Abstract: Taking the fallow land with wheat stubble after harvesting as the control, a 4-year field experiment was conducted in a dryland of east Gansu, Northwest China to investigate the effects of rape cropping in summer fallow period on the soil moisture content, wheat yield, and water use efficiency (WUE). The rape was sown at 6 dates. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the soil moisture content in summer fallow period when the rape was sown at different dates. When the rape was sown on August 5, the soil water storage efficiency was 58.5%, and the wheat yield and WUE were increased by 7.5% and 5.9%, respectively, as compared with the control. Averagely, cropping rape in fallow period could increase the wheat yield by 16.1% in dry year and 6.8% in normal year. It was suggested that rape cropping in summer fallow period would benefit the wheat yield and drought resistance of drylands in Northwest China.