Table of Content

18 May 2016, Volume 27 Issue 5

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Response of radial growth of Pinus koraiensis in broad-leaved Korean pine forests with different latitudes to climatical factors.

LIU Min, MAO Zi-jun, LI Yue, SUN Tao, LI Xing-huan, HUANG Wei, LIU Rui-peng, LI Yuan-hao

2016, 27(5):  1341-1352.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.020

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To reveal the radial growth trends of Pinus koraiensis and the differences in their responses to climate factors among different latitudes, and to assess the dynamic characteristics, adaptabi-lity and sensitivity of P. koraiensis under the influence of climate change, dendrochronological techniques were used to study the relationships between the climatic variables and the radial growth of P. koraiensis in broad-leaved Korean pine forests with different latitudes. The results showed that there were differences in the responses of the radial growth of P. koraiensis in four different latitudes to local climatic factors. In Baishilazi Nature Reserve, the southernmost sample plot, the radial growth of P. koraiensis was significantly positively correlated to the average relative humidity but significantly negatively correlated to the average maximum temperature of growing season. In low altitude of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, the intermediate sample plot, it was significantly positively correlated with precipitation, average relative humidity and PDSI, and significantly negatively correlated with the average maximum temperature in growing season. In Liangshui Nature Reserve, the intermediate sample plot, significantly positive correlations occurred for average relative humidity and PDSI in growing season, while significantly negative correlations occurred for the average temperature and the average maximum temperature in growing season. Nevertheless, in Shengshan Nature Reserve, the northernmost sample plot, it was positively correlated to the tempe-rature factors of most months. The climatic variables in June of current year were the main factors limiting the radial growth of P. koraiensis in all latitudes, and the average maximum temperature in June of current year was highly negatively correlated with radial growth for P. koraiensis measured at all sites. In recent four decades, with the rising of temperature, the radial growth of P. koraiensis decreased significantly in the southernmost point, increased significantly in the northernmost point, and did not change significantly in middle latitudes. The distribution area of P. koraiensis would be reduced if the temperature increased and precipitation remained unchanged in the future.

Parameter optimization of BEPS model based on the flux data of the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in Northeast China.

LU Wei, FAN Wen-yi, TIAN Tian

2016, 27(5):  1353-1358.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.001

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Keeping other parameters as empirical constants, different numerical combinations of the main photosynthetic parameters V_{c max} and J_max were conducted to estimate daily GPP by using the iteration method in this paper. To optimize V_{c max} and J_max in BEPSHourly model at hourly time steps, simulated daily GPP using different numerical combinations of the parameters were compared with the flux tower data obtained from the temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest of the Maoershan Forest Farm in Northeast China. Comparing the simulated daily GPP with the observed flux data in 2011, the results showed that optimal V_{c max} and J_max for the deciduous broad-leaved forest in Northeast China were 41.1 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 and 82.8 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 respectively with the minimal RMSE and the maximum R² of 1.10 g C·m^-2·d^-1 and 0.95. After V_{c max} and J_max optimization, BEPSHourly model simulated the seasonal variation of GPP better.

C:N:P stoichiometry characteristics of litter and soil of forests in Great Xing’an Mountains with different fire years.

YANG Xin-fang, BAO Xue-lian, HU Guo-qing, SHAO Shuai, ZHOU Feng, YE Jia-shu, XIE Hong-tu, LIANG Chao

2016, 27(5):  1359-1367.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.030

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We investigated the fire impacts on nutrients in litter and soil, and their C:N:P stoichio-metry in forests of Great Xing’an Mountains. The studied sites differed in their burning year (post-fire 4, 14, 40, 70 years and unburned within 120 years) and had different topographic locations (sloped land and flat land). The results showed that there were significant differences in stoichio-metry characteristics of C, N, P for both litter and soil with different burning years. No significant fluctuation was observed for the litter C content, while the contents of litter N and P increased with the increasing post-fire recovery years. In specific, we found the contents of litter N and P decreased at post-fire 4 and 14 years and nearly recovered to the control level at 40 years after fire. Additionally, C:N and C:P ratios of litter decreased, but N:P ratio of litter increased following post-fire recovery time. The contents of C, N, P and their ratios (C:N, C:P and N:P) in soil decreased with soil depth. Soil C content exhibited an increasing trend following post-fire recovery time and was significantly higher than the control at post-fire 70 years in sloped land, but no significant difference in the flat land. Significant interactive effects between fire history and slope were observed in soil P content and C:P ratio. Soil P content was higher than the control at post-fire 4 years in sloped land, but was higher than the control at post-fire 40 years in flat land. The C:P ratio recovered to the control level at post-fire 14 years in sloped land, and there was no significant diffe-rence in flat land. Redundancy analysis showed that slope effect played a more vital role than fire history effect in soil organic layer, while fire history effect was the most important factor for the varia-tion of soil nutrients in soil mineral layer. In our study, nutrients of litter and soil were lower than the control level at post-fire 4 and 14 years. The quality of litter and soil was improved with accele-rated plant growth and litter decomposition following post-fire recovery time and recovered to the pre-fire level at post-fire 40 years, reaching a steady status.

Effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on lignin and cellulose degradation of foliar litter in natural evergreen broad-leaved forest in Rainy Area of Western China.

ZHOU Shi-xing, HUANG Cong-de, XIANG Yuan-bin, HAN Bo-han, XIAO Yong-xiang, TANG Jian-dong

2016, 27(5):  1368-1374.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.004

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In order to detect the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition and degradation of lignin and cellulose, a one-year field experiment of simulated nitrogen deposition has been conducted using litter bag method from November 2013 to November 2014 in an evergreen broad-leaved forest, Rainy Area of West China. Four levels of nitrogen deposition were set, i.e., control (0 g N·m^-2·a^-1), low (5 g N·m^-2·a^-1), medium (15 g N·m^-2·a^-1) and high (30 g N·m^-2·a^-1) nitrogen deposition. The results indicated that foliar litter decomposed faster in summer, obviously faster than in the other seasons. N deposition significantly inhibited the decomposition of foliar litter in this evergreen broad-leaved forest. As N deposition increased, the inhibition effect was enhanced. The time of 95% mass loss (T_95%) of foliar litter due to simulated N deposition was increased by 0.53-1.88 years compared with T_95% of control (4.81 years). N deposition significantly inhibited the degradation of lignin and cellulose. The mass remaining after one year of decomposition of lignin and cellulose in the medium and high nitrogen deposition treatments were significantly higher than that in the control. There was a significant positive linear relationship among mass remaining rate and lignin and cellulose remaining rates. The inhibiting effects of inorga-nic N on degradation of lignin and cellulose explained the inhibitory effect of N on foliar litter decomposition.

Case-based evaluation of forest ecosystem service function in China.

FENG Ji-guang, DING Lu-bin, WANG Jing-sheng, YAO Ping-ping, YAO Shuai-chen, WANG Zhi-kai

2016, 27(5):  1375-1382.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.015

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The data of valuation of forest ecosystem service function (FESF) in 101 primary case studies of China were collected and obtained based on Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China (LY/T 1721—2008). FESF was then analyzed synthetically in terms of value coefficient. The results showed that the average value per unit area (VPUA) of FESF in China was 6.11×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2, and the order of VPUA of each service function was: water conservation (2.44×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2)> soil conservation (1.15×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2)> biodiversity conservation (1.00×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2)> carbon fixation and oxygen release (0.98×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2)> atmosphere environmental purification (0.28×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2)> forest recreation (0.23×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2)> action of forest against natural calamities (0.19×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2)> nutrient accumulation(0.16×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2). Water conservation, soil conservation, biodiversity conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release were the four dominant service functions of forest ecosystem in China. The VPUA of FESF of the reserve level was higher than that of county level. The establishment of reserves played positive roles in biodiversity conservation and enhancement of service function, but the service function of forest recreation still existed with some insufficiency, and it needed to be further improved. Dominant service functions of forest ecosystem varied in different physicographic regions, and each type of service function presented different differentiation characteristics in space. The VPUA of FESF in South China was the highest up to 11.36×10⁴ yuan·hm^-2. The power regression correlation coefficients (R²) of the total value of FESF with forest area and forest stock volume were 0.905 (P<0.01) and 0.860 (P<0.01), respectively, indicating that forest area and forest stock volume were the two key factors affecting FESF and its total value. Moreover, latitude and mean annual precipitation also had significant effect on the VPUA of FESF.

