Loading...
Welcome to Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology! Today is Share:

Table of Content

    25 July 2000, Volume 11 Issue 4
    Previous Issue    Next Issue
    Articles
    Forest ecosystem services and their ecological valuation-A case study of tropical forest in Jianfengling of Hainan island
    XIAO Han, OUYANG Zhiyun, ZHAO Jingzhu, WANG Xiaoke
    2000, 11(4):  481-484. 
    Asbtract ( 268 )  
    This paper attempts to present forest ecosystem services and their indirect economic value of Jianfengling tropical forest in Hainan Island. The results show that average annual integrated ecosystem service value of Jianfengling tropical forest, which covers 44667.00hm2, adds up to 664.38 million yuan(Chinese RMB), of which, about 71.64 million yuan is of the output of standing trees and other forest products, about 394.29 million yuan of water holding, about 2.47 million yuan of soil conservation against erosion, about 13.16 million yuan of carbon fixation for reducing green house effect, about 4.29 million yuan of nutrient retention for N,P,K,Ca and Mg, about 178.53 million yuan of air purification.
    Tree species diversity in gaps of different sizes and developmental stages in lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest,South China
    ZANG Runguo, WANG Bosun, LIU Jingyan
    2000, 11(4):  485-488. 
    Asbtract ( 260 )  
    The change pattern of tree species diversity in gaps of different sizes and developmental stages in the lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest was analyzed in this paper. The species diversity index(Shannon-Wienner) did not change in the gaps with a size of<400m2,reached the highest in those with a size of 400～500m2 and the lowest in the gaps of 500～600m2 size, and increased in those with a size of >600m2.The index was the highest in the middle period of 20～50 years, secondly high within 20 years, and lowest after 50 years of gap formation.The species diversity in regeneration layer(H<1.5m) reached a peak in the gaps with a size of 500～600m2,and the lowest values occurred at the gaps with a size of >600m2 and 200～300m2.Species diversity index in the regeneration layer reached the highest in the first 10 years after gap formation,then revealed a general trend of decreasing, but two relative peaks were formed in the gap ages of about 30～40 years and 50～60 years,respectively. The general trends of species richness were correspondent with those of species diversity index.Gaps of different sizes and ages had a strong influence on the tree species regeneration through changes of ecological factors in gaps, thus,tree species diversity was different in gaps of different sizes and ages. Gap is one of the most important mechanisms for the maintenance of tree species diversity in the lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest.
    Yi nationality's sacred groves and biodiversity conservation in Chuxiong,Yunnan
    LIU Aizhong, PEI Shengji, CHEN Sanyang
    2000, 11(4):  489-492. 
    Asbtract ( 266 )  
    Sacred groves occur in many ethnic minority areas of Yunnan,China,which have ecologically multiplex functions and effects on biodiversity management and conservation at grassroots level.In this paper,an extensive field survey was carried out to evaluate the role of the sacred groves of the Yi nationality in Chuxiong of Yunnan.Three forest communities (sacred grove, common forest and natural reserve) under different management were sampled,and their plant species diversity was compared.The result shows that the total species,endemic species and Shannon Wiener index in the sacred grove community were respectively 67,17 and 2.96,higher than those in natural reserve (44,8 and 2.17) and common forest (34,4 and 2.39).The sacred groves of the Yi nationality in Chuxiong of Yunnan play an important role in local biodiversity conservation and management.
    Relationship between human activities and survival of rare and endangered species Davidia involucrata
    WU Gang, XIAO Han, LI Jing, MA Keming
    2000, (4):  493-496. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    In recent years,the increasing intensity of human activities and the increase of regional developing items led to a sharp decrease of natural distributed area and natural population number of rare and endangered species Davidia involucrata, and now, its natural distributed population is on the point of extinction.This paper analyzed the geographic distribution situation of Davidia involucrata in different geologic and historical periods,and discussed the major reasons for forming the geographic distribution and dynamic changes of population.Through many field investigations and references,some protecting measures were presented.
    Stable carbon isotope characteristics of some woody plants in warm temperate zone
    HAN Xingguo, YAN Changrong, CHEN Lingzhi, MEI Xurong
    2000, (4):  497-500. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    It was found that the δ13C values of the foliar,trunk,flower,and fruit of some woody plants in broad leaved forest in warm temperate zone were affected by many factors,and showed a great interspecific difference and temporal and spatial heterogeneity.The intraspecific variation of δ13C values was also great,with the order of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla 6.549‰(-22.226‰～-28.775‰), Fraxinus rhynchophylla 5.706‰(-23.687‰～-29.393‰), Jugans mandshurica 5.229‰(-26.146‰～31.375‰), Quercus liaotungensis 3.333‰(-24.324‰～ -27.657 ‰), Syringa pekinensis 2.414‰(-25.655‰～-28.070‰),and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu 2.296‰(-23.436‰～-26.432‰).Different organs of the same species had different δ13C values:trunk and root barks had the low, while xylem had the highest δ13C value.According to the relationship analysis between δ13C value of Prunus armeniaca var. ansu xylem and environment factors,it was found that δ13C value was strongly affected by annual mean temperature and followed by annual precipitation,mean temperature and precipitation in growth season.
    Articles
    A comparative study on nutrient accumulation and distribution of different generations of Chinese fir plantations
    MA Xiangqing, LIU Aiqin, MA Zhuang, FAN Shaohui
    2000, 11(4):  501-506. 
    Asbtract ( 271 )   PDF (1KB) ( 122 )  
    The nutrient accumulations and distribution of different generation of Chinese fir plantations in central production areas of China were studied through the investigation of plantation with different generation(first,second and third),ages(5,10,15,20 years old)and sites(site index 14,16 and 18).The nutrient accumulations and distribution of Chinese fir plantations were greatly influenced by the number of planting generation.Nutrient accumulation and utlization efficiency in tree layer of Chinese fir plantations declined with the increasing planting generation number,with the first generation>the second>the third;while the nutrient accumulation of understory vegetation was increased with the increasing of planting generation number.Compared with the first generation plantations,nutrient accumulation of tree layer of the second and the third generations decreased by 17.56% and 36.24% respectively,and the third generation platation decreased by 22.65% than the second generation.Meanwhile,successive planting resulted in a decreasing nutrient utilization efficiency of Chinese fir plantation,and an increasing nutrient necessary for dry matter production per unit,which is disadvantageous to the maintaining of soil fertility,but beneficial to the nutrient accumulation of understory vegetation.
    Seed growth characteristics of Ginkgo biloba and its physiological change
    WANG Jian, WANG Jiuling, XIN Xuebin
    2000, 11(4):  507-512. 
    Asbtract ( 276 )  
    The length,width,volume and weight of Ginkgo biloba seed were measured,and the concentrations of water,sugars,fatty acids and amino acids in seed growth process were analyzed.A typical “S” seed growth curve was found,and the length,width,volume,weight and absolute water content all showed the similar changes during growing period.With the growing of ssed,the concentrations of physiological substances in seeds showed regular changes and had their own characteristics.The total amount of sugars appeared to be an increasing trend at the later stage of seed growth,indicating that sugars are the main nutrition substance accumulated in seeds.The concentrations of various substances in matured seeds were starch 8.4%,glucose 6.7%,fructose 4.2%,polysaccharide 0.02%,disaccharide 0.01%,myristic acid 10.6%,palmitic acid 4.1%,flax acid 2.4%,stearic acid 1.9%,oleic acid 1.1%,and linoleic acid 0.4%.Fifteen types of free amino acids were detected in matured seeds,with total content of 1.56g·100g-1 FW.Among them,lysine aspartic acid,alanine,arginine,histidine,glutamic acid,and isoleucine were dominant,and their concentrations were 0.287%,0.163%,0.136%,0.133%,0.123%,0.115%,0.095%,respectively.
    Articles
    Simulation of potential responses of clear-cut of mixed coniferous and broadleaved Korean pine forest in Yichun to climate change by BKPF model
    CHEN Xiongwen, WANG Fengyou
    2000, 11(4):  513-517. 
    Asbtract ( 167 )  
    The potential responses of forest succession in the clear-cut site of mixed coniferous and broad leaved Korean pine forest(MCBL KPF)in Yichun,Heilongjiang Province to global climate change and elevated CO2 after 50 years by BKPF model were simulated.The results indicated that the densities of Pinus koraiensis and hardwood species(Fraxinus mandshurica,Tilia amurensis,Juglans mandshurica and Phellodendron amurense) would increase,while the densities of Larix olgensis,Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana would decrease after 50 years.The stand densities would be slightly lower than those at the same age under the current climate condition.The stand productivity,total aboveground biomass and leaf area index will increase by 7～28%,15～24% and 5～8%,respectively.Climate change would be beneficial to the forest succession from the clear-cut site to MCBL KPF.
    Effect of flooding stress on transpiration of poplar I-69/55
    GAO Jian, HOU Chenglin, WU Zemin
    2000, 11(4):  518-522. 
