Table of Content

15 May 2003, Volume 14 Issue 5

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Ecosystem productivity process model for landscape based on remote sensing and surface data

ZHANG Na, YU Guirui, ZHAO Shidong, YU Zhenliang

2003, (5):  643-652. 

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In this paper,the a ecosystem productivity process model for landscape (EPPML) reflecting carbon and water cycles of system was described and discussed. In EPPML, leaf area index (LAI) that greatly influenced vegetation productivity was received from remote sensing images,the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of net primary productivity (NPP) and evapotranspiration were simulated.Geographical information system (GIS) was used to process, analyze, and display spatial data. Thus, the studies on physiological ecology could be extended,and converted from small scale to larger scale. Using EPPML,the vegetation productivity in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve in1995 was simulated. EPPML could well and truly simulate the NPP of main vegetations in the natural reserve. NPP was estimated to be 0.680 kg C穖^-2 穣r.^-1, mostly ranging from 0.105 to 1.241 kg C穖^-2 穣r.^-1, accounting for 82.1%. The highest NPP (1.084 kg C穖^-2 穣r^-1) appeared in mixed broad leaved and Korean pine forests. The total NPP was estimated to be 1.332?10⁶tC穣r^-1 . The highest total NPP appeared in mixed broad leaved and Korean pine forests and spruce fir forest, which were 0.540?10⁶tC穣r.^-1 and 0.428?10⁶tC穣r.^-1,respectively . The seasonal variation of NPPappeared obvious single peak with peak value in July (6.13 g C穖^-2 穌^-1). The most NPP accumulated in the summer, which was 0.465 kg C穖^-2, secondly in the spring,and least in the winter.

Simulation of temporal-spatial variation characteristics of surface runoff in Changbai Mountain based on process model for landscape scale

ZHANG Na, YU Guirui, YU Zhenliang, ZHAO Shidong

2003, (5):  653-658. 

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The seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution characteristics of surface runoff in Changbai Mountain simulated by the process model (EPPML),and the relationships between surface runoff and environmental conditions were analyzed.The results showed that the seasonal variation of surface runoff in Changbai Mountain presented obvious three peak pattern, i.e.,the lowest values in June and September, peak values in August (2.58 mm穌^-1), similar to that of soil water content. Total trend of surface runoff for different vegetations in the growing season was in order of grass and shrub > coniferous forest > broad leaved forest > mixed broad leaved and Korean pine forest, highly correlated to LAI.Annual surface runoff in1995 was estimated to be 0.203 m穣r.^-1, mostly ranging from 0.0 to 0.246穖穣r.^-1, accounting for 69.3%. The trend of spatially increasing annual surface runoff along with increasing altitude was obvious. The maximum annual surface runoff appeared in alpine grass (0.619 m穣r.^-1), minimum in mixed broad leaved and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest (0.081 m穣r.^-1), others being alpine tundra, Betula ermanii forest, meadow, shrub, mixed spruce (Picea asperata) and fir (Abies nephrolepis) forest, Changbai larch (Larix olgensis) forest and broad leaved forest. Vegetation and environmental conditions controlled the main trend of the spatial distribution of annual surface runoff in Changbai Mountain. There was very strong negative exponential correlativity between annual surface runoff and LAI (R²= 0.857). The more LAI, the more literfall, the more precipitation intercepted by litter, thus, the less surface runoff. Annual surface runoff was highly negatively correlated with air temperature and total solar radiation (R² being0.965 and 0.836 respectively), however, it was highly positively correlated with precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed (R² being more than 0.950). And annual surface runoff was also strongly correlated to soil characteristics.

Analysis on factors affecting net primary productivity distribution in Changbai Mountain based on process model for landscape scale

ZHANG Na, YU Guirui, YU Zhenliang, ZHAO Shidong

2003, (5):  659-664. 

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Based on the data received from remote sensing images,the spatial distribution of annual net primary productivity (NPP) was simulated by the process model (EPPML), and the relationships between annual NPP and environmental conditions were analyzed.The results showed that NPPin1995 was 0.680 kg C·m^-2 ·yr.^-1, mostly ranging from 0.105 to 1.241 kg C·m^-2 ·yr.^-1, accounting for 82.1%. The highest NPP (1.084 kg C·m^-2 ·yr.^-1) appears in mixed broad leaved and Korean pine forest. Environmental conditions decide the main trend of the spatial distribution of annual NPP (Carbon) in Changbai Mountain. Soil water content had a negative correlativity with NPP, and the correlation coefficient (R) was -0.65.Therefore, water was sufficient for the growth of plants in Changbai Mountain. NPP was highly correlated with LAI (R=0.81). When LAI was greater than 4～5 m²·m^-2, NPPbecame saturated. NPP was also highly correlated with canopy transpiration (R=0.77). The response of NPP on environmental conditions, LAIand canopy transpiration in Betula ermanii and broad leaved forests were different from those in other vegetation.

Light environment characteristics of forest gap in deciduous broad leaved forest and its effects on growth features of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Jianghuai watershed

WEI Chaoling, SUN Qixiang, PENG Zhenhua, YAN Dawei

2003, (5):  665-670. 

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The daily total light intensity, various wave band light intensities, spectrum composition, and the growth characteristics and total saponia content of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in forest gap and under forest were studied in deciduous forest (Liquidambar formosana) in Jianghuai watershed. The results showed that the intensities of full wavelength daily total light, blue light(400～510 nm), yellow green light(510～610 nm), red orange light (610～720 nm)and near infrared light(720～1100 nm) in forest gap were higher than those under forest.The intensities and spectra compositions of blue light and red orange light in forest gaps were significantly higher than those under forest. Additionally, the differences between those in forest gap and under forest varied seasonally. The relative intensity of blue light in April, July and October in forest gap was 8.32%～28.83%,30.00%～579.17% and 6.70%～88.74% more than those under forest,respectively,and that of red orange light in April, July and October in forest gap was 8.72%～28.83%,30.19%～502.69%,6.76%～91.57% more than those under forest,respectively.The spectrum composition of blue light in forest gap in these 3 months was 5.76%,33.14% and 17.29% higher than those under forest,respectively, and that of red orange light in forest gap in these 3 months was 5.04%,53.34% and 10.23% higher than those under forest,respectively. The net photosynthetic rate, total dry matter weight, and total saponia content of Gynostemma pentaphyllum growing in forest gap were higher than those under forest. Gynostemma pentaphyllum growing in forest gap had more dry matter distributed in stem.The results could be available to utilize the light environment of deciduous broad leaved forest and further building comprehensive management model of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Jianghuai watershed zone.

GIS and RS determination of abiotic range of forest landscape distribution in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve

CHANG Yu, BU Rencang, HU Yuanman, XU Chonggang, WANG Qingli

2003, (5):  671-675. 

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Based on landscape classification of remote sensing data and spatial expression of environmental factors, the abiotic ranges of forest landscape distribution in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve were determined by using GIS. The results showed that the optimum elevation range of tundra, mountain birch forest, evergreen coniferous forest, and broad leaved Korean pine forest were 1780～2212 m, 1705～1956 m, 1042～1625 m, and 823～1184 m, respectively. The corresponding optimum annual average temperature ranges were 4.75～ 2.40℃,- 3.42 ～-2.07℃, -1.49～1.39℃, and 0.71～2.37℃, and the optimum ranges of annual precipitation were 1034～1110mm, 1014～1060mm, 883～1017mm, and 824～925mm, respectively. The forest landscapes in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve were mainly distributed in flat and gentle areas. This distribution pattern was closely related to aspect. Tundra was almost evenly present in various aspects. In northern and northwestern direction, most forest landscapes were distributed, including mountain birch forest, evergreen coniferous forest, broad leaved Korean pine forest, aspen and Betula forest. Most larch forest was in favor of northeastern direction with small amount facing eastern and northern way. Sparse forest briefly occupied west aspect with some orienting in southwest, northwest and south, while all wind thrown areas were facing west, southwest and northwest aspects.

Economic value of ecosystem services in Mangcuo Lake drainage basin

XIAO Yu, XIE Gaodi, AN Kai

2003, (5):  676-680. 

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In this article,the economic value of ecosystem services in Mangcuo Lake drainage basin was estimated with the table of equivalent weight factor of economic value of ecosystem services of China,and the economic value of food production per hectare was supplied by cropland ecosystem and landuse situation in 1990 and 2000.The results showed that the economic value of ecosystem services in Mangcuo Lake drainage basin was 3.10?10⁹yuan穣r.^-1 in 2000, and 3.05?10⁹yuan穣r.^-1 in1990, and the decreased quantity was 4.71?10⁷yuan穣r.^-1 .At the same time,the causes of the change of ecosystem services were discussed.

