅱ exhibiting the longest period (5.36 days). We concluded that daily temperature fluctuation could increase the growth and development rate and enhance fecundity and fitness of L. sticticali. The extreme daytime temperature is not conducive to the occurrence of the L. sticticalis population.

Procypris rabaudi is a key stocking species in the upper Yangtze River. To determine the appropriate intensity and duration of exercise training for enhancing their field survival rate, we examined the changes in swimming capacity and rheotaxis between the trained group (exercised at 60% critical swimming speed for 6 hours daily) and the control group (reared in static water) under different training intensities and durations. Results would help explore optimal pre-release exercise protocols for hatchery-reared fish. The results showed that after five weeks of training at 60% of the critical swimming speed, the critical swimming ability of P. rabaudi increased from the initial 0.59 m·s^-1 to 0.62 m·s^-1. After the four weeks, the number of reversals of the young rock carp in the training group began to decrease. After six weeks, the decline in the number of reversals was the most obvious. After five weeks of exercise training, there was a significant difference in the tail swing amplitude between the young rock carp in the training group and the control group, and the tail swing amplitude of the control group was significantly higher than that of the training group. The exercise training enhanced the ability of the young rock carp to resist the current and swim upward. Considering the positive effects of various exercise training durations on the swimming ability and tropism of P. rabaudi, it was proposed that at least five weeks of exercise training at 60% of the critical swimming speed for six hours per day would be an ideal preparation program for P. rabaudi prior to the release.

Constructing urban habitat networks can effectively improve the stability of regional ecosystems, increase energy flow and gene exchange in landscape patches, and play a crucial role in urban biodiversity conservation. With urban area of Shenyang City as the study area, we identified the source of bird habitats from three dimensions: morphology-quality-neighborhood. From the three dimensions of environmental elements, architectural index, and anthropogenic interference, we superimposed 12 resistance factors to construct resistance surfaces. The theoretical circuit model was improved through neighborhood landscape compatibility analysis to identify bird habitat pinch points and obstacle points, and to comprehensively construct a source-corridor-node urban bird habitat network. The results showed that 41 high-quality habitat source sites were identified, representing 2.2% of the number of patches in the core area. The habitat source sites were refined into 3 levels through neighborhood analysis. 39 potential habitat corridors were identified, with a total corridor length of 323.74 km and an average length of 8.30 km, mainly concentrated on the north side of the Hunhe River, occupying 35 habitat corridors, with the highest quality in the central and eastern parts of the area, and weaker in the west. Based on the spatial relationship of bird habitat corridors, 43 habitat pinch points and 30 habitat barrier points were identified to construct a bird habitat optimization network. The study focused on the method of urban habitat network construction by improving circuit theory with neighborhood landscape analysis, considered the effect of landscape patch compatibility on cumulative resistance. Our results could precisely describe the source and sink processes of ecological flows, provide theoretical references for the construction of urban ecological security patterns oriented to biodiversity conservation in the context of territorial spatial planning.

By comprehensively revealing species habitat quality, spatial distribution characteristics and landscape structure information, the construction of refined urban biotope mapping can provide scientific support for optimizing the urban ecological pattern. As a key indicator species in urban ecosystems, bird habitat changes reflect environmental quality, making bird habitat optimization crucial for urban ecological planning and restoration. Based on Fragstats 4.2 software, we analyzed the biotope of the landscape pattern of Xi’an City by combining the factors of horizontal structure, vertical structure and forest type, and carried out cluster analysis based on the distribution data of birds to identify their habitat preference. We further combined the maximum entropy model and morphological spatial pattern analysis model to identify the ecological sources suitable for bird habitats and construct an urban ecological network with bird habitats as the core. The results showed that in the biotopes delineated in the study area, the grey biotope had the highest area share (87.8%), followed by the green biotope (5.5%), the farmland biotope (4.7%), and the blue biotope (2.0%). The results of landscape fragmentation analysis showed that the green biotope had the highest degree of fragmentation, followed by the blue biotope, farmland biotope, and grey biotope. The distribution frequency of birds in each biotope was in the order of grey biotope (63.2%) > green biotope (24.5%) > blue biotope (8.6%) > farmland biotope (3.4%). The results of cluster analysis showed that birds preferred to inhabit biotopes such as farmland, grassland, and semi-closed/semi-open mixed multi-storey forest. The ecological network constructed based on bird habitats identified 38 ecological sources, 69 ecological corridors, 40 ecological pinch points, and 54 ecological barriers. The construction of the urban ecological network centered on bird habitats could provide an important reference for urban habitat quality improvement, biodiversity conservation, and regional ecological planning.