    Asbtract ( 198 )  
    The rates of transpiration(Tr) and photosynthesis(Pn) of poplar I-69/55 trees were measured under flooding stress.Flooding stress caused Pn and Tr decreasing,while in the period of measurement,Pn almost didn't change.The longer the period of flooding stress was,the more the Tr and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased.Undre no stress,Pn and Tr of test trees displayed daily double-peak curves and seasonal variations,with the maximum in summer.Water use efficiency also displayed seasonal variation,with the maximum in autumn.Under no stress, Tr obviously changed with tree ages,with the order of 1 year-old >3 year-old>7 year-old .The rate of Tr/Pn in spring,summer and autumn was higher than that of other deciduous broad leaved trees in the same region,especially in summer.The high Tr/Pn ratio means a high water consumption,which is beneficial to water loss of poplar I-69/55.In shoal sites,the temperature of leaf surface in summer and autumn is the most important factor that affects the transpiration rate of poplar I-69/55,suggesting that decreasing the temperature of leaf suface is beneficial to increase the transpiration rate.During the two days after flooding,the temperature of leaf surface is still the important factor that affects transpiration rate.
    Soil moisture dynamics in forest land and wasteland of Loess Plateau
    SUN Changzhong, HUANG Baolong, LIU Shuming, CHEN Haibin
    2000, (4):  523-526. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The dynamics of soil moisture stored in a wasteland and in a forest land in the sub humid climate region of the Loess Plateau was measuerd with neutron moisture meter for three successive years.Within the depth of 0～320cm,the increment of soil water in the test 3 years was respectively -165.7mm,-15.2mm and-115.2mm at the upper and lower position on north slopes and the lower position on south slope of the wasteland.Soil water increased by 17.2mm at the upper position on north slope of the Chinese pine forest land, after>380mm water was consumed yearly by tree transpiration.It is suggested that forest land is essentially different from wasteland in soil water income/expense.The necessity of conducting the approaches for gaining available water of forest land was put forward.
    Numerical simulation on maize growth in a regular windbreak system in Huanghuaihai Plain
    SONG Shuai, ZHOU Lin, WANG Hanjie
    2000, (4):  527-531. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The modified production ecological model SUCROS was used to simulate the growth process of summer corn with the protection of windbreaks in Huanghuaihai Plain,and the simulated result was compared with the field monitoring data.The effects of various physiological and ecological factors that affect the growth of the summer corn were analyzed.The modified SUCROS could simulate the growth process successfully.The leaf area index and organ biomass simulated by the model could be fairly consistent with the monitoring data when the effects of insect and disease pests and weeds were considered simultaneously.As compared with the simulated data in the monoculture field,the corn yield in the windbreak system was about 6.8% higher due to the improved microclimate.Based on the simulation of the relationships between sowing density,sowing date and seed production,the density standard for high yield in the region was 6.75～7.50 plants·m-2,even high as 9.00 plants·m-2 in the fields with sufficient soil nutrients and water supply.It is suggested that the optimal sowing period is from May 21 to June 5.Through simulating the influence of “cool summer”on the growth of summer corn in southern Huanghuaihai Plain,it was found that the growth period of corn would extend 3 to 4 days if the average air temperature during the growing period lowered by one degree.The “less radiation” and correspondent “lower temperature”were the direct reasons of yield reduction in “cool summer”.
    Articles
    Mechanism of nutrient preservation and supply by soil and its regulation IV. Fertility regulation and improvement of brown earth type vegetable garden soil and their essence
    CHEN Lijun, ZHOU Likai
    2000, 11(4):  532-534. 
    Asbtract ( 166 )  
    Pot experiment studies on the fertility regulation and improvement of fertile and infertile brown earth type vegetable garden soils and their functionary essence show that under conditions of taking different soil fertility improvement measures,the nutrient contents in fertile and infertile soils were not always higher than the controls,but the aggregation densities of soil microaggregates were increased,and the proportion of different microaggregates was more rational.There was no significant relationship between soil productivity and soil microaggregates proportion.It is proved that the essence of soil fertility improvement consists in the ultimate change of the preservation and supply capacities of soil nutrients,and the proportion of soil microaggregates could be an integrative index to evaluate the level of soil fertility and the efficiency of soil improvement.
    Coupling effect of water and fertilizers on spring wheat yield in semi-arid area of western Liaoning Province
    LI Fayun, SONG Li, GUAN Chuyun, GE Danzhi, LIU Zuoxin
    2000, (4):  535-539. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    With optimum saturation design,a field experiment was conducted to study the coupling effect of water and fertilizers on spring wheat yield in semiarid area of western Liaoning Province.Regression model shows that water was the most important factor affecting spring wheat yield.Under natural raining and when the upper and the lower limit of irrigation was 360 mm and 45mm,respectively,N was the most sensitive factor,water was the second, and P was the third. The effects of N,P and water on yield were statistically significant,and met the law of diminishing return.The most economic matching pattern of N,P and water was N 186kg穐m-2,P 63kg穐m-2,and water 300mm.Properly increasing phosphorus fertilizer at the lack of water could strengthen the drought resistance of spring wheat.
    Articles
    Effect of interaction between water and fertilizer on wheat and maize semiarid region of western Liaoning
    LIU Zuoxin, ZHENG Zhaopei, WANG Jian
    2000, 11(4):  540-544. 
    Asbtract ( 175 )   PDF (1KB) ( 147 )  
    Using 312-D optimum design and quadratic general rotation design,the effect of interaction between water and fertilizer on wheat and maize yields was studied in semiarid region of western Liaoning Province.Reasonable combination of applying N and P fertilizers,irrigation,and mulching corn straws could increase crop yield remarkably,otherwise,it could not only increase cost,but also result in output reduction due to increasing crop stress to water or nutrients.Based on the results of the trials,the effects of the productive factors on crop yield were analyzed.The optimum economical combination of water and fertilizers fitting for local agriculture was put forward,i.e., water 120.2mm,N 58.5kg·hm-2, and P2O5 123.0kg·hm-2 for wheat,and water 173.3mm,N 256.5kg·hm-2,P2O5 85.5kg·hm-2,and straw mulching 8509.5kg·hm-2 for maize.
    Rhizosphere effect of nutrients in different maize soils with different fertility levels
    WU Longhua, ZHANG Sujun
    2000, 11(4):  545-548. 
    Asbtract ( 202 )  
    Maize plants and soil samples were collected from Jilin Province to study the nutrient dynamics in soil maize plant rhizosphere and their relationship with plant uptake.The results showed that NH4+-N and NO3--N were accumulated in rhizospheric soil, and mainly controlled by the application of chemical fertilizers.Soil available P was depleted in high fertility fields,especially in high seedling density,while accumulated in low fertility fields.Soil available K was accumulated in rhizospheric soil,and its accumulation rate was higher in high fertility than in low fertility fields.The nutrient absorption amount was N≈K>P for maize plant shoots and roots,but was N>K>P for seeds.The contribution rate of chemical fertilizers to maize yield was only 1/5～1/3 in Jilin Province,and the rest was contributed by the application of organic manure,such as chicken feces or cow feces,and by the mineralization of soil organic matter.
    Effect of long-term no-tillage and application of organic manure on some properties of soil fertility in rice/wheat rotation
    XU Yangchun, SHEN Qirong, LEI Baokun
    2000, (4):  549-552. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    A field experiment from June 1983 to October 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long term no tillage and application of manure on soil fertility properties.The results showed that the contents of soil organic C, total N and available N in the treatment of fourteen consecutive year no tillage were all significantly higher in 0～5cm soil layer,while,lower in 5～10 and 10～20cm layers than in conventional tillage.The content of water stable aggregate in 0～20cm layer was increased in no tillage in that the soil structure was less destroyed.Based on various soil fertility properties,the contribution order of different fertilization treatments to soil fertility was as follows:pig manure>straw>green manure>chemical fertilizer>no fertilizer.
    Articles
    Phosphate adsorption characteristics of paddy soils derived from main parent materials in Guangdong Province
    ZHANG Xinming, LI Huaxing, LIU Yuanjin
    2000, 11(4):  553-556. 
    Asbtract ( 187 )   PDF (1KB) ( 126 )  
    Isothermal adsorption experiment of phosphate on paddy soils drived from five different parent materials in Guangdong Province was carried out. The result showed that the adsorption data of different test soils could be simulated well by Langmuir,Freundlich and Temkin equations,and the Langmuir equation fitted the data best (correlation coefficient r:0.995**～0.999**).As a value of phosphate adsorption characteristics,the product of phosphate adsorption maximum(Xm)and sorption intensity factor(K)calculated by Langmuir equation could be a comprehensive index to characterize the potential phosphate adsorption by paddy soil,and could indicate the order of applying phosphate.The result also indicated that there exists two types of sorption region on the soils tested.