Fractal properties of the spatial pattern of rare and endangered plant populations in Houhe Nature Reserve in Hubei :Box-counting dimension

TIAN Yuqiang, LI Xin, JIANG Mingxi

2003, (5):  681-684. 

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The fractal properties of the spatial distribution pattern of 4 dominant plant populations and 7 rare and endangered plant populations were reflected through the box counting dimensions. The results showed that the box counting dimensions of 4 dominant populations ranged between1.346 and 1.414, and occupied relatively larger ecological spaces in the community. Camellia cuspidata population occupied the largest ecological space because of its biggest box counting dimensions. However, most of other populations occupied relatively smaller spaces due to their smaller values of the box counting dimensions. The box counting dimensions of 7 rare and endangered populations were smaller than1 except Dipteronia sinensis population. The inflexion scales of 11 populations covered the range from 5 m to 12.5 m.According to the self similarity o f the fractal,the distribution pattern types under certain scales larger than the inflexion scale could be inferred as similar,and the results partly proved the ideas.The populations of Diospyros lotus, Pterostyrax psilophyllus, Davidia involucrata, Tetracentron sinense and Aesculus wilsonii were changed at the inflexion scale,and other 6 populations had the same distribution pattern types despite of the scale changed.

Energy accumulation and allocation of main plant populations in Aneurolepidium chinense grassland in Songnen Plain

QU Guohui, WEN Mingzhang, GUO Jixun

2003, (5):  685-689. 

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The calorific value of plants is dependent on their biological characteristics and energy containing materials. The allocation of calorific value in different organs of Aneurolepidium chinense, Calamagrostic epigejos, Puccinellia tenuiflora and Chloris virgata was inflorescence> leaf> stem> dead standing. The seasonal dynamics of standing crop energy of aboveground part of four plant populations showed single peak curve,and the energy production was Aneurolepidium chinense>Calamagrostic epigejos> Chloris virgata >Puccinellia tenuiflora . Energy increasing rate showed double peak curve, with the first peak at heading stage and the second peak at matureing stage of seeds. Energy increasing rate was negative at the final stage of growth. The horizontal distribution of energy of aboveground part was that the allocation ratio of different organs at different growth stages was different.There existed a similar trend for vertical distribution of energy among four plant populations,i.e.,was the vertical distribution of energy of aboveground part showed a tower shape, with the maximum value in10～30 cm height.The vertical distribution of energy of underground part showed an inverted tower shape from soil surface to deeper layer,with the maximum value in0～10 cm depth. The standing crop energy of underground part was about 3～4 times than that of aboveground part.

Effect of potassium fertilization on the photosynthetic characteristics of the leaf of winter wheat population during its grain filling stage

QI Hua, YU Guirui, CHENG Yisong, WANG Jianlin

2003, (5):  690-694. 

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Six years field trials with or without potassium application showed that under potassium application,the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax),light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point (LCP) of the flag leaf of winter wheat during its grain filling stage increased, the apparent photon utilization efficiency(α) decreased, and the dark respiration rate (Rd) increased slightly. For the daily variation of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of winter wheat with and without potassium application, it appears a single peak curve, whether the weather condition was sunny or cloudy. "Stomatal factor" was the main cause of the decrease of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the beforenoon and afternoon of sunny days and in the whole day of cloudy days, while "non stomatal factor" was the main cause for the decrease of Pn around midday in sunny days.

Effects of long term application of nitrogen fertilizer on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence of upland winter wheat

ZHANG Leiming, SHANGGUAN Zhouping, MAO Mingce, YU Guirui

2003, (5):  695-698. 

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The effects of long term nitrogen fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence of winter wheat at its grain filling stage on Loess Plateau highland were studied.The results showed that the actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡreaction center (ФPSⅡ) was decreased with leaf water stress aggravated, while was increased by nitrogen supply.The ФPSⅡ of 0 kg·hm^-2,90 kg·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen treatments at noon were 0.197, 0.279 and 0.283, which decreased by 57.7%,56.4% and 40.2% compared to that of morning, respectively. While they were all resumed at afternoon, even it was higher, for 180 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen treatment, than that of morning. Maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching coefficient (qP),and non photochemical quenching coefficient (qNP) were also increased by nitrogen supply,showing that the light energy conversion efficiency,and potential activity of photosynthetic reaction center and the non photochemical dissipation of excess light energy, which resisted the damage on photosynthetic apparatus of environmental stress, were improved.No significant difference was found between 90 kg·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 Ntreatments,which indicated that excess nitrogen was not favorable to photosynthetic performance, and photosynthetic capacity was not improved in proportion with nitrogen supply.

Spatial characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in Inner Mongolia

CHEN Qingmei, WANG Shaoqiang, YU Guirui

2003, (5):  699-704. 

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Studies on the amount and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon/nitrogen in Inner Mongolia and their relationship to main climate factors showed that the content of soil organic carbon and nitrogen was 3.24～43.24 kg·m^-3 and 269.56～3085.60 g·m^-3,respectively, and the C/N ratio was about 4.46～17.13. The correlation between soil organic carbon/nitrogen and temperature was negative, and R was 0.557 and 0.460,respectively.Soil organic carbon/nitrogen had a weak positive correlation to precipitation, and Rwas 0.285 and 0.203. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen appeared a reducing trend with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation from northeast to southwest.

Factors influencing CH₄ emissions from a permanently flooded rice field during rice growing period

CAI Zucong, XIE Deti, XU Hua, WEI Chaofu, GAO Ming

2003, (5):  705-709. 

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Permanently flooded rice fields are the rice fields which emit the largest amount of CH₄ in China. A 6-years (1995～2000) measurement carried out in a permanently flooded rice field in Chongqing, China showed that draining floodwater in winter and planting upland crops,either winter wheat or rape,instead of fallow under flooded conditions not only stopped CH₄ emission during the winter season, but also mitigated CH₄ emission during following rice growing period. CH₄ emission could also be mitigated by ridge cultivation. By using the results obtained from 1998～2000, statistical analysis indicated a significant relationship between the mean CH₄ emission over the rice growing period and averaged soil moisture in winter season, which explained 56% of the variation of the CH₄ emissions among the years and treatments. The averaged soil moisture (0～20 cm) in winter season and soil temperature (5 cm) over the rice growing period explained 78% of the variation. The significance of soil moisture in winter season in CH₄ emission during the following rice growing period was further demonstrated by a lysimeter experiment. The relationships implied that the precipitation during non rice growing period, which dominates soil moisture at a large spatial scale, and the soil temperature during the rice growing period would be the main factors controlling the annual variation of CH₄ emissions from rice fields.

Effects of bagging on the fruit quality in Litchi chinensis fruit and pesticide residues in it

WANG Jianwu, CHEN Houbing, ZHOU Qiang, ZHANG Xinming

2003, (5):  710-712. 

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Different color bags were used to cover Litchi chinensis fruit to study the effects of bagging on its quality and pesticide residues . The results showed that bagging significantly improved the fruit color. Using bagging techniques, the Ⅰand Ⅱ class fruit was accounted for 57.87% to 81.57%, 30% higher than that of control, and the weight per fruit increased significantly.Among the color bags used,white bag was the best. When the end of the bag was opened, it was benefit for decease control, but not good for pest control. When the end of the bag was closed, it was good for pest control, but bad for decease control. Bagging had no effects on the taste of Litchi chinensis fruit, but might increase the residues of fenpropathrin and trichlorphon. More study should to be carried out to select the suitable pesticides accompanied with bagging techniques.

Optimum meteorological factors and climate divisions of apple for good quality

WEI Qinping, ZHANG Jixiang, MAO Zhiquan, LI Jiarui

2003, (5):  713-716. 

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The investigation and laboratory analysis were carried out for apple quality of Fuji, Jonagold and Starkrimson grown in various ecological and climate regions of China. Multiple statistical analysis, linear program and computer technology were used to obtain the optimum values and scheme of major meteorological factors affecting the quality components of different apple varieties. The cluster analysis results showed that it was suitable for apple of Fuji,Jonagold and Starkrimson growing in the Loess Plateau and Longdong,Gansu Province.Bohaiwan bay regions were suitable for apple of Fuji and Jonagold and Southwestern mountainous region were suitable for apple Starkrimson.Advantage qualifications and limiting factors in each climate divisions were also pointed out.