Quantitative classification of natural plant communities in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve, Hebei Province, China.

QIN Peng-yao, YANG Hui-juan, JIANG Feng-ling, ZHANG Shu-bin, TIAN Xiao-min, HUANG Xuan-rui, ZHANG Zhi-dong

2016, 27(5):  1383-1392.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.007

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Quantitative analysis of the relationships between the distribution of natural plant communities and environmental factors was studied using two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA) methods, in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve in Hebei Province. The results showed that the natural plant communities in the Saihanba Reserve could be classified into eight types, i.e., Sanguisorba officinalis + Carex heterostachya + Trollius chinensis community, S. officinalis + Elymus sibiricus + Geranium platyanthum community, C. lanceolata + Ophiopogon chingii community, Spiraea pubescens - Tripolium vulgare community, Armeniaca sibirica + S. pubescens - T. vulgare + C. lanceolata community, Quercus mongolica + Betula costata - Lespedeza bicolor + S. pubescens - C. lanceolata community, Betula platyphylla + Populus davidiana - Corylus mandshurica + Rosa davurica - Phlomis umbrosa + C. lanceolata + Thalictrum aquilegifolium community and Picea asperata + B. platyphylla - Rosa davurica + Salix taishanensis var. hebeinica - C. lanceolata + Commelina diffusa community. DCCA analysis indicated that slope position and soil nutrients were the main influence factors for the spatial distribution of natural plant communities in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve. Topographic, spatial and soil factors accounted for 34.02% of the variation of species pattern. Of the variation, soil factors accounted for 15.67%, topographic factors 10.05% and spatial factors 6.00%. In the interactions among all factor combinations (2.30%), the interaction between soil and topographic factors was the largest (0.93%), and the interaction among soil, topographic and spatial factors was the least (0.16%). The unexplained portion accounted for 65.98% of spatial distribution, which might be due to anthropogenic disturbance or interspecific competition.

Spectral characteristic parameters estimation models for potassium content of Juglans regia ‘Wen185’ leaves.

HU Zhen-zhu, PAN Cun-de, XIAO Bing, PAN Xin

2016, 27(5):  1393-1400.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.014

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According to the field trials with quantitative fertilization, the spectral characteristic parameters which were highly significantly correlated with foliar potassium (K) content were screened out using Pearson correlation analysis, and the foliar K content estimation models of Juglans regia ‘Wen185’ in different phenological periods of fruit development were built up with these parameters as independent variables using regression analysis. The results showed that there were one or more spectral characteristic parameters which were highly significantly correlated with the foliar K contents of ‘Wen185’ walnut in the different phonological periods of fruit development (P＜0.01). Through cubic function analysis with normalized difference green index in the fruit setting period, ratio red and yellow edge area index in the fruit rapid-growth period, ratio green index in the fruit fat-change period and blue edge area in the fruit near-mature period as independent variable, the regression estimation models of the foliar K content in the different phenological periods of fruit development were established respectively, and their fitting degrees (R²) were all above 0.95. In addition, the estimated values of the models for the foliar K content of ‘Wen185’ walnut were consis-tent with the measured values of the independent samples, and the root mean square errors and the relative errors of the independent sample tests were less than 0.8161 g·kg^-1 and 2.7% in the diffe-rent phenological periods of fruit development. The models showed their high estimation accuracy. The spectrum technology possessed great application potential in monitoring K status of J. regia.

Influences of shallow groundwater on sap flow of riparian poplar plantations in northern China.

LUO Chao, ZHA Tong-gang, ZHU Meng-xun, ZHU Zhi-jun, WANG Zi-yao, LIU Wen-na

2016, 27(5):  1401-1407.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.025

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Water use strategy in growing seasons plays a great role in the management of riparian poplar plantations in northern China. The research was conducted on a poplar (Populus × euramericana cv. ‘74/76’) plantation located near the floodplain of Chaobai River in the northeastern su-burb of Beijing. The influencing factors of poplar sap flow (SF) were presented based on the measurements on the stem SF with thermal dissipation sap flow probe (TDP), soil volumetric water content (VWC) with time-domain-reflectometer (TDR) and environmental factors with eddy cova-riance system from June to July, 2014, to explore the impact of shallow ground water on SF. The results showed that the diurnal variation of SF presented single or double peaks depending on the varia-tion of solar radiation (R). The SF density decreased in soil water relative deficient period (RDP), and the peak time advanced to 12:30 from 14:00, while the time lag between the SF density and R showed no obvious change. The solar radiation and air vapor pressure deficit were the predominant factors of SF during soil water relative sufficient period (RSP), while soil water became the limiting factor in RDP. During the RDP, the daily water consumption of individual poplar tree was significantly negatively correlated with soil VWC at the depth of 100 cm, and significantly positively correlated with soil VWC of the other depths. The shallow ground water (at the depth of ≥150 cm where the soil water content showed little change) might move to the upper soil layer controlled by the capillary force and supply for poplar growth during the soil water-relatively deficient period.

Distribution characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen in different land use types changed from urban wetlands.

JIAN Xing, WANG Song, WANG Yu-liang, ZHANG Yuan-bing

2016, 27(5):  1408-1416.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.003

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Five land use types of Longzihu wetland in Bengbu City, Anhui Province of China, including woodland, greenbelt, aquaculture land, cultivated land, shelter forest, were chosen as the research object. Through analyzing the content and allocation proportion of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), as well as soil carbon nitrogen ratio (C/N) and soil particles component carbon nitrogen ratio (POC/TOC), soil carbon and nitrogen distribution characteristics were discussed under dif-ferent human disturbance intensities and modes. Results showed that TOC showed surface accumulation in woodland, aquaculture land and cultivated land, while it did not show significant variation in each soil layer of greenbelt and shelter forest. POC, TN and PON showed surface accumulation in all land utilization types. Greenbelt and shelter forest, being disturbed strongly by human activities, had higher POC allocation proportions, while aquaculture land and cultivated land, heavily interfered by human activities, had relatively lower POC allocation proportions which were commensurate with that of woodland. Woodland received less interference by human activities, so in addition to disturbance intensity, disturbance mode might be another important factor affecting POC allocation proportion. C/N decreased with the increase of soil depth in woodland, but C/N of greenbelt, cultivated land and shelter forest had no obvious changes along the soil profile. Soil depth had no significant impact on POC/TOC in the land use types except woodland and cultivated land.

Numerical analysis of inter-specific relationships in the estuary salt marsh plant community of southern Chongming Dongtan, Shanghai.