    Spatial variability of soil nutrients based on geostatistics combined with GIS-A case study in Zunghua City of Hebei Province
    GUO Xudong, FU Bojie, MA Keming, CHEN Liding
    2000, (4):  557-563. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Geostatistics combined with GIS was applied to analyze the spatial variability of soil nutrients in topsoil (0～20cm) in Zunghua City of Hebei Province.GIS can integrate attribute data with geographical data of system variables,which makes the application of geostatisitics technique for large spatial scale more convenient.Soil nutrient data in this study included available N (alkaline hydrolyzing nitrogen),total N,available K,available P and organic matter.The results showed that the semivariograms of soil nutrients were best described by spherical model,except for that of available K,which was best fitted by complex structure of exponential model and linear with sill model.The spatial variability of available K was mainly produced by structural factor,while that of available N,total N,available P and organic matter was primarily caused by random factor.However,their spatial heterogeneity degree was different:the degree of total N and organic matter was higher,and that of available P and available N was lower.The results also indicated that the spatial correlation of the five tested soil nutrients at this large scale was moderately dependent.The ranges of available N and available P were almost same,which were 5 km and 5.5km,respectively.The range of total N was up to 18km, and that of organic matter was 8.5km.For available K,the spatial variability scale primarily expressed exponential model between 0～3.5km,but linear with sill model between 3.5～25.5km.In addition,five soil nutrients exhibited different isotropic ranges.Available N and available P were isotropic through the whole research range (0～28km).The isotropic range of available K was 0～8km,and that of total N and organic matter was 0～10km.
    Environment capacity of eco-tourism resort
    SUN Yujun, WANG Rusong
    2000, (4):  564-566. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The results of quantitative analysis on the amount of tourist, service-environment capacity, eco-environment capacity, and their relations in Five-finger Mountain eco tourism resort indicate that the amount of tourist in common situation and in its extreme was 1918 and 2301 visitor-hour per day, and the service-environment capacity and eco-environment capacity were 6000 and 2400 visitor-hour per day,respectively.The eco-environment capacity was smaller than its service environment capacity,and would become the first limiting factor to the increase of tourist amount,which was mainly due to the ecological fragility of resort,the lower resistance of biological communities to the disturbance,and the slower speed of ecosystem restoration after its being destroyed.
    Landscape structure of Longhua area in Shenzhen City during fast urbanization process—Structure and heterogeneity analysis of urban construction area
    ZENG Hui, JIANG Ziying
    2000, (4):  567-572. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Remotely sensed mappng information of multi-period of time and methods of landscape pattern analysis were used to study the structure and spatial distribution characterisitcs of two types of land use,built-up areas and new developing areas,during the fast urbanization process in Longhua area,Shenzhen City.The results indicated that from 1988 to 1996,the patch number and average size in the two types of land use increased significantly,but the fragmentation degree decreased. The increase of constructed land use could be divided into two patterns,continued expanding of big residential patches and continuous appearing of new isolated small patches,and most of the new developing area was constructed from 1990 to 1994.Under the impacts of topography and traffic,the built-up areas showed macroscopic spatial distribution with decreasing lacunarity values.Distribution difference of constructed patches was very obvious in small and moderate scales.The new developing patches,affected by the conditions as the built-up areas,were also characteristic of macroscopic heterogeneity,but the expression scale of heterogeneity was larger than the built-up areas.The fast expanding of the constructed land use produced some very negative ecological problems,which should urgently be resolved by adjusting the land use polices.
    Land use dynamic monitoring supported by remote sensing and GIS-A case study in Kenli County of Yellow River delta
    ZHAO Gengxing, LI Yuhuan, XU Chunda
    2000, (4):  573-576. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    By remote sensing both visual interpretation and computer aided classification,the land use information of Kenli County of Yellow River delta in 1981,1991 and 1995 was compared and analyzed.The unifying land use dynamic monitoring classification system was made,and the methods of land use dynamic monitoring both on land use type areas and on their spatial distribution were proposed.The changes of land use type areas of Kenli County were analyzed, and the spatial dynamics of land use types from 1981 to 1995 was analyzed under GIS support.In addition,the land use changes of outdoor monitoring plots were analyzed,and the basic patterns of land use dynamics of Kenli County were proposed.
    NO emission from winter wheat fields of rice-wheat rotation ecosystem in southeast China
    ZHENG Xunhua, WANG Mingxing, WANG Yuesi, LI Laotu, JIN Jisheng
    2000, (4):  577-581. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Measurements of NO emission from the winter wheat field of rice-wheat rotation ecosystem in southeast China during the whole period of wheat growth show that a higher NO emission was observed in spring than in autumn, and almost no emission in winter could be detected. Temperature was the most important factor determining the seasonal variation pattern of NO emission. Although the N fertilization might enlarge NO emission by a factor of 5～7,it could not modify the seasonal variation pattern.During the period of relatively weak plant activity,the diurnal variation pattern,with the maximum emission at 9◇00～14◇00, was determined by temperature.When plants luxuriated,however,the competition of NH4+ by plant uptake and by microbial nitrification led to a night-peak variation pattern,in which,the maximum diurnal emission usually occurred during 18◇00 and 4◇00 of next day, and the minimum at 8◇00～ 16◇00.
    Primary identification of organic compounds in soybean rhizospheric soil on continuous and alternate cropping and their allelopathy on soybean seed germination
    HAN Limei, YAN Fei, WANG Shuqi, JU Huiyan, YANG Zhenming, YAN Jichang
    2000, (4):  582-586. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Organic compounds extracted with ethanol (OCEWE) from soybean rhizospheic soil on continuous and alternate cropping at pod-string were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the compounds mainly include organic acids, alcohol, acetone, aldehyde, naphthalene phenyl and furan hydrocarbon,many of which were reported as allelochemcals.Under this experiment condition,OCEWE did not show any allelopathy on soybean seed germination and radicle growth,which might be related with their critical toxicity concentrations.In addition,the relationship between allelopathy and barrier on soybean continuous and alternate cropping was also discussed.
    Physioecological characteristics of four dominant plant species in Kerqin sandy land
    ZHOU Haiyan
    2000, (4):  587-590. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The photosynthetic and water physioecological characteristics of four dominant species, Caragana microphylla,Artemisia halodendron,Artemisia frigida and Populus spp(a hybird),in Kerqin sandy land were compared.The photosynthesis rates of C.microphylla,A.halodendron, and Populus spp. reached highest at 6◇00,rapidly fall at 8◇00,remained at low level from 8◇00 to 16◇00,then rose slowly after 16◇00.The photosynthesis rate of A.frigida was comparatively low at 6◇00,so the range of declining speed was small.Diurnal photosynthesis rate of Artemisia frigida decreased at 6◇00～8◇00, C.microphylla at 8◇00～10◇00, Populus spp and. A.halodendron at 6◇00～ 10◇00,and was controlled by stomatal limitation;in rest time,it was controlled by non-stomatal limitation.The four species also adapted different ways to resist drought stress. C.microphylla and A.frigida resisted drought stress through their low transpiration,low water potential and high ratio of bound water to free water(BW/FW); Populus spp.resisted drought stress through its rapid fall of stomatal conductivity to reduce its transpiration in spite of its high water potential and high BW/FW,while A.halodendron resisted drought stress weakly because of its high transpiration,high water consumption and low water use efficiency.
    Energy allocation to growth and reproduction in Leymus chinensis population
    WANG Renzhong
    2000, (4):  591-594. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Studies on energy allocation to growth and reproduction in Leymus chinensis population show that the average calorific value of modulus was decreased in the order of ear>leaf sheath of vegetative shoot>leaf sheath of sexual shoot>leaf of vegetative shoot>stem of vegetative shoot>stem of sexual shoot>leaf of sexual shoot>litter,and the energy allocation rate of vegetative and reproductive growth was in the order of vegetative shoot>rhizome>litter>sexual shoot.The dynamics of energy allocation rate of modulus was different with seasons.Among all reproductive stem modulus,the rate of energy allocation to stem and leaf sheath of sexual shoot was higher than that to ear and leaves.
    Effect of AM fungi on water and nutrition status of corn plants under salt stress
    FENG Gu, LI Xiaolin, ZHANG Fusuo, LI Shengxiu
    2000, (4):  595-598. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Under NaCl stress,the dry matter production of corn plants inoculated with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) was decreased,but the decrement for non-mycorrhizal plants was 10% higher than that for mycorrhizal ones.Under salt stress condition,the dry weights of root system and aboveground part of mycorrhizal corn and its leaf water potential were higher than those of non-mycorrhizal corn, while the proline content of mycorrhizal corn was less than that of non-mycorrhizal corn.The contribution of hypha to P uptake of plants decreased from 45.3% to 42.6%,while the effect of AM fungi on plant growth increased from 30.9% to 63.5% under salt stress condition.The above-mentioned results indicated that the mechanism that AM fungi enhance the salt-resistance of corn is related with the improvements of water and P nutrition conditions.Meanwhile,it was found whether under salt stress or not,the ratio of P accumulation of root system to aboveground part of mycorrhizal corn was higher than that of non-mycorrhizal corn,indicating that the infection of AM fungi changed the P distribution pattern in plant bodies,which is beneficial to increase the salt-resistance of plants.
    Epizootic dynamics of Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosi virus
    JIANG Jiexian, LIANG Guangwen, Zeng Ling
    2000, (4):  599-602. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Through investigation of tracking infected Spodoptera litura larvae,the epizootic dynamics of S.litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus(SlNPV)in field was studied with different dosages of SlNPV.The results showed that in the range of virus dosages (3.1×105～3.1×108 PIBs·ml-1),the initial infection syndrome was observed after 4 days of treatment,and peaked in 5～7 days.The larvae mortality occurred after 5～6 days of treatment,and peaked in 6～8 days.The prevalence peak of host was basically coincident to the incidence peak.The distribution of diseased incidence of hosts and disease death time could be quite simulated by time-dosage-mortality model(TDM).Hosmer-Lemoshow test showed that the predicted values well fitted with observed data,and t-test indicated the parameters of the model reached significant level(P<0.0001).The distribution of diseased prevalence was simulated by Holliday model,the regression of function was significant by F-test,and the parameters of the model reached or approached significant level(p<0.005). TDM model could be used to predict the daily incidence,prevalence,disease death rate of present generation population of host pest.