Dynamics of the pest and natural enemy communities in peach orchards

ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong, ZHOU Xiazhi, LI Lei, GAO Caiqiu, DING Chenchen

2003, (5):  717-720. 

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Investigations on structure of arthropod community in peach gardon were conducted with the principal component analysis,the optimal sorting method and fuzzy clustering analysis .The results showed that more obvious main factors and temporal patterns exist in the community.Dealing with the population dynamics of 55 species of arthropods by fuzzy clustering analysis and taking λ=047,we divided the community into four stages.The number of pests and their natural enemies was divided into three parts by the optimal sorting method.The dominant species of pests and their natural enemies were demonstrated by the principal component analysis.

Overwintering and size dynamic characters of Apis cerana cerana

YU Linsheng, HAN Shengming

2003, (5):  721-724. 

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A systematic observation and research was conducted on the overwintering and size dynamic characters of Apis cerana cerana at south and west mountaneous area of Anhui Province in1998～2003. The results showed that the center temperature of overwintering bee flock changed synchronously with the outside temperature. With the decrease of overwintering bee colony, its center temperature and relative humidity ranged widely,and stably descended. Overwintering flocks fed by old method had a high stability than that fed new one.Among overwintering bee bred in Autumn,the glands of work bee were in initial stage, the descending rate of colony was low,the bee colony kept in quiet,the forage consumption was small,and the colony kept in high stability.Cutting off offspring by imprisonment improved the quantity and quality of right age overwintering bee,and the age structure of each bee population was variable.Under new feeding method of Apis cerana cerana seasonal management,the skill of breeding right age overwintering bee flock and the cutting off offspring by imprisonment should be undertaken.

Effects of deltamethrin on pheromone perception in male Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis)

ZHOU Hongchun, DU Jiawei, HUANG Yongping

2003, (5):  725-729. 

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To investigate the effects of deltamethrin on male Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) to perceive sex pheromone, the electro physiolgical and behavioral response of topically treated male Asian corn borer to sex pheromone were tested with EAG sets and wind tunnel. The results showed that the summit response of male moths to varied ratios of pheromone blends was at E/Z=1/9,5/5 and 9/1, which was similar to that of control, but the EAG values were only 0.25mV to 0.45mV, which were significant lower than control by 0.15mVto 0.35 mV. The low threshold dose of pheromone for treated males to perception was 1ng, and the highest was 10000ng, which was also similar to control, but low by 0.1mVto 0.5mV in EAG values. This suggested that deltamethrin mainly affected the sensibility of peripheral reception system, while the preliminary recognition to the ratio of pheromone blends by peripheral reception system are not disturbed heavily. In wind tunnel test, a relative higher amount of males shifted to response to pheromone with E/Zratios of 7/3 from E/Z =1/1 of control males, and keep on response at this level to blends with more E1214:OAc. The lowest dosage of pheromone effectively elicited response of males also shifted from 10ng to 100ng, and the highest doses for response declined to about 50000ng from 100000ng of control, which might result in a narrower band of effective doses. It is suggested that the sublethal dosage of deltamethrin not only affected the sensibility of male moth to perceive the pheromone, but also affected the specificity of pheromone perception.

Identification of active components of sex pheromone for Sidemia depravata and field trapping

WEI Hong yi, DU Jiawei

2003, (5):  730-732. 

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(Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (A) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetracecadienylacetate (B) were found in sex pheromone gland extracts of female lawn grass cutworm(LGCW), Sidemia depravata,with single gland extract technique by gas chromatography. Field trapping tests were conducted in tall fescue fields in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province of eastern China. Baits containing components Aand Bin5 different ratios were tested in the fields for evaluating their attractiveness to male LGCW. Water pool traps with red septa containing5:5 and 6:4 of Aand Bcaught significantly more male LGCW than traps containing 9:1, 8:2 or 7:3 of Aand B.

Annalysis of genetic structure of Magnaporthe grisea in the fields of different rice varieties

HE Xiahong, YANG Jing, WANG Yunyue, ZHOU Huiping, CHEN Jianbin, LI Zuosen, LI Yan, ZHU Youyong

2003, (5):  733-736. 

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The DNAof 251 Magnaporthe grisea isolates from Shiping County, which originated from monoculture and mixture fields, was extracted and amplified by rep PCRwhich primer was from palindromes Pot2 of Magnaporthe grisea .The result showed that all isolates were amplified 9～17 DNAbands, the size was about from 400bp to 23kb, but mainly between5～10kb. 65% bands were polymorphism bands, and 35% were the same bands. Genetic structures of Magnaporthe grisea in the different rice varieties fields were compared by clustering analysis. The complexions of isolates genetic lineages were related to culture patterns. There were more genetic lineages in mixture field than in monoculture one. The dominant lineages were not distinct in mixture field. The result proved that biodiversity might provide a convincing basis for the steady selection of rice variety to pathogen.

Rice allelopathy to barnyardgrass

XU Zhenghao, YU Liuqing, ZHAO Ming

2003, (5):  737-740. 

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138 rice (Oryza sativa) germplasms were identified to study the allelopathy to barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus galli),using the relay seeding technique .The results showed that Qingkun2 from Jiangxi Province, Xiayitiao from Jiangsu Province,Jizaoxian from Anhui Province, Ganzaoxian37 from Jiangxi Province, Shangnuo 1, IR68465-2-3-2 from IRRI,and Shuiyuan2 from Korea had a strongly excellent inhibition effect on barnyardgrass. Results from pot culture showed that Gumei 2 and Zhong156 had a greater inhibitory effect than control, and allelopathic material TN1 had no significantly inhibition effect,compared to non allelopathic material Xiushui 63. The effect of Zhong156 was related to its plant height, and significant different from that of Xiushui 63.Gumei 2 had a stronger inhibition effect on barnyardgrass,due to its own allelopathic trait.

Comparing study on oviposition preference and host-selecting behavior of larvae of rice and water-oat population of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressulis

DAI Huaguo, SUN Lijuan, WANG Qin

2003, (5):  741-743. 

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The oviposition preference of female of rice and water oat population of rice stem borer was studied in the oviposition cage (1m?1m?0.8m) in laboratory. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the numbers and distributions of eggs laid by the two populations, but each population preferred to lay its non hatching ovum on the non host plant.The host selection behavior of larvae of two host populations was also investigated by Ytube olfactory. When the leaf or leaf shell of rice and water oat was provided to larvae of rice population in choice test, 4th and 6th instar larvae of rice population preferred rice leaf to water oat leaf and 2nd and 4th instar larvae preferred leaf shell of rice to leaf shell of water oat. When leaves of rice and water oat were provided to larvae of water oat population in choice test, except for 1st instar, each stadium of larvae preferred water oat leaf to rice leaf, and when leaf shells of rice and water oat were provided, all stadiums of larvae preferred leaf shell of water oat to leaf shell of rice. These results demonstrated that intraspecies differentiation between the two populations,and the specialization of water oat population of rice stem borer to host was higher than that of rice population.

Chemical composition of volatile oil from Chromolaena odorata and its effect on plant, fungi and insect growth

LING Bing, ZHANG Maoxin, KONG Chuihua, PANG Xiongfei, LIANG Guangwen

2003, (5):  744-746. 

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The volatile oil from C.odorata had a significant effect on the growth of plants, fungi and insects. The result showed that the seedling growth of five test plants was obviously inhibited,in the order of ryegrass>Chinese cabbage>radish>snap been>rice. The inhibitory effect of the oil at its middle concentration (800 mg·L^-1) for Pyricularia grisea was the strongest, the next was to Phytophthora nicotianae, and the weakest was to Fusarium oxysporum . The inhibitory percentage was 61.40%, 29.27% and 14.44%,respectively. The volatile oil from C. odorata at the dose of 10～20 μl·plant^-1 had a significant oviposition deterrent effect on Phyllotreta striolata and Plutella xylostella .The volatile oil from C.odorata was analyzed by GC/MS and thirty components were identified. Terpenoids compounds were major components of the volatile oil, such as trans caryophyllene (16.58 %),δ-cadinene (15.85 %), α-copaene (11.58%), caryophyllene oxide (9.63 %), germacrene D (4.96 %) and α-humulene (4.32 %).

Diversity patterns in intertidal communities of three southern islands of Changshan archipelago

ZHUANG Shuhong, CHEN Lixue, WANG Zunqing

2003, (5):  747-752. 