Based on the construction concept of “Grand Ecology, Grand Pattern”, promotion of the regional coordinated development of national ecological infrastructure construction has significant strategic significance with the typical characteristics of ecological infrastructure such as multi-scale, multi-element, and cross-region. With the forest region in Greater Khingan Mountains as the research object, we illustrated a new mode of “trinity” ecological-economic-social coordinated development and its scientific path. We first analyzed the barrier function, ecosystem service value, and social benefits of ecological infrastructure. Then, we proposed a new infrastructure construction framework with national parks as the main body and smart technology as the support. The specific implementation paths included: improvement project of ecosystem quality, renovation projects of fireproof road and urban-rural infrastructure, construction projects of smart communication and ecological-protection technology system. Meanwhile, we innovatively designed a government-led and multi-participant funding guarantee mechanism, as well as an ecological economic system centered on the realization of ecological product value. This mode would provide theoretical reference and practical paradigm for achieving regional sustainable development in the new era.

Urban green spaces, as a crucial nature-based solution to mitigate “urban diseases”, have received significant attention due to their pivotal role in providing ecosystem services. Available studies on the assessment of ecosystem services in urban green spaces predominantly rely on two-dimensional spatial characteristics, with insufficient exploration of three-dimensional structural attributes and their associated ecosystem service effects, which makes it difficult to comprehensively and accurately reveal the actual contribution of green space to enhance residents’ well-being. We systematically reviewed current methods in assessing ecosystem services in urban green spaces, critically analyzed the limitations of two-dimensional spatial assessment approaches, and highlighted the application of emerging technologies (e.g., LiDAR, street view imagery, and artificial intelligence algorithms) in three-dimensional spatial evaluation. Then, we proposed an innovative framework integrating advanced technologies with three-dimensional assessment of urban green space ecosystem services, and discussed future research directions to address the challenges of current technologies, particularly in terms of data processing efficiency and multi-scale applications, aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the refined management and sustai-nable development of urban green spaces.

Coastal reclamation area is an agricultural region formed by artificial transformation of coastal tidal flats. Changes in land use types would reshape regional carbon cycling patterns. Methane (CH₄) is a short-lived greenhouse gas with a high global warming potential, the emission of which is a key contributor to the accelerated global climate change. As an integral component of coastal reclamation areas, agricultural drainage ditches play a key role in regulating regional water-salt balance and material cycling. As heavily influenced by unique hydrological proce-sses and nutrient inputs, CH₄ emissions from drainage ditches in these areas are active and non-negligible. We reviewed the current progress in CH₄ metabolism within agricultural drainage ditches of coastal reclamation areas, focusing on the processes of CH₄ production, oxidation, emission and influencing factors. Future research should focus on the CH₄ emission mechanisms under the influence of desalination-resalting processes and algal bloom dynamics, as well as accurately estimating regional-scale fluxes. The goal is to provide a scientific foundation for the formulation of carbon mitigation strategies in coastal reclamation areas.

The core mechanism of stress-resilient and growth-enhancing seed coating and pelleting technology involves applying a multifunctional protective layer to seeds with liquid or powder coating agents. This layer enhances seed resilience to environmental stressors, making the technology a promising tool for ecological restoration. We reviewed the theoretical basis and development of the technology, including seed coating principles, the selection and optimization of active and inert materials, and composite coatings, and advances in pelleting techniques. We further evaluated its effectiveness in restoring degraded grasslands, saline-alkali soils, and mining areas, highligh-ting its adaptability to diverse ecological contexts. Despite promising outcomes, challenges remain concerning the environmental sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term impacts of coating materials. Future research should focus on improving material performance, establishing standardized technical frameworks, and fostering innovations that enhance environmental and economic viability. Advances in those directions would provide stronger technical support for ecological restoration.

Solid waste is an important source of pathogens. During the process of collection, transportation, and treatment, pathogens may spread through direct contact, aerosol transmission, leachate discharge, and waste-derived by-products, posing threats to human health and ecological environment. The types and abundance of pathogens vary across different waste types and treatment methods. We summarized the types and occurrence patterns of pathogens commonly found in municipal solid waste, livestock and poultry manure, and sewage sludge. We further analyzed the dynamics and transmission risks of pathogens under different treatment and disposal methods such as landfilling, composting, and anaerobic digestion. Moreover, we reviewed the applicability and mechanisms of inactivation technologies, including ultraviolet irradiation, microwave treatment, chemical disinfectants, and thermal treatment. Finally, we proposed key challenges in current research and future directions. This review would provide reference for pathogen risk control and for enhancing the safety of solid waste management.