    Flight capacity and facultative migration of cotton bollworm
    ZHENG Zhuqiang, ZHANG Xiaoxi
    2000, (4):  603-608. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The flight capacity of moth cotton bollworm was studied by hanging flight installation.According to the flight rhythm and time,the individuals of population could be differentiated into long,medium,and short flight type.Laboratory stuies on the effect of temperature and food on pre-reproductive period,fecundity and life-span showed that the pre-reproductive period was only 2.13±0.67 days under 28℃,and food or temperature had no significant effect on pre-reproductive period.The physiological period fitting for migration was quite short,only 1～2 nights.The population sources in Fengxian county, Jiangsu province and Chaoyang city,Liaoning province were studied by analysis of the dissecting of females ovary and the patterns of moth occurrence sequentially.The result indicated that the 2nd and 3rd generation moths in Chaoyang all or partly immigrated from other places,while in Fengxian,there was no migration.The flight capacity and reproductive characteristics of moth cotton bollworm were compared with other migratory or un migratory species.The facultative migration and potential for migration of this species were discussed.
    Hunger tolerance of Microvelia horvathi hibernating generation
    CHEN Jianming, YU Xiaoping, LU Zhongxian, ZHENG Xusong
    2000, (4):  609-611. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The experimental results showed that the hunger tolerance (HT) of different wing forms Microvelia horvathi adults had significant difference at 14～32℃,and decreased with increasing temperature,which was 32.10 and 29.58 days at 14℃, and 9.46 and 7.82 days at 32℃, respectively for apterous and pterygote adults.The HT of apterous adults was higher than that of pterygote ones,and females was higher than males with the same wing form.The lower the temperature,the bigger the difference.The HT of M.horvathi adults differed obviously with densities.1 female 1 male per bottle had a higher HT than 5 females 5 males per bottle and 10 females 10 males per bottle,while no difference was found between two latter densities.The HT of the lst instar nymphs of M.horvathi had an obvious difference at different temperatures,which was significantly higher at 14 and 20℃ than at 26 and 32℃.
    Niche breadth of Gymnosporangium haraeanum
    LI Yao, CHENG Heyuan
    2000, (4):  612-614. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The resistant difference among different main pear cultivars in Anhui Province to pear rust caused by Gymnosporangium haraeanum was significant. According to disease index and diseased leaves of susceptible cultivars, the niche breadths of hosts were 0.7555 and 0.7951, respectively. The niche breadths of horizontal and vertical space of each cultivar were approximate to 1. The result shows that the infection of G. haraeanum was a random distribution.
    Effect of temperature and body weight on carbon budget of Penaeus chinensis
    ZHANG Shuo, DONG Shuanglin, WANG Fang
    2000, (4):  615-617. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The carbon budget of Penaeus chinensis feeding on polychaet worm(Neanthes japonica) was determined at various levels of temperature (20℃,25℃,30℃) and body weights(0.271±0.041g,3.509±0.301g,11.062±1.027g) from May to September,1996.The results show that the carbon consumption was significantly affected by water temperature and body weight,which significantly increased with increasing temperature and decreasing body weight.The average carbon consumptions at 20℃,25℃ and 30℃ were 12.41,19.12 and 26.08mg·g-1·d-1,and those for 3 body weights were 36.06,12.17 and 9.38mg·g-1·d-1,respectively.The intake carbon allocation was not significantly affected by body weight,but significantly affected by water temperature.The proportions of carbon allocated to growth,fecal,exuviation and metabolism at three different temperatures were 31.23%,4.28%,7.94%,56.45%;26.83%, 2.92%, 6.69%,65.79%;16.86%,2.38%,5.99%,74.76%, respectively.
    Effect of temperature on energy budget of Taiwanese red tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus?O.mossambicus)
    LEI Sijia, LI Deshang
    2000, (4):  618-620. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The energy budget of Taiwanese red tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus × O.mossambicus)with a body weight of 25.33～26.23g was measured at salinity 14 and at water temperature 22,28 and 34℃ in July-August 1996.The results showed that its specific growth rate,conversion effciency and maximum food consumption were significantly affected by temperature,and reached peaks of 1.79,60.01% and 2.59%B.W.d-1 at 28℃.The effect of temperature on the absorption efficiency was not significant,with an average absorption efficiency 64.58%.The effect of temperature on the proportions of food energy allocated to each component of the energy budget was significant.The ratio of growth energy was the highest(26.4%) at temperature 28℃,and that of metabolism energy was 37.23%.
    Interaction of Cu and Pb in accumulation process by fish
    LIANG Tao, TAO Shu, CAO Jun
    2000, (4):  621-624. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    With synthetic water,the accumulation of co-existed Ca and Pb by Paracheirodon innesvi and of Pb by Cu-tamed P.innesvi was studied.The result showed that under both conditions,there existed a significant synergistic effect on the accumulation of Cu and Pb by the fish.
    A primary study on distribution and binding forms of arsenic in polluted crop seeds
    HE Mengchang, YANG Jurong, CHA Yan, SONG Wei
    2000, (4):  625-628. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    The distribution,binding form and processing removal of arsenic in rice and wheat seeds were studied.The result shows that the distribution of arsenic in seed parts was uneven,as concentration in rice seed was embryo>seed capsule>chaff>endosperm,and that in wheat seed was embryo>seed capsule>endosperm.Arsenic was mainly accumulated in endosperm,and mainly in the form of protein binding.With the removal of chaff,coarse rice bran and fine rice bran in the processing,the content of arsenic decreased by 16.51%,12.41% and 10.26%,respectively.Similarly,with the removal of coarse wheat bran and fine wheat bran,it decreased by 22.0% and 45.6%,respectively.
    A primary study on chemical bound forms of copper and zinc in wheat and rape
    WANG Jinfang, ZHU Qiqing, LIU Zheng
    2000, (4):  629-630. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    Sequential extraction method was used to analyze and distinguish various chemical bound forms of copper and zine in rape and wheat.The results show that in these two crops,copper was mainly in the form of wate soluble and ethanol soluble, which can be easily transferred in crops.The total content of various chemical bound forms of copper was higher in aboveground part than in underground part,and their content was decreased in the order of water soluble form(W.S.form)>residual form (Re.form)>ethanol soluble form(Eth.S.form)>acid soluble form (A.S.form). Zinc was mainly in the form of acid soluble, which is hard to be transferred in crops.The total content of various chemical bound forms of zinc was lower in aboveground part than in roots, and their content was decreased in the order of A.S.form>Re.form>W.S.form>Eth.S.form.In comparing with copper,a large amount of zinc was enriched in seeds and pods of rape.
    Molecular markers and their application in plant population research
    ZHANG Junli, WANG Zhengfeng, LI Mingguang, WANG Bosun
    2000, (4):  631-636. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    This review surveys kinds of markers such as allozyme, AFLP, RAPD, SSR, RFLP and their application in molecular ecology of plant populations. The advantages and disadvantages of these molecular markers in plant population research are discussed based on the comparison of the methods and the experience in research work. It is considered emphatically that the adoption of the molecular markers is dependent on the various research purposes and different quality and quantity of the molecular information are acquired from various molecular marker methods.
    Consideration for ecological planning in mining areas
    TANG Wanjin, WU Gang
    2000, (4):  637-640. 
    Asbtract ( 0 )  
    On the basis of summarizing the status and trend of domestic and overseas ecological planning research,the necessity and significance of ecological planning research in mining areas were analyzed and its characteristics,research objectives,contents and methods were discussed.It is pointed out that establishing the theory and methodology of ecological planning in mining area is not only the requirement of their sustainable development,but also the requirement of active participation and cooperation of the researchers from different disciplines.
    Forest ecosystem services and their ecological valuation-A case study of tropical forest in Jianfengling of Hainan island
    XIAO Han, OUYANG Zhiyun, ZHAO Jingzhu, WANG Xiaoke
    2000, (4):  481-484. 
    Asbtract ( 1669 )   PDF (435KB) ( 612 )  
    This paper attempts to present forest ecosystem services and their indirect economic value of Jianfengling tropical forest in Hainan Island. The results show that average annual integrated ecosystem service value of Jianfengling tropical forest, which covers 44667.00hm2, adds up to 664.38 million yuan(Chinese RMB), of which, about 71.64 million yuan is of the output of standing trees and other forest products, about 394.29 million yuan of water holding, about 2.47 million yuan of soil conservation against erosion, about 13.16 million yuan of carbon fixation for reducing green house effect, about 4.29 million yuan of nutrient retention for N,P,K,Ca and Mg, about 178.53 million yuan of air purification.
    Articles
    Tree species diversity in gaps of different sizes and developmental stages in lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest,South China
    ZANG Runguo, WANG Bosun, LIU Jingyan
    2000, (4):  485-488. 