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The diversity pattern of intertidal communities in3 southern islands of Changshan archipelago were studied.The results showed that the community appearance and structure in rocky intertidal zones of 3 islands were regimented by dominant species Chthamalus challengeri, Ostrea spp., macro algae and Littorina brevicula,while in gravel intertidal zones of Southern Changshan and Daheishan regimented by Chthamalus challengeri, Littorina brevicula, Ostrea spp., and in Northern Changshan,by Chthamalus challengeri, macro algae and Gaetice depressus .There existed no obvious difference in community structures of rocky intertidal zones among3 islands, which was demonstrated by the similarity in first 5 dominant species and their dominance ranks in the community. However,a significant difference was achieved in gravel intertidal communities,in which, the dominant species in the community at Northern Changshan differed greatly from that of others. The community diversity in R, J, D_B, D_IV, H_B' and H_IV' in rocky intertidal communities among 3 islands showed a great coincidence, Northern Changshan> Southern Changshan>Daheishan, however,little coincident results weree found among gravel intertidal communities. It was found that there existed a higher community diversity in gravel intertidal communities at Daheishan and Southern Changshan than at Northern Changshan where existed the highest species evenness.The community diversity was generally higher in gravel intertidal communities than in rocky intertidal ones. The variation in community compositions, stuctures and diversities were resulted mainly from topographical heterogeneities, substratum heterogeneities, hydrodynamics, water eutrophication and human disturbance in intertidal zones.

Effects of food component and concentration on population growth, body size, and egg size of freshwater rotifer Brachionus rubens

GENG Hong, XI Yilong, HU Haoyuan

2003, (5):  753-756. 

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The effects of food component and concentration on the population growth, body size, and egg size of freshwater rotifer Brachionus rubens were studied using population accumulative culture method. The results showed that there were very significant effects of food component and concentration on the population growth rate, body volume and egg volume. Among three types of algal food, the population growth rate of rotifers fed with Chlorella pyrenoidosa was lowest,and that fed with Scenedesmus obliquus was the highest. Rotifers fed with C.pyrenoidosa,/i> had the smallest body volume, but there were no significant difference between the two others. The relationship between population growth rate and food concentrations was curvilinear, and it could be described as Y=-0.0040X²⁺0.0409X +0.4471.The body and egg volumes tended to be smaller,when the food concentrations were higher than 6.0?10⁶cells穖l^-1 and or lower than 3.0?10⁶cells穖l^-1 .

Vegetation state and soil enzyme activities of copper tailing yard on Tongguan mountain

WANG Youbao, LIU Dengyi, ZHANG Li, LI Ying, CHU Ling

2003, (5):  757-760. 

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From the open investigation and laboratory analysis, this paper studied the vegetation state and soil enzyme activities of copper tailing yard of Tongguan mountain. The results showed that there were 34 species of natural colonized plants on copper tailing yard, subordinated to 16 families and 33 genera, and regard herbs as principle, and many for 1～2 years old. The main families were compositae (10 species), gramineae (9 species) and legumineceae (2 species). Hippochaete ramosissimwn, which belonged to equisetaceae, had an significant dominant.There were some microcoenses such as Hippochaete ramosissimwn+ Imperata cylindraca community, Cynodon dactylon +Imperata cylindraca community and Phragmites australis community. But, the vegetation on copper tailing yard was distributed in spot piece and scattered mainly with single species .The activities of three soil enzymes had a stronger sensitivity to the vegetation state, and their relativity to the vegetation state was in order of urease >sucrase >catalase. It's suggested that urease activity could be used as an indicator index for the reclamation of wasteland.

Cu adsorption by phaeozem and burazem

YU Ying, ZHOU Qixing, WANG Xin, REN Liping

2003, (5):  761-765. 

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Studies on the thermodynamics and kinetics of copper (Cu²⁺) adsorption by phaeozem and burozem showed that that the adsorption of Cu²⁺ by these two soils was increased with the increasing concentration of Cu²⁺ within the range of Cu²⁺ concentrations used in the experiment, but the amount of Cu²⁺ adsorbed and fixed on phaeozem was much higher than that on burozem. When the test Cu²⁺ concentration in adsorption equilibrium was 95mg·kg^-1,its adsorption by burozem was nearly 3720mg·kg^-1, whereas by phaeozem was as high as 6076mg·kg^-1 . Under the highest CuCl₂ treatment of 400mg·kg^-1, Cu²⁺ adsorbed by phaeozem and burozem was 6159.0mg·kg^-1 and 4736.6mg·kg^-1,respectively .The adsorption of Cu²⁺ by the soils could significantly conform to the Freundlich and Temkin equation,while Langmuir equation was not applicable to describe the isothermal adsorption processes of Cu²⁺ by the two soils. The adsorption of Cu²⁺ by the test soils was very rapid, which could reach its balance after 15～20 min. The adsorption within the first 2 min at its beginning stage accounted for 90% of the Cu equilibrium adsorption. The adsorptive rate of Cu²⁺ by phaeozem was decreased more quickly than that by burozem with the time. The two constant equation was the optimal model to describe the adsorption of Cu²⁺ . The other models in point were first order dynamic equations and Elovich equations, whereas parabolic diffusion equations were not suitable ones.

Effects of livestock wastewater on seedlings of two mangrove species

YE Yong, TAM N. F. Y, LU Changyi

2003, (5):  766-770. 

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Effects of livestock wastewater on growth and physiology of seedlings of two mangrove species (Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) in greenhouse pot cultivation systems were studied under different salinity conditions. In terms of stem height, stem basal diameter, leaf production, maximum leaf area and relative growth rate, livestock wastewater enhanced the growth of Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza . The effects of salinity and livestock wastewater on biomass partitioning were significant for Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, but not for Kandelia candel.Under livestock wastewater application,the chlorophyll a and b contents of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves increased,but the electric conductance had no significant variation.Wastewater increased the leaf electric conductance of Kandelia candel, but had no significant effects on its chlorophyll a and b contents.Under the two salinity conditions, there was no significant difference in root activity of both species. The POXactivity increased in the stem and root of Kandelia candel under the two salinity conditions, while decreased in the root of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza under freshwater condition,and increased under seawater condition. The SODactivity of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza decreased, but for Kandelia candel,it had no significant change.

Assessment of eco climatic suitability and climate change impacts of/on broad leaved Korean pine forest in Northeast China

WU Zhengfang

2003, (5):  771-775. 

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Based on growing degree days (GDD) and potential evapotranspiration ratio (PER), the temperature water effect function (f(GDD, PER)) was established and the assessment of eco climatic suitability and climate change impacts of/on broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China was studied. The results showed that the present distribution area of broad leaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China was 39.99km², which included the optimum distribution area 7.13 km², suitable area 12.27km²,and marginal area 20.59 km². Under GISSand OSUclimate change scenarios, the climate of Northeast China changed to warming and dry in some degree. Under this tendency, the distribution area of broad leaved Korean pine forests would be reduced,and the eco climatic suitability would be declined.

Effect of exogenous selenium on soybean yield and its total N and P contents and on soil enzyme activities

DONG Guanghui, CHEN Lijun, WU Zhijie, XIAO Shisheng, CHEN Li, LEI Enchun

2003, (5):  776-780. 

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Based on pot experiment with black soil,the effects of various concentrations and various valence of exogenous selenium on soybean yield and its Nand Pcontents and on soil enzyme activities were studied. The results showed that applying0.25μg·g^-1 soil and 0.5μg·g^-1 soil of both Se⁴⁺ and Se⁶⁺ could increase soybean yield and its Ncontent and promote soil urease activity, but decrease the Pcontent of soybean and soil phosphatase activity. When the concentration of Se⁶⁺ was 0.5μg·g^-1 soil, there was a significantly parabola relationship between the Ncontent of soybean and soil urease activity; and when the concentration of Se⁶⁺ was 0.25μg·g^-1 soil, there was a significantly parabola relationship between the Pcontent of soybean and soil phosphatase activity. There were no significant relationships between the Nand Pcontents of soybean and the activities of test soil enzymes when Se⁴⁺ was applied.

Effects of different P sources on phosphatase activity of mycorrhizosphere of red clover inoculated with AMF

SONG Yongchun, FENG Gu, LI Xiaolin

2003, (5):  781-784. 