DING Wen-hui, LI Xiu-zhen, JIANG Jun-yan, HUANG Xing, ZHANG Yun-qing, ZHANG Qian, ZHOU Yun-xuan

2016, 27(5):  1417-1426.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.006

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The salt marsh plant communities were investigated with quadrats in the southern Chongming Dongtan. Based on the vegetation coverage and the 2×2 contingency table, 8 common species among the 17 higher plants recorded were analyzed. The variance ratio of overall association, Chi-square test and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were used to describe the relevance and correlations between species pairs. The results showed that W (48.61), a statistical index to test the variance ratio (VR=0.61), fell outside of the range of Chi-square test, indicating that the overall correlation of all vegetation species was significantly negative. According to the environment adaptation mode of dominant species and the main influencing factors, the species were divided into 4 ecological groups, i.e., Phragmites australis, Carex scabrifolia-Scirpus triqueter - Juncellus serotinus, Spartina alterniflora - Scirpus mariqueter, Echinochloa crusgalli - Imperata cylindrica, based on the ranking of Spearman correlation coefficient. The inter-specific relationships in the salt marsh plant community of southern Chongming Dongtan were complicated and extremely unstable with species sensitive to environmental impacts. According to the analysis of relationships between the species and their pre-sent distribution, we suggested using S. mariqueter as target species to provide strategies for protecting native species based habitats.

Object-oriented aquatic vegetation extracting approach based on visible vegetation indices.

JING Ran, DENG Lei, ZHAO Wen-ji, GONG Zhao-ning

2016, 27(5):  1427-1436.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.002

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Using the estimation of scale parameters (ESP) image segmentation tool to determine the ideal image segmentation scale, the optimal segmented image was created by the multi-scale segmentation method. Based on the visible vegetation indices derived from mini-UAV imaging data, we chose a set of optimal vegetation indices from a series of visible vegetation indices, and built up a decision tree rule. A membership function was used to automatically classify the study area and an aquatic vegetation map was generated. The results showed the overall accuracy of image classification using the supervised classification was 53.7%, and the overall accuracy of object-oriented image analysis (OBIA) was 91.7%. Compared with pixel-based supervised classification method, the OBIA method improved significantly the image classification result and further increased the accuracy of extracting the aquatic vegetation. The Kappa value of supervised classification was 0.4, and the Kappa value based OBIA was 0.9. The experimental results demonstrated that using visible vegetation indices derived from the mini-UAV data and OBIA method extracting the aquatic vegetation developed in this study was feasible and could be applied in other physically similar areas.

Soil water reservoir properties and influencing factors of typical newly-established green belts of Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, China.

WU Hai-bing, FANG Hai-lan, PENG Hong-ling

2016, 27(5):  1437-1444.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.005

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The effects of different vegetation types, compaction ways and soil basic physico-chemical properties on soil water reservoir in the typical newly-established green belts of Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden were studied. The results showed that the total reservoir capacity, detention capacity and effective storage for the Botanical Garden were lower than those of natural forests. However, the dead storage was very high accounting for 60.6% of the total reservoir capacity, resulting in reduced flood storage and drainage capacity for the greens. The total reservoir capacity and detention capacity of different vegetation types were in order of brush land> tree land> grassland> bamboo land> bare land. The effective storages of the brush land and the tree land were relatively high, whereas those of the bare land and the bamboo land were lower. The ratios of the dead storage over the total re-servoir capacity in the bare land and the bamboo land were relatively high with the values 65.5% and 67.6%, respectively. The total reservoir capacity, detention capacity and effective storage of the brush land were significantly different from those of the bare land. The vegetation significantly improved the water storage and retention capacity for the soil, while the compaction by large machinery and man-caused trampling reduced the total reservoir capacity, detention capacity and effective storage of soils. The water reservoir properties were influenced by soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity, total porosity, clay and organic matter contents. Therefore, improving the soil physico-chemical properties might increase the soil reservoir capacity of the urban green belt effectively.

Gray correlation analysis of the impact of land use type on soil physical and chemical properties in the hilly area of central Sichuan, China.

TANG Bing-zhe, HE Bing-hui, YAN Jian-mei

2016, 27(5):  1445-1452.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.019

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A case study was conducted in a small watershed of Sichuan hilly basin. In order to eva-luate the effect of land use type on soil characteristics, the soil physical and chemical properties of the 0-10 and 10-20 cm soil layers were analyzed through comparison between bare land and four land use types i.e., slope cropland, leveled cropland, orange forest and conservation forest. The results suggested that capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity, total porosity, and contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium under the same land use type in the 0-10 cm soil layer were more than those in the 10-20 cm soil layer, while the soil bulk density was the opposite. Moreover, there was no significant difference in total potassium between the two soil layers. The orange forest had the largest capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity, total porosity, the highest contents of total phosphorus, available phosphorus and the smallest soil bulk density under the same soil layer. The content of soil organic matter was highest under the conservation forest in the 0-10 cm soil layer and highest under the orange forest in the 10-20 cm soil layer. The order of grey correlation was conservation forest (0.9441)> orange forest (0.8858)> leveled cropland (0.6300)> bare land (0.5397)> slope cropland (0.4714) for the 0-10 cm soil layer, and conservation forest (0.8919) > orange forest (0.8401)> leveled cropland (0.5773)> bare land (0.5301)> slope cropland (0.5175) for the 10-20 cm soil layer. In conclusion, conservation forest was the best type to improve soil physical and chemical properties, and slope cropland was the worst type.

Aging process of arsenite [As(Ⅲ)]in soils originated from different parent materials.

GAO Xue, WANG Ya-nan, ZENG Xi-bai, BAI Ling-yu, SU Shi-ming, WU Cui-xia

2016, 27(5):  1453-1460.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.011

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An incubation test was conducted to study the bioavailability and fractionations of exogenous arsenite [As(Ⅲ)] during the aging period in three soils originated from different parent materials, including quaternary red clay, purple sandy shale and granite. The results indicated that the exogenous arsenite As(Ⅲ) were totally transformed into As(V) after 120 d aging. The available As content in soils derived from the three soils generally decreased sequentially throughout the aging period in the order of purple sandy shale, granite and quaternary red clay. The pseudo-second-order model well fitted the change of available As content with aging time (P＜0.05). Soil pH, organic matter (SOM) content and the concentrations of Fe, Al and Mn oxides were the main factors influencing the red soil arsenic in aging, especially, Mn oxides played a more crucial role than Fe and Al oxides in As aging (P＜0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the non-specially and specially absorbed As constituted the primary forms of available As.

Response characteristics of soil water use patterns by different plants to precipitation in rocky mountainou areas.

ZHANG Tie-gang, LI Zhan-bin, LI Peng, XU Guo-ce, LIU Xiao-jun, JIN Yu-rong

2016, 27(5):  1461-1467.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.022

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Water-use characteristics of plants are important for vegetation restoration in shallow earth-rock mountain area. In this study, soil and plant samples of Platycladus orientalis and corn were collected after rainfall events in Yingwugou watershed of Dan River to analyze the signatures of oxygen isotopes and the response of water use patterns to precipitation using stable isotope technology. The results showed that there were different response characteristics of the soil water utilization to precipitation between P. orientalis and corn. The root of P. orientalis mainly used the soil moisture from 10-30 cm layer, while corn mainly used that in the depth of 0-20 cm. The water absorption depth (WAP) of P. orientalis root decreased from 20-30 cm to 10-20 cm, while that of corn altered from 10-20 cm to 0-20 cm, when precipitation decreased from 29 mm to 8 mm. The WAP of P. orientalis gradually changed from deep to shallow soil, while the main WAP of corn increased from 10-20 cm to 0-20 cm, whenprecipitation decreased. The response of P. orientalis and corn to precipitation was very obvious.

Chemical speciations of heavy metals and their risk assessment in agricultural soils in a coal mining area from Xingren County, Guizhou Province, China.