    Asbtract ( 1383 )   PDF (555KB) ( 348 )  
    The change pattern of tree species diversity in gaps of different sizes and developmental stages in the lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest was analyzed in this paper. The species diversity index(Shannon-Wienner) did not change in the gaps with a size of<400m2,reached the highest in those with a size of 400～500m2 and the lowest in the gaps of 500～600m2 size, and increased in those with a size of >600m2.The index was the highest in the middle period of 20～50 years, secondly high within 20 years, and lowest after 50 years of gap formation.The species diversity in regeneration layer(H<1.5m) reached a peak in the gaps with a size of 500～600m2,and the lowest values occurred at the gaps with a size of >600m2 and 200～300m2.Species diversity index in the regeneration layer reached the highest in the first 10 years after gap formation,then revealed a general trend of decreasing, but two relative peaks were formed in the gap ages of about 30～40 years and 50～60 years,respectively. The general trends of species richness were correspondent with those of species diversity index.Gaps of different sizes and ages had a strong influence on the tree species regeneration through changes of ecological factors in gaps, thus,tree species diversity was different in gaps of different sizes and ages. Gap is one of the most important mechanisms for the maintenance of tree species diversity in the lower subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest.
    Yi nationality's sacred groves and biodiversity conservation in Chuxiong,Yunnan
    LIU Aizhong, PEI Shengji, CHEN Sanyang
    2000, (4):  489-492. 
    Asbtract ( 1282 )   PDF (806KB) ( 406 )  
    Sacred groves occur in many ethnic minority areas of Yunnan,China,which have ecologically multiplex functions and effects on biodiversity management and conservation at grassroots level.In this paper,an extensive field survey was carried out to evaluate the role of the sacred groves of the Yi nationality in Chuxiong of Yunnan.Three forest communities (sacred grove, common forest and natural reserve) under different management were sampled,and their plant species diversity was compared.The result shows that the total species,endemic species and Shannon Wiener index in the sacred grove community were respectively 67,17 and 2.96,higher than those in natural reserve (44,8 and 2.17) and common forest (34,4 and 2.39).The sacred groves of the Yi nationality in Chuxiong of Yunnan play an important role in local biodiversity conservation and management.
    Relationship between human activities and survival of rare and endangered species Davidia involucrata
    WU Gang, XIAO Han, LI Jing, MA Keming
    2000, (4):  493-496. 
    Asbtract ( 953 )   PDF (490KB) ( 466 )  
    In recent years,the increasing intensity of human activities and the increase of regional developing items led to a sharp decrease of natural distributed area and natural population number of rare and endangered species Davidia involucrata, and now, its natural distributed population is on the point of extinction.This paper analyzed the geographic distribution situation of Davidia involucrata in different geologic and historical periods,and discussed the major reasons for forming the geographic distribution and dynamic changes of population.Through many field investigations and references,some protecting measures were presented.
    Stable carbon isotope characteristics of some woody plants in warm temperate zone
    HAN Xingguo, YAN Changrong, CHEN Lingzhi, MEI Xurong
    2000, (4):  497-500. 
    Asbtract ( 1154 )   PDF (549KB) ( 346 )  
    It was found that the δ13C values of the foliar,trunk,flower,and fruit of some woody plants in broad leaved forest in warm temperate zone were affected by many factors,and showed a great interspecific difference and temporal and spatial heterogeneity.The intraspecific variation of δ13C values was also great,with the order of Vitex negundo var. heterophylla 6.549‰(-22.226‰～-28.775‰), Fraxinus rhynchophylla 5.706‰(-23.687‰～-29.393‰), Jugans mandshurica 5.229‰(-26.146‰～31.375‰), Quercus liaotungensis 3.333‰(-24.324‰～ -27.657 ‰), Syringa pekinensis 2.414‰(-25.655‰～-28.070‰),and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu 2.296‰(-23.436‰～-26.432‰).Different organs of the same species had different δ13C values:trunk and root barks had the low, while xylem had the highest δ13C value.According to the relationship analysis between δ13C value of Prunus armeniaca var. ansu xylem and environment factors,it was found that δ13C value was strongly affected by annual mean temperature and followed by annual precipitation,mean temperature and precipitation in growth season.
    Articles
    A comparative study on nutrient accumulation and distribution of different generations of Chinese fir plantations
    MA Xiangqing, LIU Aiqin, MA Zhuang, FAN Shaohui
    2000, (4):  501-506. 
    Asbtract ( 1198 )   PDF (296KB) ( 324 )  
    The nutrient accumulations and distribution of different generation of Chinese fir plantations in central production areas of China were studied through the investigation of plantation with different generation(first,second and third),ages(5,10,15,20 years old)and sites(site index 14,16 and 18).The nutrient accumulations and distribution of Chinese fir plantations were greatly influenced by the number of planting generation.Nutrient accumulation and utlization efficiency in tree layer of Chinese fir plantations declined with the increasing planting generation number,with the first generation>the second>the third;while the nutrient accumulation of understory vegetation was increased with the increasing of planting generation number.Compared with the first generation plantations,nutrient accumulation of tree layer of the second and the third generations decreased by 17.56% and 36.24% respectively,and the third generation platation decreased by 22.65% than the second generation.Meanwhile,successive planting resulted in a decreasing nutrient utilization efficiency of Chinese fir plantation,and an increasing nutrient necessary for dry matter production per unit,which is disadvantageous to the maintaining of soil fertility,but beneficial to the nutrient accumulation of understory vegetation.
    Seed growth characteristics of Ginkgo biloba and its physiological change
    WANG Jian, WANG Jiuling, XIN Xuebin
    2000, (4):  507-512. 
    Asbtract ( 1452 )   PDF (708KB) ( 388 )  
    The length,width,volume and weight of Ginkgo biloba seed were measured,and the concentrations of water,sugars,fatty acids and amino acids in seed growth process were analyzed.A typical “S” seed growth curve was found,and the length,width,volume,weight and absolute water content all showed the similar changes during growing period.With the growing of ssed,the concentrations of physiological substances in seeds showed regular changes and had their own characteristics.The total amount of sugars appeared to be an increasing trend at the later stage of seed growth,indicating that sugars are the main nutrition substance accumulated in seeds.The concentrations of various substances in matured seeds were starch 8.4%,glucose 6.7%,fructose 4.2%,polysaccharide 0.02%,disaccharide 0.01%,myristic acid 10.6%,palmitic acid 4.1%,flax acid 2.4%,stearic acid 1.9%,oleic acid 1.1%,and linoleic acid 0.4%.Fifteen types of free amino acids were detected in matured seeds,with total content of 1.56g·100g-1 FW.Among them,lysine aspartic acid,alanine,arginine,histidine,glutamic acid,and isoleucine were dominant,and their concentrations were 0.287%,0.163%,0.136%,0.133%,0.123%,0.115%,0.095%,respectively.
    Articles
    Simulation of potential responses of clear-cut of mixed coniferous and broadleaved Korean pine forest in Yichun to climate change by BKPF model
    CHEN Xiongwen, WANG Fengyou
    2000, (4):  513-517. 
    Asbtract ( 1455 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 386 )  
    The potential responses of forest succession in the clear-cut site of mixed coniferous and broad leaved Korean pine forest(MCBL KPF)in Yichun,Heilongjiang Province to global climate change and elevated CO2 after 50 years by BKPF model were simulated.The results indicated that the densities of Pinus koraiensis and hardwood species(Fraxinus mandshurica,Tilia amurensis,Juglans mandshurica and Phellodendron amurense) would increase,while the densities of Larix olgensis,Betula platyphylla and Populus davidiana would decrease after 50 years.The stand densities would be slightly lower than those at the same age under the current climate condition.The stand productivity,total aboveground biomass and leaf area index will increase by 7～28%,15～24% and 5～8%,respectively.Climate change would be beneficial to the forest succession from the clear-cut site to MCBL KPF.
    Effect of flooding stress on transpiration of poplar I-69/55
    GAO Jian, HOU Chenglin, WU Zemin
    2000, (4):  518-522. 
    Asbtract ( 1190 )   PDF (1052KB) ( 363 )  
    The rates of transpiration(Tr) and photosynthesis(Pn) of poplar I-69/55 trees were measured under flooding stress.Flooding stress caused Pn and Tr decreasing,while in the period of measurement,Pn almost didn't change.The longer the period of flooding stress was,the more the Tr and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased.Undre no stress,Pn and Tr of test trees displayed daily double-peak curves and seasonal variations,with the maximum in summer.Water use efficiency also displayed seasonal variation,with the maximum in autumn.Under no stress, Tr obviously changed with tree ages,with the order of 1 year-old >3 year-old>7 year-old .The rate of Tr/Pn in spring,summer and autumn was higher than that of other deciduous broad leaved trees in the same region,especially in summer.The high Tr/Pn ratio means a high water consumption,which is beneficial to water loss of poplar I-69/55.In shoal sites,the temperature of leaf surface in summer and autumn is the most important factor that affects the transpiration rate of poplar I-69/55,suggesting that decreasing the temperature of leaf suface is beneficial to increase the transpiration rate.During the two days after flooding,the temperature of leaf surface is still the important factor that affects transpiration rate.