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Experiments were carried out to study the effects of Psources on phosphatase activity of rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere of red clover inoculated with Glomus mosseae, and cultural system with three compartments was applied.The plants were harvested after 8 weeks,and measured for dry weight and Pcontents as well as soil phosphatase activity of root and hyphal compartment. The results showed that acid phosphatase activity was higher than alkaline phosphatase activity, and both of them were increased slightly after inoculation, especially supplied with organic phosphorus (Na phytate). Acid phosphatase activity was higher than alkaline phosphatase in the mycorrhizosphere of all inoculated treatments.The dry weight, Pcontent and total Puptake of the plants increased significantly after inoculating mycorrhizal fungus.The amount of Puptake by hyphae accounted for 43.1% of total Puptake of plants under appling KH₂PO₄, while the value was 60.8% under appling Na phytate.

Allelopathic effect of p-and m-hydroxy phenylacetic acid on soybean (Glycine max L.) germination

RUAN Weibin, LIU Mohan, HUANG Bin, YAN Fei, WANG Jingguo, GAO Yubao

2003, (5):  785-788. 

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In present work the p hydroxy phenylacetic acid (PHPA) and m hydroxy phenylacetic acid(MHPA)in rhizospheric soil solutions and decomposed root residues were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC), and their effects on soybean germination at the level of 0,30,60,150,300 and 600 mg·kg^-1, on melting temperature of DNA at the level of 600 mg·kg^-1 and on cytoplasm protein patterns at the level of 0,30,150,300 mg·kg^-1 were also studied. PHPA and MHPA were detected in decomposed products of root residue and soil solutions collected from rhizosphere in which soil sickness was occurred, but not detected in soil on which soybean rotated with wheat. The standard samples of PHPA and MHPA were used for bioassay in Petri dish. The main root length and lateral root number of soybean were seriously reduced, even at the level of 30 mg·L^-1 . Soybean germination and root growth were retarded seriously by MHPA,in contrast with PHPA.At the level of 600 mg·kg^-1,the melting temperature (Tm) of soybean DNAwas increased sharply from 77℃ to 84.5 ℃ with PHPA,and from 77℃ to 88.5℃ with MHPA. Tm was affected markly by MHPA,compared to PHPA, and the result was consistent with that of bioassay. The cytoplasm protein patterns of soybean leaves were obtained from SDS PAGE,showing several low weight molecular proteins were affected, especially on 16.1kD and 20.2kD. The results implied that PHPA and MHPA had allelopathic effect on soybean,and might have a role in soil sickness of soybean.

Performance of a novel combined flocculant HECES

ZHANG Kaisong, ZHOU Qixing, WEI Shuhe, REN Liping

2003, (5):  789-793. 

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Combined flocculants with higher environmental safty and lower ecological risk are urgently required in the process of water and wastewater treatment. HECES, a kind of flocculants with high effect and high ecological safety was synthesized by natural and biodegradable polysaccharide starch of corn and inorganic aluminium salt. Flocculent performance includes sediment character and turbidity removal rate. The jar test results showed that the flocculent performance of HECES with the dose of 3.0mg·L^-1 was prior to the combined adding4.5 mg·L^-1 PAC and 1.0 mg·L^-1 PAM in treating kaolin suspensions. The optimal concentration of HECES was 8.0 mg·L^-1 and 4.0 mg·L^-1 in treating domestic wastewater and municipal effluent respectively, with the comparison to 50% an40% of PAC, the removal rate of turbidity reached 95% and 99%, respectively. It was also identified that the optimal concentration required to effect flocculation depended on kaolin concentration,and on the character of the wastewater within the range examined. It could be more effective to treat wastewater with higher concentration of HECES. The flocculating performance would be better at pH 4.0～9.5.The superior ecological safety of HECES was due to its lower dosage and its lower concentration of residual activated aluminium.

Effects of magnetized soil on physiological and biochemical indexes of Brassica napus seedlings

GU Jiguang, ZHOU Qixing

2003, (5):  794-796. 

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Nitrate reductase, peroxidase, water-soluble sugars, root vitality and total biomass of Brassica napus seedlings were investigated with soil after magnetization treatment. The results showed that nitrate reductase activity was increased by 10.76% after 200 mTtreatment.The contents of water-soluble sugars were increased by 11.05% and root vitality by 26.40 % for 300 and 100 mT treatments, respectively. Total biomass also showed a trend of increase as the magnetization increased. The highest biomass of the above-ground parts was achieved at 300mT, which was 13.28% higher than that of control. In addition, total biomass of below-ground parts was the highest at 200mT, which was 13.17% higher than that of control,and the ratio of below-ground to above ground parts decreased by 10.00%, suggesting that the overall environmental quality of the soil was improved significantly.

Error analysis of estimating terrestrial soil organic carbon storage in China

WANG Shaoqiang, LIU Jiyuan, YU Guirui

2003, (5):  797-802. 

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The paper summarizes different estimating methods of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage including methods of soil taxonomy, vegetation types, Holdridge zones, correlative relationship and modeling. The error analysis of SOCcalculation was introduced. Based on second national soil survey 2473 soil profiles, adopting soil taxonomy method and two kinds of SOCdensity, the terrestrial SOC storage in China was estimated. The range of SOC storage in China is between 615.19 and 1211.37×10¹⁴ g and the average SOCdensity is between 10.49～10.53 kg·m^-2 (for average soil depth of 100cm) or 11.52～12.04 kg·m^-3 (for average soil depth of 88cm). Through estimation and error analysis, the average SOC storage is about 913.28±298.09×10¹⁴ g and the uncertainty is among 20%～50%. Results showed that the differences of SOC estimation and sampling methods are important factors of SOCestimating uncertainties.

Approaches to evaluate the effects of hydraulic engineering on river ecosystem services

LU Chunxia, XIE Gaodi, CHENG Shengkui, YU Guirui

2003, (5):  803-807. 

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To evaluate the effects of hydraulic engineering on river ecosystem services,a set of indictor system and quantitative methods, which included the appraisal principles, classification of river services and indictor selection were established.The river ecosystem services could be classified into four types:water supply and related services (e.g.,transportation and hydroelectric generation),ecological supporting functions, regulation and control, and aesthetic and cultural services. Based on relative studies, the quantitative approaches were established to measure the indices reflecting the ecological effects of hydraulic engineering involving the change of biodiversity and purification services. The methods mainly contained exponent methods and BOD DOmodel. These approaches will be helpful for further analysis and assessment on the effects of hydraulic engineering impact on river ecosystem services.

An overview on theoretic research of high efficient water use in agriculture

DU Yaodong, SONG Lili, LIU Zuoxin

2003, (5):  808-812. 

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High efficient water use in agriculture includes water-saving irrigation and dryland farming, its core being to increase use efficiency and benefit of natural precipitation and irrigation. Each of measurement methods of field evapotranspiration has its advantages and disadvantages. Modified Penman and Penman-Monteith formulae were recommended to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration by FAO one after another. Jensen and Blank models had a wide use in crop water production function. Recent achievements of appropriate soil moisture and lower limit of soil drought indices provided an important basis of soil physics for agricultural water supply of low quota.The influencing sequence of water stress on different physiological processes correlated with yield formation was in order of cell stretch>stoma movement>transpiration>photosynthesis>matter transfer. Non-severe drought could facilitate matter transfer. Field irrigation research has turn to deficit irrigation, regulated deficit irrigation and controlled alternative irrigation from traditional full irrigation. In the future, such researches as interfaces, soil water dynamics, biological water-saving and water stress would be deeply conducted in high efficient water use theory in agriculture.

Physicochemical changes and maturity evaluation of solid organic waste compost

HUANG Guofeng, ZHONG Liuju, ZHANG Zhentian, WU Qitang

2003, (5):  813-818. 

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Composting is one of the most effective ways for recycling of organic solid waste. Various characteristics of different kinds of organic solid waste cause various physicochemical changes during composting, as well as the different composting conditions. Stability and maturity evaluation are the measurement for compost quality and the safe guarantee for its agricultural utilization. Stability evaluation of compost focuses on the impacts to environment after its agricultural utilization, while maturity evaluation pays attention on the phytotoxicity to plant. Stability and maturity of compost are affected by several factors, such as the characteristics of raw materials, the composting condition, and so on. Stability could be assessed by compost temperature, color, evolution rate of CO₂, consumption rate of O₂, content of NO₃^--N and quantities of pathogen, etc. Temperature was suggested to be one of the most convenient parameters for stability evaluation. Maturity could be assessed by various parameters, including the chemical, biological, and phytotoxical parameters. Seed germination index, as the phytotoxical parameter, was recommended to be one of the most convenient and reliable parameters of maturity evaluation.