PANG Wen-pin, QIN Fan-xin*, LYU Ya-chao, LI Ying-ju, LI Gang, LI Xin-li

2016, 27(5):  1468-1478.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.009

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In this study, total concentrations and chemical speciations of heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu and Ni) in 64 agricultural soil samples were determined to evaluate the level of contamination from a coal mining area in Xingren County, Guizhou Province. The single factor index, the Hkanson potential ecological risk index and the risk assessment code (RAC) were used for the evaluation of potential ecological and environmental risks in four main utilized types of soils (paddy soil, Coix lacryma-jobi soil, tobacco-growing soil and vegetable soil). The results demonstrated that the concentrations of heavy metals were significantly higher than their soil background values in Guizhou Province, with the exception of Zn. According to the evaluation results of the single factor index method, the soils were severely contaminated with As, Pb, Hg and Cu. And the chemical speciations of heavy metals significantly varied among the different utilized types of soils. As and Cd mainly existed in acid soluble fraction. Cr, Zn, Cu and Ni mainly existed in residual fraction. The existence of Pb was mainly in reducible fraction and residual fraction. And the content of Hg was distributed mainly in acid soluble fraction, reducible fraction and oxidizable fraction which accounted for about 55% of the total concentration. The bioavailability of heavy metals was characterized by the order of As(63.6%) > Hg(57.3%) > Cd(56.4%) > Pb(52.5%) > Cu (45.7%) > Zn (32.8%) > Ni (26.2%) > Cr (13.2%). The Hkanson potential ecological risk index (RI) suggested that the heavy metals were at considerable ecological risk and the ranking order was vegetable soil (505.19) > C. lacryma-jobi soil (486.06) > tobacco-growing soil〖JP2〗(475.33) > paddy soil (446.86). The risk assessment code (RAC) indicated that As was at high risk in the paddy soils, C. lacryma-jobi soils and tobacco-growing soils, while As was at medium risk in the vegetable soils. Cd and Hg were at medium risk, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni were at low risk. Therefore, management measures must be taken to control contamination of As, Cd and Hg in this area.

Spatial variability of soil organic carbon sequestration rate and its influencing factors in Fengqiu County, Henan, China.

ZHAO Zhan-hui, ZHANG Cong-zhi, LIU Chang-hua, CAI Tai-yi , ZHANG Jia-bao

2016, 27(5):  1479-1488.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.031

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Carbon sequestration rate in cropland soil is an important index to evaluate the effect and potential capacity of soil carbon sequestration. Accurate estimation of soil organic carbon sequestration rate is very important for studying cropland soil fertility and environmental effect. In this research, a typical fluvor-aquic soil area, Fengqiu County of Henan Province, located in Yellow Ri-ver basin of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China, was chosen as the study area. A total of 70 soil samples were collected according to combined unit grid method of soil utilization with soil type in 2011. The soil organic carbon content, soil mechanical composition, soil bulk density and pH were mea-sured, respectively. The spatial variability of the soil organic carbon sequestration rate of Fengqiu County in recent 30 years was also investigated by using geostatistics method and geography information system (GIS) technique, based on the comparative analysis of soil organic carbon content from samples surveyed in 2011 and the results surveyed by the 2nd state soil survey of China in 1981. In addition, the influencing factors of the soil carbon sequestration rate were quantitatively analyzed by statistical methods, such as significance testing, regression analysis and variance analysis. The results revealed that the soil organic carbon sequestration rate of recent 30 years was about 0.33 t C·hm^-2·a^-1 with a coefficient variance of 74%, which belonged to a medium variation. The spatial variability characteristics of soil organic carbon sequestration rate was of sheet distribution, which was higher in the west and lower in the east, and decreased from the central region to the south and north. The primary influencing factors of soil organic carbon sequestration rate were structural factors, such as soil type, mechanical composition, soil bulk density and pH, which could explain 59.5% of the spatial variability in the study area. The secondary factors were random factors, such as straw application and fertilizing amount, which could explain 40.5% of the spatial variability.

Effects of slow/controlled release urea on annual CH₄ and N₂O emissions in paddy field.

GUO Chen, XU Zheng-wei, WANG Bin, REN Tao, WAN Yun-fan, ZOU Jia-long, LU Jian-wei, LI Xiao-kun

2016, 27(5):  1489-1495.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.029

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Present study examined the influence of different types of slow/controlled release urea on rice yield and annual greenhouse gas emissions in a paddy field, and assessed the greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI, equivalent to global warming potential GWP/rice yield). The results indicated that the optimized fertilization (OPT) treatment recorded the similar yield with reduced nitrogen fertilizer (21.4%) supply compared with the farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP) treatment, and decreased the annual emissions of CH₄ (12.6%) and N₂O (12.5%) during the rice season, and N₂O emission (33.3%) during the fallow period. Application of controlled release urea (CRU) reduced CH₄ emission by 28.9% during the rice-growing season with respect to OPT treatment, and showed negligible CH₄ emission during the fallow season. However, nitrification inhibitor (DMPP) treatment was found to reduce the CH₄ emissions by 41.6% and 76.9%, and N₂O emissions by 85.7% and 6.5%, during the rice growing season and fallow season, respectively, compared with OPT treatment. In the fallow season, the N₂O emissions accounted for 76.8%-94.9% of annual N₂O emissions, which was clearly a key point for evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions in paddy. The average values of GHGI in OPT, CRU and DMPP treatments were 0.50, 0.41 and 0.33 kg·kg^-1, respectively. Considering the benefits of higher rice yield and lower annual greenhouse gas emissions, combined application of urea and nitrification inhibitor could be the best combination in paddy fields.

Stem characteristics of different wheat varieties and its relationship with lodging-resistance.

WANG Dan, DING Wei-hua, FENG Su-wei, HU Tie-zhu, LI Gan, LI Xiao-hui, YANG Yan-yan, RU Zhen-gang

2016, 27(5):  1496-1502.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.039

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Taking four outstanding varieties Aikang 58, Zhoumai 18, Yumai 49 and Bainong 418 from Huanghuai wheat area as test objects, the lodging-resistance traits of different varieties at different growth stages were investigated by combining field and laboratory methods. The results showed that stem mechanical strength was at a high level between flowering and 20 days after flowering, declined significantly in 30 days after flowering. The lodging index was minimal in flowering period, maximal in 30 days after flowering, and was at an intermediate level in the other two periods. Correlation analysis showed that culm mechanical strength was significantly negatively correlated with the height of gravity, and significantly positively correlated with cellulose and lignin contents at the flowering, lodging index was significantly positively correlated with the internode length, plant height and height of gravity, but significantly negatively correlated with cellulose and lignin contents. Ten days and 20 days after flowering, the culm mechanical strength was negatively correlated with the internode length, plant height and height of gravity, and significantly positively correlated with stem diameter, cellulose content, hemicelluloses content and lignin content, while the lodging index was just the opposite. Thus, making lodging-resistance related stem characteristics at each stage clear, could provide a basis for breeding lodging-resistance and high yield varieties in Huanghuai wheat area.

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application methods and types on the yield and phosphorus uptake of winter wheat.

JIANG Shang-tao, WANG Huo-yan, ZHOU Jian-min, CHEN Zhao-ming, LIU Xiao-wei, JIA Yun-sheng

2016, 27(5):  1503-1510.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.034

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A field micro-plot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different placement methods and types of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on winter wheat growth and phosphorus uptake. P fertilizer types included monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). P fertilizer application methods included: 1) surface broadcasting (S); 2) banding 5 cm below seeds (B₀); 3) banding 5 cm below and 3 cm away from seeds (B₃); 4) banding 5 cm below and 10 cm away from seeds (B₁₀); 5) mixing with the 20% of the top soil below seeds (M). The result showed that B₀ had the best effect on increasing yield, reached 7.63 t·hm^-2 in MCP-B₀ and 7.99 t·hm^-2 in DAP-B₀, which increased 10.3% and 10.7%, respectively compared with surface broadcasting. B₁₀ had the lowest grain yield (6.60-6.77 t·hm^-2). The total P uptake by wheat in B₀ and M was at a relatively high level (34.42-35.60 kg·hm^-2), B₁₀ performed worst at all growth stages of wheat, while P uptake of DAP-B₁₀ was 11.9% higher than MCP-B₁₀. These results indicated that concentrating P fertilizer in a short distance near the seeds was an optimized application method for winter wheat in this region, and DAP performed better than MCP on P uptake and utilization of wheat under far banding.