    Soil moisture dynamics in forest land and wasteland of Loess Plateau
    SUN Changzhong, HUANG Baolong, LIU Shuming, CHEN Haibin
    2000, (4):  523-526. 
    Asbtract ( 910 )   PDF (217KB) ( 394 )  
    The dynamics of soil moisture stored in a wasteland and in a forest land in the sub humid climate region of the Loess Plateau was measuerd with neutron moisture meter for three successive years.Within the depth of 0～320cm,the increment of soil water in the test 3 years was respectively -165.7mm,-15.2mm and-115.2mm at the upper and lower position on north slopes and the lower position on south slope of the wasteland.Soil water increased by 17.2mm at the upper position on north slope of the Chinese pine forest land, after>380mm water was consumed yearly by tree transpiration.It is suggested that forest land is essentially different from wasteland in soil water income/expense.The necessity of conducting the approaches for gaining available water of forest land was put forward.
    Numerical simulation on maize growth in a regular windbreak system in Huanghuaihai Plain
    SONG Shuai, ZHOU Lin, WANG Hanjie
    2000, (4):  527-531. 
    Asbtract ( 949 )   PDF (266KB) ( 332 )  
    The modified production ecological model SUCROS was used to simulate the growth process of summer corn with the protection of windbreaks in Huanghuaihai Plain,and the simulated result was compared with the field monitoring data.The effects of various physiological and ecological factors that affect the growth of the summer corn were analyzed.The modified SUCROS could simulate the growth process successfully.The leaf area index and organ biomass simulated by the model could be fairly consistent with the monitoring data when the effects of insect and disease pests and weeds were considered simultaneously.As compared with the simulated data in the monoculture field,the corn yield in the windbreak system was about 6.8% higher due to the improved microclimate.Based on the simulation of the relationships between sowing density,sowing date and seed production,the density standard for high yield in the region was 6.75～7.50 plants·m-2,even high as 9.00 plants·m-2 in the fields with sufficient soil nutrients and water supply.It is suggested that the optimal sowing period is from May 21 to June 5.Through simulating the influence of “cool summer”on the growth of summer corn in southern Huanghuaihai Plain,it was found that the growth period of corn would extend 3 to 4 days if the average air temperature during the growing period lowered by one degree.The “less radiation” and correspondent “lower temperature”were the direct reasons of yield reduction in “cool summer”.
    Articles
    Mechanism of nutrient preservation and supply by soil and its regulation IV. Fertility regulation and improvement of brown earth type vegetable garden soil and their essence
    CHEN Lijun, ZHOU Likai
    2000, (4):  532-534. 
    Asbtract ( 1171 )   PDF (182KB) ( 373 )  
    Pot experiment studies on the fertility regulation and improvement of fertile and infertile brown earth type vegetable garden soils and their functionary essence show that under conditions of taking different soil fertility improvement measures,the nutrient contents in fertile and infertile soils were not always higher than the controls,but the aggregation densities of soil microaggregates were increased,and the proportion of different microaggregates was more rational.There was no significant relationship between soil productivity and soil microaggregates proportion.It is proved that the essence of soil fertility improvement consists in the ultimate change of the preservation and supply capacities of soil nutrients,and the proportion of soil microaggregates could be an integrative index to evaluate the level of soil fertility and the efficiency of soil improvement.
    Coupling effect of water and fertilizers on spring wheat yield in semi-arid area of western Liaoning Province
    LI Fayun, SONG Li, GUAN Chuyun, GE Danzhi, LIU Zuoxin
    2000, (4):  535-539. 
    Asbtract ( 980 )   PDF (673KB) ( 386 )  
    With optimum saturation design,a field experiment was conducted to study the coupling effect of water and fertilizers on spring wheat yield in semiarid area of western Liaoning Province.Regression model shows that water was the most important factor affecting spring wheat yield.Under natural raining and when the upper and the lower limit of irrigation was 360 mm and 45mm,respectively,N was the most sensitive factor,water was the second, and P was the third. The effects of N,P and water on yield were statistically significant,and met the law of diminishing return.The most economic matching pattern of N,P and water was N 186kg穐m-2,P 63kg穐m-2,and water 300mm.Properly increasing phosphorus fertilizer at the lack of water could strengthen the drought resistance of spring wheat.
    Articles
    Effect of interaction between water and fertilizer on wheat and maize semiarid region of western Liaoning
    LIU Zuoxin, ZHENG Zhaopei, WANG Jian
    2000, (4):  540-544. 
    Asbtract ( 1169 )   PDF (775KB) ( 402 )  
    Using 312-D optimum design and quadratic general rotation design,the effect of interaction between water and fertilizer on wheat and maize yields was studied in semiarid region of western Liaoning Province.Reasonable combination of applying N and P fertilizers,irrigation,and mulching corn straws could increase crop yield remarkably,otherwise,it could not only increase cost,but also result in output reduction due to increasing crop stress to water or nutrients.Based on the results of the trials,the effects of the productive factors on crop yield were analyzed.The optimum economical combination of water and fertilizers fitting for local agriculture was put forward,i.e., water 120.2mm,N 58.5kg穐m-2, and P2O5 123.0kg穐m-2 for wheat,and water 173.3mm,N 256.5kg穐m-2,P2O5 85.5kg穐m-2,and straw mulching 8509.5kg穐m-2 for maize.
    Rhizosphere effect of nutrients in different maize soils with different fertility levels
    WU Longhua, ZHANG Sujun
    2000, (4):  545-548. 
    Asbtract ( 1225 )   PDF (737KB) ( 445 )  
    Maize plants and soil samples were collected from Jilin Province to study the nutrient dynamics in soil maize plant rhizosphere and their relationship with plant uptake.The results showed that NH4+-N and NO3--N were accumulated in rhizospheric soil, and mainly controlled by the application of chemical fertilizers.Soil available P was depleted in high fertility fields,especially in high seedling density,while accumulated in low fertility fields.Soil available K was accumulated in rhizospheric soil,and its accumulation rate was higher in high fertility than in low fertility fields.The nutrient absorption amount was N≈K>P for maize plant shoots and roots,but was N>K>P for seeds.The contribution rate of chemical fertilizers to maize yield was only 1/5～1/3 in Jilin Province,and the rest was contributed by the application of organic manure,such as chicken feces or cow feces,and by the mineralization of soil organic matter.
    Effect of long-term no-tillage and application of organic manure on some properties of soil fertility in rice/wheat rotation
    XU Yangchun, SHEN Qirong, LEI Baokun
    2000, (4):  549-552. 
    Asbtract ( 1210 )   PDF (214KB) ( 579 )  
    A field experiment from June 1983 to October 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long term no tillage and application of manure on soil fertility properties.The results showed that the contents of soil organic C, total N and available N in the treatment of fourteen consecutive year no tillage were all significantly higher in 0～5cm soil layer,while,lower in 5～10 and 10～20cm layers than in conventional tillage.The content of water stable aggregate in 0～20cm layer was increased in no tillage in that the soil structure was less destroyed.Based on various soil fertility properties,the contribution order of different fertilization treatments to soil fertility was as follows:pig manure>straw>green manure>chemical fertilizer>no fertilizer.
    Articles
    Phosphate adsorption characteristics of paddy soils derived from main parent materials in Guangdong Province
    ZHANG Xinming, LI Huaxing, LIU Yuanjin
    2000, (4):  553-556. 
    Asbtract ( 1520 )   PDF (355KB) ( 572 )  
    Isothermal adsorption experiment of phosphate on paddy soils drived from five different parent materials in Guangdong Province was carried out. The result showed that the adsorption data of different test soils could be simulated well by Langmuir,Freundlich and Temkin equations,and the Langmuir equation fitted the data best (correlation coefficient r:0.995**～0.999**).As a value of phosphate adsorption characteristics,the product of phosphate adsorption maximum(Xm)and sorption intensity factor(K)calculated by Langmuir equation could be a comprehensive index to characterize the potential phosphate adsorption by paddy soil,and could indicate the order of applying phosphate.The result also indicated that there exists two types of sorption region on the soils tested.
    Spatial variability of soil nutrients based on geostatistics combined with GIS-A case study in Zunghua City of Hebei Province
    GUO Xudong, FU Bojie, MA Keming, CHEN Liding
    2000, (4):  557-563. 
    Asbtract ( 1295 )   PDF (562KB) ( 1247 )  
    Geostatistics combined with GIS was applied to analyze the spatial variability of soil nutrients in topsoil (0～20cm) in Zunghua City of Hebei Province.GIS can integrate attribute data with geographical data of system variables,which makes the application of geostatisitics technique for large spatial scale more convenient.Soil nutrient data in this study included available N (alkaline hydrolyzing nitrogen),total N,available K,available P and organic matter.The results showed that the semivariograms of soil nutrients were best described by spherical model,except for that of available K,which was best fitted by complex structure of exponential model and linear with sill model.The spatial variability of available K was mainly produced by structural factor,while that of available N,total N,available P and organic matter was primarily caused by random factor.However,their spatial heterogeneity degree was different:the degree of total N and organic matter was higher,and that of available P and available N was lower.The results also indicated that the spatial correlation of the five tested soil nutrients at this large scale was moderately dependent.The ranges of available N and available P were almost same,which were 5 km and 5.5km,respectively.The range of total N was up to 18km, and that of organic matter was 8.5km.For available K,the spatial variability scale primarily expressed exponential model between 0～3.5km,but linear with sill model between 3.5～25.5km.In addition,five soil nutrients exhibited different isotropic ranges.Available N and available P were isotropic through the whole research range (0～28km).The isotropic range of available K was 0～8km,and that of total N and organic matter was 0～10km.