Mechanisms of plant disease resistance induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

HUANG Jinhua, LUO Shiming, ZENG Rensen

2003, (5):  819-822. 

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In recent years,the induced disease resistance of plant by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) has become a hot spot in chemo ecological study and in biocontrol of plant disease. There were many reports indicating that AMF had antagonistic function to soilborne disease pathogen,or could suppress the growth of pathogen,and increase the resistance or tolerance of mycorrhizal plants to soilborne disease. In mycorrhizosphere,there are interactions among microbial community,in which,AMF could suppress the growth of pathogen and promote the growth of beneficial microbe. Thus,AMF may use as biocontrol fungi with other antagonism microbe. There were several hypotheses about the mechanisms of the increased resistance in mycorrhizal plants:(1) improvement of plant nutrient status; (2) competition;(3)changed roots morphology and structure ; (4) changed microbial flora in rhizosphere; (5)induced resistance or systematic resistance in plant. After colonized by AMF,phenolic compounds accumulate in plant,and local defense response or systemic defense response occurs. It is necessary to do intensive research on the mechanisms of increased resistance in mycorrhizal plants,because it may help us understand the function of disease resistance of mycorrhiza correctly,and let us use AMF as a new biocontrol method to control soilborne disease in eco agriculture in the near future.

Advances of research on combined pollution in soil-plant systems

GUO Guanlin, ZHOU Qixing

2003, (5):  823-828. 

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The research on combined pollution in soil-plant systems is a scientific frontier of pollution ecology,and has an important significance in ecological safety of agricultural environment. The origin of combined pollution as a conception and its connotation development were reviewed. Types of combined pollution occurred in soil-plant systems and relevant progresses in this area were summarized. Ecological effects resulted from combined pollution of soil-plant systems and their quantificational tokens were expounded. The interactions of heavy metal organic pollutant and organic pollutant pathogenic microorganisms were pointed out to be important combined pollution in soil-plant systems, and the studies on the interactions, sub products and their aged process,and moletoxicology mechanism of multi pollutants were suggested to be the future keystone contents in this area. Meanwhile, the prospective studies on the methods and application of the results of combined pollution were put forward to provide a support for the warning and remediation of soil pollution.

Molecular biological study on the action mechanism of rice allelochemicals against weeds

XU Zhenghao, GUO Deping, YU Liuqing, ZHAO Ming, ZHANG Xu, LI Di, ZHENG Kangle, YE Yuanlin

2003, (5):  829-833. 

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Rice allelopathy is implemented through its release of allelochemicals to environment.Many researchers considered that rice allelochemicals were phenolics. The action mechanisms of rice against weeds allelochemicals included the inhibition of seed germination and emergence, the effect on the balance of hormones, the damage on the integrity of cell membrane systems, the effect on photosynthesis and respiration, the disturbance of nutrient and water uptake and the effect on the protein synthesis and gene expression. Rice allelopathy is controlled by polygenes, and inherited quantitatively.Several QTLs were identified by the methods of molecular biological techniques and allelopathic bioassay. It might be the important research work to locate the QTLs accurately and to clone the allelopathic genes with the method of marker assisted selection and the near isogenic lines.

On the chitin digestive bacteria from larval gut of Eriocheir sinensis

XUE Junzeng, WU Huixian

2003, (5):  834-836. 

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The foregut,mid gut and hind gut of Eriocheir sinensis from the first Zoea to Megalopa were dissected under asepsis condition. Bacteria were separated by plate culture after liquid medium culture. Achitin digestive bacterium was separated from the first Zoea foregut. The chitin digestive bacteria weren't founded in the same experiment from the second Zoea to Megalopa. The chitin digestive bacteria showed roundness, protuberance, glassy humid, margin regular, milk yellow, aerotolerant anaerobe,and growing intently surrounding the chitin on the plate culture medium. The chitin could promote the growth rate of some digestive bacteria in larval gut of the crab.

Ecosystem productivity process model for landscape based on remote sensing and surface data

ZHANG Na, YU Guirui, ZHAO Shidong, YU Zhenliang

2003, (5):  643-652. 

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In this paper,the a ecosystem productivity process model for landscape (EPPML) reflecting carbon and water cycles of system was described and discussed. In EPPML, leaf area index (LAI) that greatly influenced vegetation productivity was received from remote sensing images,the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of net primary productivity (NPP) and evapotranspiration were simulated.Geographical information system (GIS) was used to process, analyze, and display spatial data. Thus, the studies on physiological ecology could be extended,and converted from small scale to larger scale. Using EPPML,the vegetation productivity in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve in1995 was simulated. EPPML could well and truly simulate the NPP of main vegetations in the natural reserve. NPP was estimated to be 0.680 kg C穖^-2 穣r.^-1, mostly ranging from 0.105 to 1.241 kg C穖^-2 穣r.^-1, accounting for 82.1%. The highest NPP (1.084 kg C穖^-2 穣r^-1) appeared in mixed broad leaved and Korean pine forests. The total NPP was estimated to be 1.332?10⁶tC穣r^-1 . The highest total NPP appeared in mixed broad leaved and Korean pine forests and spruce fir forest, which were 0.540?10⁶tC穣r.^-1 and 0.428?10⁶tC穣r.^-1,respectively . The seasonal variation of NPPappeared obvious single peak with peak value in July (6.13 g C穖^-2 穌^-1). The most NPP accumulated in the summer, which was 0.465 kg C穖^-2, secondly in the spring,and least in the winter.

Simulation of temporal-spatial variation characteristics of surface runoff in Changbai Mountain based on process model for landscape scale

ZHANG Na, YU Guirui, YU Zhenliang, ZHAO Shidong

2003, (5):  653-658. 

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The seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution characteristics of surface runoff in Changbai Mountain simulated by the process model (EPPML),and the relationships between surface runoff and environmental conditions were analyzed.The results showed that the seasonal variation of surface runoff in Changbai Mountain presented obvious three peak pattern, i.e.,the lowest values in June and September, peak values in August (2.58 mm穌^-1), similar to that of soil water content. Total trend of surface runoff for different vegetations in the growing season was in order of grass and shrub > coniferous forest > broad leaved forest > mixed broad leaved and Korean pine forest, highly correlated to LAI.Annual surface runoff in1995 was estimated to be 0.203 m穣r.^-1, mostly ranging from 0.0 to 0.246穖穣r.^-1, accounting for 69.3%. The trend of spatially increasing annual surface runoff along with increasing altitude was obvious. The maximum annual surface runoff appeared in alpine grass (0.619 m穣r.^-1), minimum in mixed broad leaved and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest (0.081 m穣r.^-1), others being alpine tundra, Betula ermanii forest, meadow, shrub, mixed spruce (Picea asperata) and fir (Abies nephrolepis) forest, Changbai larch (Larix olgensis) forest and broad leaved forest. Vegetation and environmental conditions controlled the main trend of the spatial distribution of annual surface runoff in Changbai Mountain. There was very strong negative exponential correlativity between annual surface runoff and LAI (R²= 0.857). The more LAI, the more literfall, the more precipitation intercepted by litter, thus, the less surface runoff. Annual surface runoff was highly negatively correlated with air temperature and total solar radiation (R² being0.965 and 0.836 respectively), however, it was highly positively correlated with precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed (R² being more than 0.950). And annual surface runoff was also strongly correlated to soil characteristics.

Analysis on factors affecting net primary productivity distribution in Changbai Mountain based on process model for landscape scale

ZHANG Na, YU Guirui, YU Zhenliang, ZHAO Shidong

2003, (5):  659-664. 

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Based on the data received from remote sensing images,the spatial distribution of annual net primary productivity (NPP) was simulated by the process model (EPPML), and the relationships between annual NPP and environmental conditions were analyzed.The results showed that NPPin1995 was 0.680 kg C·m^-2 ·yr.^-1, mostly ranging from 0.105 to 1.241 kg C·m^-2 ·yr.^-1, accounting for 82.1%. The highest NPP (1.084 kg C·m^-2 ·yr.^-1) appears in mixed broad leaved and Korean pine forest. Environmental conditions decide the main trend of the spatial distribution of annual NPP (Carbon) in Changbai Mountain. Soil water content had a negative correlativity with NPP, and the correlation coefficient (R) was -0.65.Therefore, water was sufficient for the growth of plants in Changbai Mountain. NPP was highly correlated with LAI (R=0.81). When LAI was greater than 4～5 m²·m^-2, NPPbecame saturated. NPP was also highly correlated with canopy transpiration (R=0.77). The response of NPP on environmental conditions, LAIand canopy transpiration in Betula ermanii and broad leaved forests were different from those in other vegetation.