Influence of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen application on the root growth and yield of spring wheat under permanent raised bed.

CHEN Juan, MA Zhong-ming, LYU Xiao-dong, LIU Ting-ting

2016, 27(5):  1511-1520.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.033

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To establish an optimum combination of water and nitrogen for spring under permanent raised bed (PRB) tillage, a field investigation was carried out to assess effects of irrigation and N application on root growth, yield, irrigation water productivity and N efficiency. The experiment followed a completely randomized split-plot design, taking furrow irrigation 1200 m³·hm^-2(W₁), 2400 m³·hm^-2(W₂), 3600 m³·hm^-2(W₃) as main plot treatments, and N rates (0, 90, 180, 270 kg·hm^-2) the sub-plot treatments. Our results showed that the root mass density (RWD) was significantly affected by irrigation and N application, the RWD of spring wheat reached a maximum at the filling stage, followed by a slow decline until maturity, while the effect of N on RWD depended on soil water conditions. The application of N₂ produced the maximum RWD under W₂ irrigation, the application of N₁ produced the maximum RWD under W₁ irrigation, and the application of N₃ produced the maximum RWD under W₃ irrigation. The order of irrigation regime effect on RWD of spring wheat was W₂>W₃>W₁. The order of irrigation regime and N rate effect on RWD of spring wheat was irrigation>N>irrigation and N interaction. W₂N₂ treatment produced the highest RWD value. The root-to-shoot ratio (R/S) descended with the rising of irrigation water and nitrogen amount, and the combined treatment (W₁N₀) produced the maximum R/S. The root system was mainly distributed in the 0-40 cm soil layer, in which the RWD accounted for 85% of the total RWD in 0-80 cm soil depth. There was a significantly positive relationship between RWD in the 0-40 cm and the yield of spring wheat, RWD in the 40-60 cm had higher linear dependence on the yield of spring wheat. W₂ increased the proportion of RWD in the deep soil layer (40-60 cm). The irrigation and N rate had a significant impact on biomass and grain yield of spring wheat, the biomass increased as the N rate and water amount increased, W₂N₂ treatment produced the highest grain yield, irrigation water productivity descended with increasing the irrigation amount, and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency descended with increasing N rate. It was concluded that the irrigation level W₂(2400 m³·hm^-2) and nitrogen level N₂(180 kg·hm^-2) could be recommended as the best combination of water and N, which promoted the root growth, improved grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of spring wheat production under PRB tillage in the experimental area.

Drought risk of summer maize in Huanghuaihai area, China.

XUE Chang-ying, ZHANG Hong, LIU Rong-hua

2016, 27(5):  1521-1529.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.017

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Drought is the greatest agro-meteorological disaster. Risk assessment of drought is of great guiding significance to improve the regional risk management and decision-making level, and to further reduce agricultural loss. In this paper, drought risk of summer maize was analyzed accor-ding to natural disaster risk theory, using the data of weather, planting area and yield of summer maize, and local effective irrigation area of 69 stations in Huanghuaihai area. The assessing indices and models of drought risk were established from the aspects of danger, vulnerability, exposure, and disaster prevention and mitigation capacity. The results showed that, in Huanghuaihai area, the most dangerous periods for drought during summer maize season (June-September) were the follo-wing two stages: sowing to emergence and milky to maturity. Spatially, the highest drought risk was mainly distributed in central and southern Hebei, western and northern Henan. After weighting the vulnerability, exposure, and disaster prevention and mitigation capacity, the integrated highest drought risk was mainly distributed in the west and southwest of Henan Province. The sub-high risk area was distributed in the south of Henan, Cangzhou and Xingtai of Hebei, and Dezhou of Shandong. The lowest risk area was located in south of Shandong, north of Anhui, and Xinyang of Henan. The other areas were at moderate risk.

Effects of long-term straw mulching on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and moisture and spring maize yield on rain-fed croplands under different patterns of soil tillage practice.

WANG Shu-lan, WANG Hao, LI Juan, LYU Wei, CHEN Ning-ning, LI Jun

2016, 27(5):  1530-1540.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.035

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In 2007-2014, a position experiment was conducted in the Weibei Highlands Region to study effects of long-term straw mulching on spring maize planted on rain fed farmlands with diffe-rent conservative tillage practice patterns, no tillage plus sub-soiling (NT/ST), sub-soiling plus deep plowing (ST/CT), deep plowing plus no tillage (CT/NT), only no tillage (NT), only sub-soiling (ST) and only deep plowing (CT), by measuring and analyzing organic carbon and nitrogen storage in 0-60 cm soil and dynamic moistures in 0-200 cm soil at the maize harvesting time as well as the yields of maize. The results showed that the soil organic carbon storage and soil nitrogen storage increased most with the NT/ST among the six conservative tillage practice patterns. Compared with the experiment results before 2007, the organic carbon storage in 0-60 cm soil increased under the six conservative tillage practice patterns and their five-year averagely increase reached 12.3%-28.3%. Compared with the organic carbon and nitrogen storage with the CT, the five-year soil organic carbon storage under the other conservative tillage practice patterns increased by 7.1%-13.2%. The five-year nitrogen storage in 0-60 cm soil under NT/ST, ST/CT and CT/NT as well as NT increased by 2.5%-7.3% compared with the corresponding soil nitrogen storage before the start of experiment. The five-year average nitrogen storage under NT/ST, ST/CT, CT/NT, NT and ST increased by 3.6%-11.1% compared with that under CT. Compared with the soil moisture under CT, the soil moistures under the other five conservative tillage patterns separately increased by 5.7%, 2.3%, 2.0%, 5.5% and 4.4%, and the soil moisture under NT/ST was the highest. The average yields of spring maize ranked in order of NT/ST>ST/CT>ST>NT>CT/NT>CT and the yield of spring maize under NT/ST was the highest and separately increased by 4.2%,13.0%,11.3%,4.7% and 13.8% compared with those under the other five conservative tillage patterns, and the average economic returns were in order of NT/ST>ST/CT>ST>NT>CT/NT>CT. Among the six conservative tillage patterns, NT/ST performed better in improving soil environment quality, soil fertility and increasing maize yield and return, so it was a conservative tillage pattern more suitable for croplands for spring maize.

Cotton water requirement character during recent 30 years in China.

MA You-xuan, ZHANG Wu, ZHANG Li-zhen

2016, 27(5):  1541-1552.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.038

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Variation of precipitation in the whole growing period and water requirement of cotton under different levels of annual precipitation assurance from 1981 to 2010 were analyzed based on precipitation data during the whole growing period and each growing stage. The results indicated that the China’s precipitation distribution over the whole growing period, in general, was stable but decreased from south to north, and so was the distribution of water requirement, although it was higher in Xinjiang region. The precipitation deficit existed around the 35° N area, the maximum value was about 1000 mm, and the maximum surplus value was between 800 and 1200 mm. The water requirement declined during each growing stage, especially at flowering and boll opening stage, while the Kendall tendency varied from -3.6673 to -0.3733 in the whole growing period of cotton.

Effects of vegetable residue compost returning to soil on soil properties and vegetable yield in solar greenhouse.