    Environment capacity of eco-tourism resort
    SUN Yujun, WANG Rusong
    2000, (4):  564-566. 
    Asbtract ( 1535 )   PDF (214KB) ( 706 )  
    The results of quantitative analysis on the amount of tourist, service-environment capacity, eco-environment capacity, and their relations in Five-finger Mountain eco tourism resort indicate that the amount of tourist in common situation and in its extreme was 1918 and 2301 visitor-hour per day, and the service-environment capacity and eco-environment capacity were 6000 and 2400 visitor-hour per day,respectively.The eco-environment capacity was smaller than its service environment capacity,and would become the first limiting factor to the increase of tourist amount,which was mainly due to the ecological fragility of resort,the lower resistance of biological communities to the disturbance,and the slower speed of ecosystem restoration after its being destroyed.
    Landscape structure of Longhua area in Shenzhen City during fast urbanization process—Structure and heterogeneity analysis of urban construction area
    ZENG Hui, JIANG Ziying
    2000, (4):  567-572. 
    Asbtract ( 1080 )   PDF (833KB) ( 241 )  
    Remotely sensed mappng information of multi-period of time and methods of landscape pattern analysis were used to study the structure and spatial distribution characterisitcs of two types of land use,built-up areas and new developing areas,during the fast urbanization process in Longhua area,Shenzhen City.The results indicated that from 1988 to 1996,the patch number and average size in the two types of land use increased significantly,but the fragmentation degree decreased. The increase of constructed land use could be divided into two patterns,continued expanding of big residential patches and continuous appearing of new isolated small patches,and most of the new developing area was constructed from 1990 to 1994.Under the impacts of topography and traffic,the built-up areas showed macroscopic spatial distribution with decreasing lacunarity values.Distribution difference of constructed patches was very obvious in small and moderate scales.The new developing patches,affected by the conditions as the built-up areas,were also characteristic of macroscopic heterogeneity,but the expression scale of heterogeneity was larger than the built-up areas.The fast expanding of the constructed land use produced some very negative ecological problems,which should urgently be resolved by adjusting the land use polices.
    Land use dynamic monitoring supported by remote sensing and GIS-A case study in Kenli County of Yellow River delta
    ZHAO Gengxing, LI Yuhuan, XU Chunda
    2000, (4):  573-576. 
    Asbtract ( 957 )   PDF (220KB) ( 354 )  
    By remote sensing both visual interpretation and computer aided classification,the land use information of Kenli County of Yellow River delta in 1981,1991 and 1995 was compared and analyzed.The unifying land use dynamic monitoring classification system was made,and the methods of land use dynamic monitoring both on land use type areas and on their spatial distribution were proposed.The changes of land use type areas of Kenli County were analyzed, and the spatial dynamics of land use types from 1981 to 1995 was analyzed under GIS support.In addition,the land use changes of outdoor monitoring plots were analyzed,and the basic patterns of land use dynamics of Kenli County were proposed.
    NO emission from winter wheat fields of rice-wheat rotation ecosystem in southeast China
    ZHENG Xunhua, WANG Mingxing, WANG Yuesi, LI Laotu, JIN Jisheng
    2000, (4):  577-581. 
    Asbtract ( 872 )   PDF (763KB) ( 237 )  
    Measurements of NO emission from the winter wheat field of rice-wheat rotation ecosystem in southeast China during the whole period of wheat growth show that a higher NO emission was observed in spring than in autumn, and almost no emission in winter could be detected. Temperature was the most important factor determining the seasonal variation pattern of NO emission. Although the N fertilization might enlarge NO emission by a factor of 5～7,it could not modify the seasonal variation pattern.During the period of relatively weak plant activity,the diurnal variation pattern,with the maximum emission at 9◇00～14◇00, was determined by temperature.When plants luxuriated,however,the competition of NH4+ by plant uptake and by microbial nitrification led to a night-peak variation pattern,in which,the maximum diurnal emission usually occurred during 18◇00 and 4◇00 of next day, and the minimum at 8◇00～ 16◇00.
    Primary identification of organic compounds in soybean rhizospheric soil on continuous and alternate cropping and their allelopathy on soybean seed germination
    HAN Limei, YAN Fei, WANG Shuqi, JU Huiyan, YANG Zhenming, YAN Jichang
    2000, (4):  582-586. 
    Asbtract ( 940 )   PDF (263KB) ( 360 )  
    Organic compounds extracted with ethanol (OCEWE) from soybean rhizospheic soil on continuous and alternate cropping at pod-string were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the compounds mainly include organic acids, alcohol, acetone, aldehyde, naphthalene phenyl and furan hydrocarbon,many of which were reported as allelochemcals.Under this experiment condition,OCEWE did not show any allelopathy on soybean seed germination and radicle growth,which might be related with their critical toxicity concentrations.In addition,the relationship between allelopathy and barrier on soybean continuous and alternate cropping was also discussed.
    Physioecological characteristics of four dominant plant species in Kerqin sandy land
    ZHOU Haiyan
    2000, (4):  587-590. 
    Asbtract ( 852 )   PDF (624KB) ( 286 )  
    The photosynthetic and water physioecological characteristics of four dominant species, Caragana microphylla,Artemisia halodendron,Artemisia frigida and Populus spp(a hybird),in Kerqin sandy land were compared.The photosynthesis rates of C.microphylla,A.halodendron, and Populus spp. reached highest at 6◇00,rapidly fall at 8◇00,remained at low level from 8◇00 to 16◇00,then rose slowly after 16◇00.The photosynthesis rate of A.frigida was comparatively low at 6◇00,so the range of declining speed was small.Diurnal photosynthesis rate of Artemisia frigida decreased at 6◇00～8◇00, C.microphylla at 8◇00～10◇00, Populus spp and. A.halodendron at 6◇00～ 10◇00,and was controlled by stomatal limitation;in rest time,it was controlled by non-stomatal limitation.The four species also adapted different ways to resist drought stress. C.microphylla and A.frigida resisted drought stress through their low transpiration,low water potential and high ratio of bound water to free water(BW/FW); Populus spp.resisted drought stress through its rapid fall of stomatal conductivity to reduce its transpiration in spite of its high water potential and high BW/FW,while A.halodendron resisted drought stress weakly because of its high transpiration,high water consumption and low water use efficiency.
    Energy allocation to growth and reproduction in Leymus chinensis population
    WANG Renzhong
    2000, (4):  591-594. 
    Asbtract ( 910 )   PDF (613KB) ( 323 )  
    Studies on energy allocation to growth and reproduction in Leymus chinensis population show that the average calorific value of modulus was decreased in the order of ear>leaf sheath of vegetative shoot>leaf sheath of sexual shoot>leaf of vegetative shoot>stem of vegetative shoot>stem of sexual shoot>leaf of sexual shoot>litter,and the energy allocation rate of vegetative and reproductive growth was in the order of vegetative shoot>rhizome>litter>sexual shoot.The dynamics of energy allocation rate of modulus was different with seasons.Among all reproductive stem modulus,the rate of energy allocation to stem and leaf sheath of sexual shoot was higher than that to ear and leaves.
    Effect of AM fungi on water and nutrition status of corn plants under salt stress
    FENG Gu, LI Xiaolin, ZHANG Fusuo, LI Shengxiu
    2000, (4):  595-598. 
    Asbtract ( 982 )   PDF (480KB) ( 428 )  
    Under NaCl stress,the dry matter production of corn plants inoculated with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) was decreased,but the decrement for non-mycorrhizal plants was 10% higher than that for mycorrhizal ones.Under salt stress condition,the dry weights of root system and aboveground part of mycorrhizal corn and its leaf water potential were higher than those of non-mycorrhizal corn, while the proline content of mycorrhizal corn was less than that of non-mycorrhizal corn.The contribution of hypha to P uptake of plants decreased from 45.3% to 42.6%,while the effect of AM fungi on plant growth increased from 30.9% to 63.5% under salt stress condition.The above-mentioned results indicated that the mechanism that AM fungi enhance the salt-resistance of corn is related with the improvements of water and P nutrition conditions.Meanwhile,it was found whether under salt stress or not,the ratio of P accumulation of root system to aboveground part of mycorrhizal corn was higher than that of non-mycorrhizal corn,indicating that the infection of AM fungi changed the P distribution pattern in plant bodies,which is beneficial to increase the salt-resistance of plants.
    Epizootic dynamics of Spodoptera litura nuclear polyhedrosi virus
    JIANG Jiexian, LIANG Guangwen, Zeng Ling
    2000, (4):  599-602. 