Light environment characteristics of forest gap in deciduous broad leaved forest and its effects on growth features of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Jianghuai watershed

WEI Chaoling, SUN Qixiang, PENG Zhenhua, YAN Dawei

2003, (5):  665-670. 

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The daily total light intensity, various wave band light intensities, spectrum composition, and the growth characteristics and total saponia content of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in forest gap and under forest were studied in deciduous forest (Liquidambar formosana) in Jianghuai watershed. The results showed that the intensities of full wavelength daily total light, blue light(400～510 nm), yellow green light(510～610 nm), red orange light (610～720 nm)and near infrared light(720～1100 nm) in forest gap were higher than those under forest.The intensities and spectra compositions of blue light and red orange light in forest gaps were significantly higher than those under forest. Additionally, the differences between those in forest gap and under forest varied seasonally. The relative intensity of blue light in April, July and October in forest gap was 8.32%～28.83%,30.00%～579.17% and 6.70%～88.74% more than those under forest,respectively,and that of red orange light in April, July and October in forest gap was 8.72%～28.83%,30.19%～502.69%,6.76%～91.57% more than those under forest,respectively.The spectrum composition of blue light in forest gap in these 3 months was 5.76%,33.14% and 17.29% higher than those under forest,respectively, and that of red orange light in forest gap in these 3 months was 5.04%,53.34% and 10.23% higher than those under forest,respectively. The net photosynthetic rate, total dry matter weight, and total saponia content of Gynostemma pentaphyllum growing in forest gap were higher than those under forest. Gynostemma pentaphyllum growing in forest gap had more dry matter distributed in stem.The results could be available to utilize the light environment of deciduous broad leaved forest and further building comprehensive management model of Gynostemma pentaphyllum in Jianghuai watershed zone.

GIS and RS determination of abiotic range of forest landscape distribution in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve

CHANG Yu, BU Rencang, HU Yuanman, XU Chonggang, WANG Qingli

2003, (5):  671-675. 

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Based on landscape classification of remote sensing data and spatial expression of environmental factors, the abiotic ranges of forest landscape distribution in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve were determined by using GIS. The results showed that the optimum elevation range of tundra, mountain birch forest, evergreen coniferous forest, and broad leaved Korean pine forest were 1780～2212 m, 1705～1956 m, 1042～1625 m, and 823～1184 m, respectively. The corresponding optimum annual average temperature ranges were 4.75～ 2.40℃,- 3.42 ～-2.07℃, -1.49～1.39℃, and 0.71～2.37℃, and the optimum ranges of annual precipitation were 1034～1110mm, 1014～1060mm, 883～1017mm, and 824～925mm, respectively. The forest landscapes in Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve were mainly distributed in flat and gentle areas. This distribution pattern was closely related to aspect. Tundra was almost evenly present in various aspects. In northern and northwestern direction, most forest landscapes were distributed, including mountain birch forest, evergreen coniferous forest, broad leaved Korean pine forest, aspen and Betula forest. Most larch forest was in favor of northeastern direction with small amount facing eastern and northern way. Sparse forest briefly occupied west aspect with some orienting in southwest, northwest and south, while all wind thrown areas were facing west, southwest and northwest aspects.

Economic value of ecosystem services in Mangcuo Lake drainage basin

XIAO Yu, XIE Gaodi, AN Kai

2003, (5):  676-680. 

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In this article,the economic value of ecosystem services in Mangcuo Lake drainage basin was estimated with the table of equivalent weight factor of economic value of ecosystem services of China,and the economic value of food production per hectare was supplied by cropland ecosystem and landuse situation in 1990 and 2000.The results showed that the economic value of ecosystem services in Mangcuo Lake drainage basin was 3.10?10⁹yuan穣r.^-1 in 2000, and 3.05?10⁹yuan穣r.^-1 in1990, and the decreased quantity was 4.71?10⁷yuan穣r.^-1 .At the same time,the causes of the change of ecosystem services were discussed.

Fractal properties of the spatial pattern of rare and endangered plant populations in Houhe Nature Reserve in Hubei :Box-counting dimension

TIAN Yuqiang, LI Xin, JIANG Mingxi

2003, (5):  681-684. 

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The fractal properties of the spatial distribution pattern of 4 dominant plant populations and 7 rare and endangered plant populations were reflected through the box counting dimensions. The results showed that the box counting dimensions of 4 dominant populations ranged between1.346 and 1.414, and occupied relatively larger ecological spaces in the community. Camellia cuspidata population occupied the largest ecological space because of its biggest box counting dimensions. However, most of other populations occupied relatively smaller spaces due to their smaller values of the box counting dimensions. The box counting dimensions of 7 rare and endangered populations were smaller than1 except Dipteronia sinensis population. The inflexion scales of 11 populations covered the range from 5 m to 12.5 m.According to the self similarity o f the fractal,the distribution pattern types under certain scales larger than the inflexion scale could be inferred as similar,and the results partly proved the ideas.The populations of Diospyros lotus, Pterostyrax psilophyllus, Davidia involucrata, Tetracentron sinense and Aesculus wilsonii were changed at the inflexion scale,and other 6 populations had the same distribution pattern types despite of the scale changed.

Energy accumulation and allocation of main plant populations in Aneurolepidium chinense grassland in Songnen Plain

QU Guohui, WEN Mingzhang, GUO Jixun

2003, (5):  685-689. 

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The calorific value of plants is dependent on their biological characteristics and energy containing materials. The allocation of calorific value in different organs of Aneurolepidium chinense, Calamagrostic epigejos, Puccinellia tenuiflora and Chloris virgata was inflorescence> leaf> stem> dead standing. The seasonal dynamics of standing crop energy of aboveground part of four plant populations showed single peak curve,and the energy production was Aneurolepidium chinense>Calamagrostic epigejos> Chloris virgata >Puccinellia tenuiflora . Energy increasing rate showed double peak curve, with the first peak at heading stage and the second peak at matureing stage of seeds. Energy increasing rate was negative at the final stage of growth. The horizontal distribution of energy of aboveground part was that the allocation ratio of different organs at different growth stages was different.There existed a similar trend for vertical distribution of energy among four plant populations,i.e.,was the vertical distribution of energy of aboveground part showed a tower shape, with the maximum value in10～30 cm height.The vertical distribution of energy of underground part showed an inverted tower shape from soil surface to deeper layer,with the maximum value in0～10 cm depth. The standing crop energy of underground part was about 3～4 times than that of aboveground part.

Effect of potassium fertilization on the photosynthetic characteristics of the leaf of winter wheat population during its grain filling stage

QI Hua, YU Guirui, CHENG Yisong, WANG Jianlin

2003, (5):  690-694. 

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Six years field trials with or without potassium application showed that under potassium application,the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax),light saturation point (LSP) and light compensation point (LCP) of the flag leaf of winter wheat during its grain filling stage increased, the apparent photon utilization efficiency(α) decreased, and the dark respiration rate (Rd) increased slightly. For the daily variation of net photosynthetic rate(Pn) of winter wheat with and without potassium application, it appears a single peak curve, whether the weather condition was sunny or cloudy. "Stomatal factor" was the main cause of the decrease of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the beforenoon and afternoon of sunny days and in the whole day of cloudy days, while "non stomatal factor" was the main cause for the decrease of Pn around midday in sunny days.

Effects of long term application of nitrogen fertilizer on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence of upland winter wheat

ZHANG Leiming, SHANGGUAN Zhouping, MAO Mingce, YU Guirui

2003, (5):  695-698. 

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The effects of long term nitrogen fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence of winter wheat at its grain filling stage on Loess Plateau highland were studied.The results showed that the actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡreaction center (ФPSⅡ) was decreased with leaf water stress aggravated, while was increased by nitrogen supply.The ФPSⅡ of 0 kg·hm^-2,90 kg·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen treatments at noon were 0.197, 0.279 and 0.283, which decreased by 57.7%,56.4% and 40.2% compared to that of morning, respectively. While they were all resumed at afternoon, even it was higher, for 180 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen treatment, than that of morning. Maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching coefficient (qP),and non photochemical quenching coefficient (qNP) were also increased by nitrogen supply,showing that the light energy conversion efficiency,and potential activity of photosynthetic reaction center and the non photochemical dissipation of excess light energy, which resisted the damage on photosynthetic apparatus of environmental stress, were improved.No significant difference was found between 90 kg·hm^-2 and 180 kg·hm^-2 Ntreatments,which indicated that excess nitrogen was not favorable to photosynthetic performance, and photosynthetic capacity was not improved in proportion with nitrogen supply.