HAN Ling, LI Yan-su, YU Xian-chang, HE Chao-xing

2016, 27(5):  1553-1559.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.037

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In order to explore reasonable utilization of vegetable residue, the effects of application of different levels (0, 15, 20, 30 t·hm^-2) of tomato and cucumber residue compost on soil pro-perties, the leaf photosynthesis and the yield of vegetables were studied in solar greenhouse. The results showed that both kinds of vegetable compost could reduce soil bulk density, increase soil organic matter content, soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity, promote plant growth, and improve vegetable yield and quality. The more amount compost returned, the better was the effect on plant growth and yield. The positive effect of the vegetable residue compost application in the second cucumber growing season was more noticeable than that in the first tomato growing season, which indicated the application of vegetable residue compost could effectively promote soil fertility, increase vegetable yield and improve vegetable nutrient quality.

Screening and inhibition of antagonistic endophytic bacteria isolated from soybean (Glycine max)nodules against Alternaria longipes.

ZHAO Long-fei, XU Ya-jun, HOU Yi-ting, ZOU Yan-hui, LI Ya-nan, YANG Zhi-hua, LI Xiao-yu, ZHANG Meng-yao

2016, 27(5):  1560-1568.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.024

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Using Alternaria longipes as tested phytopathogen, endophytic bacteria isolated from soybean nodules were selected to study antagonistic effects by confrontation and metabolic liquid culture methods. The inhibited hyphae were determined by microscopic observation, and the screened strains were characterized by cell culture, physiological and biochemical tests, 16S rDNA sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and inoculation trials in greenhouse. The results indicated that the seven of the endophytes exerted more than 42% inhibitory effects after the first and the second screening. These strains belonged to genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Sinorhizobium and Stenotrophomonas, respectively. Microscopic observation showed that the affected hyphae ends of A. longipes appear deformity of coralline branch, spherical expansions and so on. Antagonistic experiments with metabolites showed that the inhibition of endophytic bacteria against pathogenic fungus played an effective role mainly by bacteria producing extracellular substances. Confrontation tests suggested that endophytic Bacillus rapidly produced biofilm to effectively hinder the growth and extension of pathogen hyphae. Inoculation experiments showed that the disease index of treatment group was significantly lowered compared with the control, suggesting it could be utilized as a biological control resource inhibiting tobacco brown spot.

Effects of drought stress at the bud stage on quality of cut lily.

CUI Guang-fen, DU Wen-wen, DUAN Qing, WANG Xiang-ning, MA Lu-lin, WU Li-fang, JIA Wen-jie

2016, 27(5):  1569-1575.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.032

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Under the climatic conditions of the central Yunnan, with oriental lily cultivar ‘Sorbonne’ as material, the influences of different degrees of drought stress on physiological and biochemical changes of leaf and on quality of cut flowers after re-watering during the growth of bud were studied. The results showed that as the period of drought stress extended, the levels of leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content decreased significantly, while the stomatal density, MDA and proline content increased. Under mild drought, MDA increased slowly while it rose rapidly in the later stage of moderate drought stress, indicating that severe drought aggravated harm to the plasma membrane and ultimately affect the synthesis of MDA. Proline only experienced some slight changes in early period of mild drought, however, it increased sharply under severe drought conditions, which indicated that the sensitivity of proline to water deficit was lower than that to MDA. From re-watering to flowering, the effects of drought during bud growth reflected abnormal flowering traits. Compared with the normal group, there were significant differences in shoot growth, plant height, flower diameter, length and width of petal and flower pigment content. All indicators were in verse relation with the length of drought stress period because a longer drought period resulted in shorter plants, smaller flowers, shallower color. The differences among seven treatments during the flowe-ring stage of leaf morphology (length and width) were not significant. The drought during bud stage resulted in the delay of the flowering time, and the flowering quality of plants experiencing severe drought stress could not return to the normal levels even after re-watering. Overall, mild drought during early period had small influence on the quality of lily cut flowers as well as the grade of flo-wering branches. Under moderate or severe drought, the quality of cut flowers declined dramatically and even lost their commercial values.

Emergy analysis on different planting patterns of typical watersheds in Loess Plateau.

DENG Jian, ZHAO Fa-zhu, HAN Xin-hui, FENG Yong-zhong ,YANG Gai-he

2016, 27(5):  1576-1584.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.018

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To objectively evaluate and compare the stability and sustainability of different planting patterns of typical watersheds in Loess Plateau of China after the Grain for Green Project, this paper used the emergy analysis method to quantify the emergy inputs and outputs of three watersheds with different planting patterns, i.e., both grains and fruit trees (Gaoxigou watershed), mainly grains (Wuliwan watershed) and mainly fruit trees (Miaozuigou watershed). In addition, an emergy analysis system was established to evaluate the suitability of the three patterns from the perspectives of natural resources pressure as well as social and economic development levels. More than 75% of the total emergy inputs of all the three watersheds were purchased, and nonrenewable emergy inputs had a much larger contribution than renewable emergy inputs, indicating the characteristic of low emergy self-sufficient ratio and considerable high environmental loading ratio. The pattern of planting grains had high emergy inputs but low emergy outputs, while the patterns of planting fruit trees and planting both had high emergy inputs and outputs. The energy densities of all three patterns reached two times of the average of agricultural systems in China. Especially, the net emergy of planting grains pattern was the lowest while that of planting both grains and fruit trees was the highest. The environmental sustainability index (ESI) of planting grains pattern was less than 1 and both emergy and ESI were much lower than national averages. The ESI of planting both grains and fruit trees pattern was the highest. In summary, comparison of the three patterns showed that planting both grains and fruit trees had better sustainability and high stability and the emergy production efficiency was high. Thus, it was suggested to change the agricultural development from watershed based units to multi-industry integrated mode.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of ecological risk in Shunyi, Beijing, China based on landscape structure.

QING Feng-ting, PENG Yu

2016, 27(5):  1585-1593.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.013

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Based on the remote sensing data in 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009 and 2013, this article classified the landscape types of Shunyi, and the ecological risk index was built based on landscape disturbance index and landscape fragility. The spatial auto-correlation and geostatistical analysis by GS⁺ and ArcGIS was used to study temporal and spatial changes of ecological risk. The results showed that eco-risk degree in the study region had positive spatial correlation which decreased with the increasing grain size. Within a certain grain range (<12 km), the spatial auto-correlation had an obvious dependence on scale. The random variation of spatial heterogeneity was less than spatial auto-correlation variation from 1997 to 2013, which meant the auto-correlation had a dominant role in spatial heterogeneity. The ecological risk of Shunyi was mainly at moderate level during the study period. The area of the district with higher and lower ecological risk increased, while that of mode-rate ecological risk decreased. The area with low ecological risk was mainly located in the airport region and forest of southeast Shunyi, while that with high ecological risk was mainly concentrated in the water landscape, such as the banks of Chaobai River.

An emergy-ecological footprint model based evaluation of ecological security at the old industrial area in Northeast China: A case study of Liaoning Province.