    Asbtract ( 950 )   PDF (298KB) ( 417 )  
    Through investigation of tracking infected Spodoptera litura larvae,the epizootic dynamics of S.litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus(SlNPV)in field was studied with different dosages of SlNPV.The results showed that in the range of virus dosages (3.1×105～3.1×108 PIBs·ml-1),the initial infection syndrome was observed after 4 days of treatment,and peaked in 5～7 days.The larvae mortality occurred after 5～6 days of treatment,and peaked in 6～8 days.The prevalence peak of host was basically coincident to the incidence peak.The distribution of diseased incidence of hosts and disease death time could be quite simulated by time-dosage-mortality model(TDM).Hosmer-Lemoshow test showed that the predicted values well fitted with observed data,and t-test indicated the parameters of the model reached significant level(P<0.0001).The distribution of diseased prevalence was simulated by Holliday model,the regression of function was significant by F-test,and the parameters of the model reached or approached significant level(p<0.005). TDM model could be used to predict the daily incidence,prevalence,disease death rate of present generation population of host pest.
    Flight capacity and facultative migration of cotton bollworm
    ZHENG Zhuqiang, ZHANG Xiaoxi
    2000, (4):  603-608. 
    Asbtract ( 949 )   PDF (1038KB) ( 239 )  
    The flight capacity of moth cotton bollworm was studied by hanging flight installation.According to the flight rhythm and time,the individuals of population could be differentiated into long,medium,and short flight type.Laboratory stuies on the effect of temperature and food on pre-reproductive period,fecundity and life-span showed that the pre-reproductive period was only 2.13±0.67 days under 28℃,and food or temperature had no significant effect on pre-reproductive period.The physiological period fitting for migration was quite short,only 1～2 nights.The population sources in Fengxian county, Jiangsu province and Chaoyang city,Liaoning province were studied by analysis of the dissecting of females ovary and the patterns of moth occurrence sequentially.The result indicated that the 2nd and 3rd generation moths in Chaoyang all or partly immigrated from other places,while in Fengxian,there was no migration.The flight capacity and reproductive characteristics of moth cotton bollworm were compared with other migratory or un migratory species.The facultative migration and potential for migration of this species were discussed.
    Hunger tolerance of Microvelia horvathi hibernating generation
    CHEN Jianming, YU Xiaoping, LU Zhongxian, ZHENG Xusong
    2000, (4):  609-611. 
    Asbtract ( 921 )   PDF (1301KB) ( 210 )  
    The experimental results showed that the hunger tolerance (HT) of different wing forms Microvelia horvathi adults had significant difference at 14～32℃,and decreased with increasing temperature,which was 32.10 and 29.58 days at 14℃, and 9.46 and 7.82 days at 32℃, respectively for apterous and pterygote adults.The HT of apterous adults was higher than that of pterygote ones,and females was higher than males with the same wing form.The lower the temperature,the bigger the difference.The HT of M.horvathi adults differed obviously with densities.1 female 1 male per bottle had a higher HT than 5 females 5 males per bottle and 10 females 10 males per bottle,while no difference was found between two latter densities.The HT of the lst instar nymphs of M.horvathi had an obvious difference at different temperatures,which was significantly higher at 14 and 20℃ than at 26 and 32℃.
    Niche breadth of Gymnosporangium haraeanum
    LI Yao, CHENG Heyuan
    2000, (4):  612-614. 
    Asbtract ( 872 )   PDF (159KB) ( 266 )  
    The resistant difference among different main pear cultivars in Anhui Province to pear rust caused by Gymnosporangium haraeanum was significant. According to disease index and diseased leaves of susceptible cultivars, the niche breadths of hosts were 0.7555 and 0.7951, respectively. The niche breadths of horizontal and vertical space of each cultivar were approximate to 1. The result shows that the infection of G. haraeanum was a random distribution.
    Effect of temperature and body weight on carbon budget of Penaeus chinensis
    ZHANG Shuo, DONG Shuanglin, WANG Fang
    2000, (4):  615-617. 
    Asbtract ( 944 )   PDF (461KB) ( 309 )  
    The carbon budget of Penaeus chinensis feeding on polychaet worm(Neanthes japonica) was determined at various levels of temperature (20℃,25℃,30℃) and body weights(0.271±0.041g,3.509±0.301g,11.062±1.027g) from May to September,1996.The results show that the carbon consumption was significantly affected by water temperature and body weight,which significantly increased with increasing temperature and decreasing body weight.The average carbon consumptions at 20℃,25℃ and 30℃ were 12.41,19.12 and 26.08mg·g-1·d-1,and those for 3 body weights were 36.06,12.17 and 9.38mg·g-1·d-1,respectively.The intake carbon allocation was not significantly affected by body weight,but significantly affected by water temperature.The proportions of carbon allocated to growth,fecal,exuviation and metabolism at three different temperatures were 31.23%,4.28%,7.94%,56.45%;26.83%, 2.92%, 6.69%,65.79%;16.86%,2.38%,5.99%,74.76%, respectively.
    Effect of temperature on energy budget of Taiwanese red tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus?O.mossambicus)
    LEI Sijia, LI Deshang
    2000, (4):  618-620. 
    Asbtract ( 1025 )   PDF (196KB) ( 295 )  
    The energy budget of Taiwanese red tilapia hybrid (Oreochromis niloticus × O.mossambicus)with a body weight of 25.33～26.23g was measured at salinity 14 and at water temperature 22,28 and 34℃ in July-August 1996.The results showed that its specific growth rate,conversion effciency and maximum food consumption were significantly affected by temperature,and reached peaks of 1.79,60.01% and 2.59%B.W.d-1 at 28℃.The effect of temperature on the absorption efficiency was not significant,with an average absorption efficiency 64.58%.The effect of temperature on the proportions of food energy allocated to each component of the energy budget was significant.The ratio of growth energy was the highest(26.4%) at temperature 28℃,and that of metabolism energy was 37.23%.
    Interaction of Cu and Pb in accumulation process by fish
    LIANG Tao, TAO Shu, CAO Jun
    2000, (4):  621-624. 
    Asbtract ( 855 )   PDF (515KB) ( 247 )  
    With synthetic water,the accumulation of co-existed Ca and Pb by Paracheirodon innesvi and of Pb by Cu-tamed P.innesvi was studied.The result showed that under both conditions,there existed a significant synergistic effect on the accumulation of Cu and Pb by the fish.
    A primary study on distribution and binding forms of arsenic in polluted crop seeds
    HE Mengchang, YANG Jurong, CHA Yan, SONG Wei
    2000, (4):  625-628. 
    Asbtract ( 958 )   PDF (617KB) ( 352 )  
    The distribution,binding form and processing removal of arsenic in rice and wheat seeds were studied.The result shows that the distribution of arsenic in seed parts was uneven,as concentration in rice seed was embryo>seed capsule>chaff>endosperm,and that in wheat seed was embryo>seed capsule>endosperm.Arsenic was mainly accumulated in endosperm,and mainly in the form of protein binding.With the removal of chaff,coarse rice bran and fine rice bran in the processing,the content of arsenic decreased by 16.51%,12.41% and 10.26%,respectively.Similarly,with the removal of coarse wheat bran and fine wheat bran,it decreased by 22.0% and 45.6%,respectively.
    A primary study on chemical bound forms of copper and zinc in wheat and rape
    WANG Jinfang, ZHU Qiqing, LIU Zheng
    2000, (4):  629-630. 
    Asbtract ( 870 )   PDF (440KB) ( 265 )  
    Sequential extraction method was used to analyze and distinguish various chemical bound forms of copper and zine in rape and wheat.The results show that in these two crops,copper was mainly in the form of wate soluble and ethanol soluble, which can be easily transferred in crops.The total content of various chemical bound forms of copper was higher in aboveground part than in underground part,and their content was decreased in the order of water soluble form(W.S.form)>residual form (Re.form)>ethanol soluble form(Eth.S.form)>acid soluble form (A.S.form). Zinc was mainly in the form of acid soluble, which is hard to be transferred in crops.The total content of various chemical bound forms of zinc was lower in aboveground part than in roots, and their content was decreased in the order of A.S.form>Re.form>W.S.form>Eth.S.form.In comparing with copper,a large amount of zinc was enriched in seeds and pods of rape.
    Molecular markers and their application in plant population research
    ZHANG Junli, WANG Zhengfeng, LI Mingguang, WANG Bosun
    2000, (4):  631-636. 
    Asbtract ( 1028 )   PDF (940KB) ( 338 )  
    This review surveys kinds of markers such as allozyme, AFLP, RAPD, SSR, RFLP and their application in molecular ecology of plant populations. The advantages and disadvantages of these molecular markers in plant population research are discussed based on the comparison of the methods and the experience in research work. It is considered emphatically that the adoption of the molecular markers is dependent on the various research purposes and different quality and quantity of the molecular information are acquired from various molecular marker methods.
    Consideration for ecological planning in mining areas
    TANG Wanjin, WU Gang
    2000, (4):  637-640. 
    Asbtract ( 961 )   PDF (214KB) ( 292 )  
    On the basis of summarizing the status and trend of domestic and overseas ecological planning research,the necessity and significance of ecological planning research in mining areas were analyzed and its characteristics,research objectives,contents and methods were discussed.It is pointed out that establishing the theory and methodology of ecological planning in mining area is not only the requirement of their sustainable development,but also the requirement of active participation and cooperation of the researchers from different disciplines.