YANG Qing, LU Cheng-peng, ZHOU Feng, GEGN Yong, JING Hong-shuang, REN Wan-xia, XUE Bing

2016, 27(5):  1594-1602.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.023

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Based on the integrated model of emergy-ecological footprint approaches, the ecological security of Liaoning Province, a typical case for the old industrial area, was quantitatively evaluated from 2003 to 2012, followed by a scenario analysis on the development trend of the ecological secu-rity by employing the gray kinetic model. The results showed that, from 2003 to 2012, the value of emergy ecological-capacity per capita in Liaoning Province decreased from 3.13 hm² to 3.07 hm², while the emergy-ecological footprint increased from 13.88 hm² to 21.96 hm², which indicated that the ecological deficit existed in Liaoning Province and the situation was getting worse. The ecological pressure index increased from 4.43 to 7.16 during the studied period, and the alert level of ecological security changed from light to middle level. According to the development trend, the emergy ecological capacity per capita during 2013-2022 would correspondingly decrease from 3.04 hm² to 2.98 hm², while the emergy ecological footprint would increase from 22.72 hm² to 35.87 hm², the ecological pressure index would increase from 7.46 to 12.04, and the ecological deficit would keep increasing and the ecological security level would slide into slightly unsafe condition. The alert level of ecological security would turn to be middle or serious, suggesting the problems in ecological safety needed to be solved urgently.

Applicability of established drought index in Huang-Huai-Hai region based on actual evapotranspiration.

WANG Ying, WU Rong-jun, GUO Zhao-bing

2016, 27(5):  1603-1610.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.012

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Based on the modeled products of actual evapotranspiration with NOAH land surface model, the temporal and spatial variations of actual evapotranspiration were analyzed for the Huang-Huai-Hai region in 2002-2010. In the meantime, the agricultural drought index, namely, drought severity index (DSI) was constructed, incorporated with products of MOD17 potential evapotranspiration and MOD13 NDVI. Furthermore, the applicability of established DSI in this region in the whole year of 2002 was investigated based on the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), the yield reduction rate of winter wheat, and drought severity data. The results showed that the annual average actual evapotranspiration within the survey region increased from the northwest to the southeast, with the maximum of 800-900 mm in the southeast and the minimum less than 300 mm in the northwest. The DSI and PDSI had positive correlation (R²=0.61) and high concordance in change trend. They all got the low point (-0.61 and -1.33) in 2002 and reached the peak (0.81 and 0.92) in 2003. The correlation between DSI and yield reduction rate of winter wheat (R²=0.43) was more significant than that between PDSI and yield reduction rate of winter wheat (R²=0.06). So, the DSI reflected a high spatial resolution of drought pattern and could reflect the region agricultural drought severity and intensity more accurately.

Construction and evaluation of ecological network in Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone, China.

CHEN Xiao-ping, CHEN Wen-bo

2016, 27(5):  1611-1618.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.016

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Large-scale ecological patches play an important role in regional biodiversity conservation. However, with the rapid progress of China’s urbanization, human disturbance on the environment is becoming stronger. Large-scale ecological patches will degrade not only in quantity, but also in quality, threatening the connections among them due to isolation and seriously affecting the biodiversity protection. Taking Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone as a case, this paper established the potential ecological corridors by minimum cost model and GIS technique taking the impacts of landscape types, slope and human disturbance into consideration. Then, based on gravity quantitative model, we analyzed the intensity of ecological interactions between patches, and the potential ecological corridors were divided into two classes for sake of protection. Finally, the important ecological nodes and breaking points were identified, and the structure of the potential ecological network was analyzed. The results showed that forest and cropland were the main landscape types of ecological corridor composition, interaction between ecological patches differed obviously and the structure of the composed regional ecological network was complex with high connectivity and closure. It might provide a scientific basis for the protection of biodiversity and ecological network optimization in Poyang Lake Eco-economic Zone.

Agriculture and forestry ecosystem services value in Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area under the background of urbanization, Southern China.

YE Yan-qiong, ZHANG Jia-en, CHEN Li-li, QIN Zhong

2016, 27(5):  1619-1627.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.036

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From the land use vector data of Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area (GFMA) in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010, four types of agriculture and forestry ecosystem (cropland, forestland, garden and water body) were extracted. Then, we evaluated the GFMA’s agriculture and forestry ecosystem services value (AESV) based on Costanza’s method after adjusting the ‘ecosystem services value per unit area of China’s terrestrial ecosystem’ raised by Xie Gaodi through regional, functional and economic factor adjustment. The results showed that the total AESV had a wavelike upward trend due to the continuous development of economy and the increase of people’s living standards in GFMA. The AESV in GFMA was 413.74×10⁸, 612.83×10⁸, 582.88×10⁸, 773.44×10⁸ and 698.67×10⁸ yuan in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010, respectively. During the studied period, water body’s service value grew fastest, which was 166.74×10⁸ yuan, and followed by forestland and garden amounting to 103.01×10⁸ and 47.74×10⁸ yuan, respectively, while the cropland’s service value decreased by 32.56×10⁸ yuan and the decreasing rate was 23.1%. Accor-ding to the spatial distribution, the AESV tended to decline from the northeast and the southwest to the central part in GFMA from 1990 to 2010. The proportion of individual service value to the total services value changed little, and the contribution of individual service value decreased in the order of water supply, waste treatment, biodiversity protection, climate regulation, soil formation and protection, gas regulation, recreation and culture, raw material and food production.

Gene cloning and expression analysis of an inducible heat shock protein 70 gene from the polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis under Cu²⁺ stress.

ZHANG Qian-ru, JIANG Li-si, MU Wen-yan, LI Si-wen, WEI Shu-he

2016, 27(5):  1628-1638.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.021

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the molecular characteristics of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene, and document changes in HSP70 gene expression upon exposure of Perinereis aibuhitensis to aqueous Cu²⁺. Full length cDNA of HSP70 was sequenced and the characteristics of the translated protein were determined and compared both with other ragworms species and other invertebrates. The results showed that the cDNA was 2161 bp and consisted of a 5′-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 48 bp, a 3′-termianl UTR of 142 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly A tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1971 bp. The HSP70 protein was 656 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 71.43 kD and theore-tical isoelectric point of 5.15. Sequence analysis of the protein showed that HSP70 of P. aibuhitensis contained three signature sequences IDLGTTYS, IFDLGGGTFDVSIL and IVLVGGSTRIPKIQK all belonging to the HSP70 family, a cytoplasm characteristic motif of EEVD, and the C-terminal repeats of GGMP. The molecular characteristics of P. aibuhitensis shared 94% identity with other ragworms and 79% identity with other invertebrates. In ragworms exposed to Cu²⁺, expression of HSP70 mRNA increased significantly with Cu²⁺ concentration (0.2-5.0 mg·L^-1), and it reached the peak on 1-day exposure. In summary, the molecular characteristics of HSP70 of P. aibuhitensis were described, and its gene expression was inducible by exposure to aqueous Cu²⁺, suggesting HSP70 has potential to become a useful molecular biomarker of environmental pollution.

Sexual dimorphism and its relationship with swimming performance in Tanichthys albonubes under laboratory conditions.

LI Jiang-tao, LIN Xiao-tao, ZHOU Chen-hui, ZENG Peng, XU Zhong-neng, SUN Jun

2016, 27(5):  1639-1646.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.028

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To explore the sexual dimorphism of Tanichthys albonubes and its relationship with swimming performances, the morphological characteristics of fins and trunks of male and female T. albonubes were measured and analyzed by using multivariate statistical analysis methods, aiming to explore the difference and its mechanism of swimming performance between male and female under different selected pressure in long-term evolution period and then, providing meaningful information for the protection of T. albonubes. The results showed that body lengths, head depths and breadths, caudal fin areas, distances of snout tip to occipital bone terminus and ventral fin origin to dorsal fin terminus had no significant difference between male and female T. albonubes. The females had significantly higher values in head depths, body breadths, distances of ventral fin origin to dorsal fin origin, snout tip to dorsal fin and to anal fin origin, occipital bone terminus to dorsal fin origin than those in the males. However, head lengths, pectoral fin, dorsal fin, ventral fin and anal fin areas were significantly lower in the females. The results of principal component analysis showed that the contribution rate of the first principal component (PC1) was 74.2%. Obviously loading factors were body lengths, depths and breadths, head lengths, breadths and depths and the distances of each fin mainly reflecting body overall characteristic parameters of T. albonubes. For the second principal component (PC2), the contribution rate was 15.7% and the obviously loading factors were pectoral fin, dorsal fin, ventral fin and anal fin areas which mainly reflected the characteristic parameters of fins. The gender identification of T. albonubes was indistinguishable on PC1, but could be obviously distinguished from PC2. Accuracy rates of sexual discriminant equation which was established by pectoral fin, dorsal fin, ventral fin and anal fin areas and body breadths were 91.8%-92.5%. The results of swimming performance showed that burst swimming speeds (U_burst) had no significant difference between male and female T. albonubes. However, the critical swimming speeds (U_crit) were significantly decreased in the females than in the males. The findings indicated that the sexual dimorphism of T. albonubes was mainly concentrated on fin characteristics associating with swimming performance. Also having lower U_crit due to its lower pectoral fins areas than the male, the female T. albonubes had longer hindquarters cadres to ensure high U_burst which facilitated them to avoid predators and other emergency events in volatile streams. Larger fin areas than in the female caused higher U_cirt in the male contributing to chasing female in breeding period and other persistent exercises.

Soil nematode community structure in the rhizosphere of Lycium barbarum.

ZHANG Jun-hua, ZHENG Guo-qi

2016, 27(5):  1647-1656.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.040

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Lycium barbarum (Solanaceae) is an important Chinese herbal medicine and tonic species, having great contribution to local economic growth in Ningxia. It is important to study the rhizosphere nematode community structure at different conditions to prevent soil degradation of L. barbarum. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of seasonal changes, planting age and soil layers on soil nematodes community structure. The research was based on Zhongning County, where L. barbarum originated. The results showed that the abundance of soil nematode in summer was the highest and Rhabditidae and Acrobeloides were the dominant genera; the abundance of nematode in spring was significantly less than that in summer and in autumn; Rhabditidae, Pararotylenchus and Rotylenchus were the dominant genera in spring. The type and quantity of rare genera decreased gradually from spring to autumn. The abundance of nematode was increased then decreased in spring and autumn. The abundance of nematode gradually decreased with the planting age in summer. The proportion of bacterivores was the highest, and fungivorous nematodes and predators-omnivores had the lowest abundance. Plant parasites nematode was relatively higher at young and over 9-year stages. The abundance of nematode in 20-40 cm soil layer was 49.4% higher than that in 0-20 cm soil layer in summer. With the increase of planting age, Shannon diversity index (H), evenness index and richness index of nematode were in a decreased-increased-decreased pattern of change, and dominance index decreased then increased. There was significant positive correlation between soil pH and dominance index in summer. Organic matter was significantly positively correlated while available P was negatively correlated with plant parasites nematodes. Alkali-hydrolyzable N was significantly positively correlated with abundance of nematode, while available K and many nematode indexes were significantly negatively correlated. On the whole, the abundance of nematode had an increased-decreased tendency with the increasing of planting age in spring and autumn, while the abundance of nematode decreased in summer and diversity of nematode community decreased, gradually. In addition, the reproduction of plant parasites nematodes should be inhibited at young and over 9-years to ensure the L. barbarum live through the following periods.

Life table and biological characteristics of an exotic lace bug, Corythucha marmorata (Uhler).

SHEN Jia-si, ZHU Min, CUI Xu-hong, LI Liang-jian

2016, 27(5):  1657-1662.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.027

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The lace bug, Corythucha marmorata (Uhler) is a newly introduced species in China. The biological characteristics, such as the life table, fecundity, population dynamics were studied under laboratory conditions, i.e., temperature (25±2) ℃, humidity (80±5) %, photoperiod L∶D=14∶10. The lace bugs were reared on the host plant Solidago canadensis. The morphological characteristics at different life stages, the longevity and adult fecundity were recorded and used to construct the life table. Results showed that the average length of immature stages was (14.88±1.45) d and the adult average life-span was (59.88±5.85) d, and the progeny per female was (87.2±17.8). The intrinsic rate of increase of C. marmorata (r_m) was 0.05 per female per day, the finite rate of increase (λ) was 1.06, and the net reproductive rate (R₀) was 11.88. The mean generation time (T) was 46.11 d, and the double population time was (t) 12.91 d. The population on reaching a stable age distribution comprised approximately 59.3% of immature stages, and 40.7% of the adult stage. It was suggested that C. marmorata might disperse quickly and pose a potential threat to agricultural production.

Reviews

Global change field manipulative experiments and their applications in soil microbial ecology.

ZHANG Cui-jing, HE Ji-zheng, SHEN Ju-pei

2016, 27(5):  1663-1673.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.010

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In recent decades, global climate change is one of the main concerns around the world. Land use change and the high demand for fossil fuel have caused severe consequences of climate change, such as elevated greenhouse gases, warming, and altering precipitation pattern. These combined factors have substantial impacts on ecosystem processes, especially carbon and nitrogen cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Since the 1970s, a series of field manipulative experiments had been set up to stimulate the influences of monofactorial and/or multifactorial climate changes, improving our understanding of ecosystem response and feedback to global change. In this review, we summarized the development history of global change experiments, and discussed the main issues of using field manipulative experiments in simulating global change. The application of multifactorial experiments, such as CO₂ enrichment, warming, precipitation and nitrogen deposition, were highlighted in the research of soil microbial ecology. Moreover, the response and feedback of soil biota as well as the biogeochemical processes that they mediated were further addressed. We also proposed the prospects of their application in global change research to explore the impact of global change on terrestrial ecosystems.

Adaptive mechanism of photosynthetic apparatus of plants to light environment: State transition.

DAI Xin, HU Ju-wei, ZHANG Xiu-li, SUN Guang-yu

2016, 27(5):  1674-1682.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.008

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Under natural conditions, light plants receive usually changes. Thus, the plants have formed corresponding adaptation mechanism in the evolutionary process, which could maintain the energy balance between two light reactions in the process of light changing. Through the movement of leaves and chloroplasts, as well as the accumulation of light-absorbing pigments, plants could regulate light absorption. Also, plants have a mechanism for greatly regulating the distribution of energy absorbed by light-harvesting complex. Especially at low light intensities, plants could mediate reversible phosphorylation of light-harvesting complexⅡ (LHCⅡ) by regulating kinase and phosphatase in relation to the redox state of the electron transfer chain, which could thereby regulate the allocation of excitation energy between photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem Ⅱ(PSⅡ). The state transitions are the quite significant mechanism of plants for adapting to the change of light environment. In this paper, the research progresses of state transitions during the change of light environment were summarized, especially the significance and functions of reversible phosphorylation and movement of LHCⅡ between PS I and PSⅡ were discussed. Finally, the future research direction on state transitions of plants was briefly proposed.

Review on biological treatment of cyanobacterial toxin in natural waters

WANG Sha-fei, GUO Cai-rong, XU Xiang-yang, ZHU Liang

2016, 27(5):  1683-1692.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.201605.026

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In recent years, eutrophication has not been effectively controlled and algal pollution still breaks out frequently. At the same time, the cyanobacteria and release of algal toxins have posed a serious threat to the environment and human health. In this review, the classification and main physicochemical properties of algal toxins were summarized, and the biological removal strategies of algal toxins including biological contact oxidation process, biological filter process and biological ecological coupling process and their biodegradation mechanisms were reviewed. The influence factors on biological treatment process, including operation conditions (temperature, pH and hydraulic retention time), water property and nutrient limitation factors, were analyzed. The research on the removalmechanisms of other algae toxins and the development and optimization of new biological technology were prospected to develop and improve algal toxin removal technology and ensure drin-king water safety.