Spatial characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in Inner Mongolia

CHEN Qingmei, WANG Shaoqiang, YU Guirui

2003, (5):  699-704. 

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Studies on the amount and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon/nitrogen in Inner Mongolia and their relationship to main climate factors showed that the content of soil organic carbon and nitrogen was 3.24～43.24 kg·m^-3 and 269.56～3085.60 g·m^-3,respectively, and the C/N ratio was about 4.46～17.13. The correlation between soil organic carbon/nitrogen and temperature was negative, and R was 0.557 and 0.460,respectively.Soil organic carbon/nitrogen had a weak positive correlation to precipitation, and Rwas 0.285 and 0.203. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen appeared a reducing trend with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation from northeast to southwest.

Factors influencing CH₄ emissions from a permanently flooded rice field during rice growing period

CAI Zucong, XIE Deti, XU Hua, WEI Chaofu, GAO Ming

2003, (5):  705-709. 

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Permanently flooded rice fields are the rice fields which emit the largest amount of CH₄ in China. A 6-years (1995～2000) measurement carried out in a permanently flooded rice field in Chongqing, China showed that draining floodwater in winter and planting upland crops,either winter wheat or rape,instead of fallow under flooded conditions not only stopped CH₄ emission during the winter season, but also mitigated CH₄ emission during following rice growing period. CH₄ emission could also be mitigated by ridge cultivation. By using the results obtained from 1998～2000, statistical analysis indicated a significant relationship between the mean CH₄ emission over the rice growing period and averaged soil moisture in winter season, which explained 56% of the variation of the CH₄ emissions among the years and treatments. The averaged soil moisture (0～20 cm) in winter season and soil temperature (5 cm) over the rice growing period explained 78% of the variation. The significance of soil moisture in winter season in CH₄ emission during the following rice growing period was further demonstrated by a lysimeter experiment. The relationships implied that the precipitation during non rice growing period, which dominates soil moisture at a large spatial scale, and the soil temperature during the rice growing period would be the main factors controlling the annual variation of CH₄ emissions from rice fields.

Effects of bagging on the fruit quality in Litchi chinensis fruit and pesticide residues in it

WANG Jianwu, CHEN Houbing, ZHOU Qiang, ZHANG Xinming

2003, (5):  710-712. 

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Different color bags were used to cover Litchi chinensis fruit to study the effects of bagging on its quality and pesticide residues . The results showed that bagging significantly improved the fruit color. Using bagging techniques, the Ⅰand Ⅱ class fruit was accounted for 57.87% to 81.57%, 30% higher than that of control, and the weight per fruit increased significantly.Among the color bags used,white bag was the best. When the end of the bag was opened, it was benefit for decease control, but not good for pest control. When the end of the bag was closed, it was good for pest control, but bad for decease control. Bagging had no effects on the taste of Litchi chinensis fruit, but might increase the residues of fenpropathrin and trichlorphon. More study should to be carried out to select the suitable pesticides accompanied with bagging techniques.

Optimum meteorological factors and climate divisions of apple for good quality

WEI Qinping, ZHANG Jixiang, MAO Zhiquan, LI Jiarui

2003, (5):  713-716. 

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The investigation and laboratory analysis were carried out for apple quality of Fuji, Jonagold and Starkrimson grown in various ecological and climate regions of China. Multiple statistical analysis, linear program and computer technology were used to obtain the optimum values and scheme of major meteorological factors affecting the quality components of different apple varieties. The cluster analysis results showed that it was suitable for apple of Fuji,Jonagold and Starkrimson growing in the Loess Plateau and Longdong,Gansu Province.Bohaiwan bay regions were suitable for apple of Fuji and Jonagold and Southwestern mountainous region were suitable for apple Starkrimson.Advantage qualifications and limiting factors in each climate divisions were also pointed out.

Dynamics of the pest and natural enemy communities in peach orchards

ZOU Yunding, BI Shoudong, ZHOU Xiazhi, LI Lei, GAO Caiqiu, DING Chenchen

2003, (5):  717-720. 

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Investigations on structure of arthropod community in peach gardon were conducted with the principal component analysis,the optimal sorting method and fuzzy clustering analysis .The results showed that more obvious main factors and temporal patterns exist in the community.Dealing with the population dynamics of 55 species of arthropods by fuzzy clustering analysis and taking λ=047,we divided the community into four stages.The number of pests and their natural enemies was divided into three parts by the optimal sorting method.The dominant species of pests and their natural enemies were demonstrated by the principal component analysis.

Overwintering and size dynamic characters of Apis cerana cerana

YU Linsheng, HAN Shengming

2003, (5):  721-724. 

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A systematic observation and research was conducted on the overwintering and size dynamic characters of Apis cerana cerana at south and west mountaneous area of Anhui Province in1998～2003. The results showed that the center temperature of overwintering bee flock changed synchronously with the outside temperature. With the decrease of overwintering bee colony, its center temperature and relative humidity ranged widely,and stably descended. Overwintering flocks fed by old method had a high stability than that fed new one.Among overwintering bee bred in Autumn,the glands of work bee were in initial stage, the descending rate of colony was low,the bee colony kept in quiet,the forage consumption was small,and the colony kept in high stability.Cutting off offspring by imprisonment improved the quantity and quality of right age overwintering bee,and the age structure of each bee population was variable.Under new feeding method of Apis cerana cerana seasonal management,the skill of breeding right age overwintering bee flock and the cutting off offspring by imprisonment should be undertaken.

Effects of deltamethrin on pheromone perception in male Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis)

ZHOU Hongchun, DU Jiawei, HUANG Yongping

2003, (5):  725-729. 

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To investigate the effects of deltamethrin on male Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) to perceive sex pheromone, the electro physiolgical and behavioral response of topically treated male Asian corn borer to sex pheromone were tested with EAG sets and wind tunnel. The results showed that the summit response of male moths to varied ratios of pheromone blends was at E/Z=1/9,5/5 and 9/1, which was similar to that of control, but the EAG values were only 0.25mV to 0.45mV, which were significant lower than control by 0.15mVto 0.35 mV. The low threshold dose of pheromone for treated males to perception was 1ng, and the highest was 10000ng, which was also similar to control, but low by 0.1mVto 0.5mV in EAG values. This suggested that deltamethrin mainly affected the sensibility of peripheral reception system, while the preliminary recognition to the ratio of pheromone blends by peripheral reception system are not disturbed heavily. In wind tunnel test, a relative higher amount of males shifted to response to pheromone with E/Zratios of 7/3 from E/Z =1/1 of control males, and keep on response at this level to blends with more E1214:OAc. The lowest dosage of pheromone effectively elicited response of males also shifted from 10ng to 100ng, and the highest doses for response declined to about 50000ng from 100000ng of control, which might result in a narrower band of effective doses. It is suggested that the sublethal dosage of deltamethrin not only affected the sensibility of male moth to perceive the pheromone, but also affected the specificity of pheromone perception.

Identification of active components of sex pheromone for Sidemia depravata and field trapping

WEI Hong yi, DU Jiawei

2003, (5):  730-732. 

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(Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (A) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetracecadienylacetate (B) were found in sex pheromone gland extracts of female lawn grass cutworm(LGCW), Sidemia depravata,with single gland extract technique by gas chromatography. Field trapping tests were conducted in tall fescue fields in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province of eastern China. Baits containing components Aand Bin5 different ratios were tested in the fields for evaluating their attractiveness to male LGCW. Water pool traps with red septa containing5:5 and 6:4 of Aand Bcaught significantly more male LGCW than traps containing 9:1, 8:2 or 7:3 of Aand B.

Annalysis of genetic structure of Magnaporthe grisea in the fields of different rice varieties

HE Xiahong, YANG Jing, WANG Yunyue, ZHOU Huiping, CHEN Jianbin, LI Zuosen, LI Yan, ZHU Youyong

2003, (5):  733-736. 

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The DNAof 251 Magnaporthe grisea isolates from Shiping County, which originated from monoculture and mixture fields, was extracted and amplified by rep PCRwhich primer was from palindromes Pot2 of Magnaporthe grisea .The result showed that all isolates were amplified 9～17 DNAbands, the size was about from 400bp to 23kb, but mainly between5～10kb. 65% bands were polymorphism bands, and 35% were the same bands. Genetic structures of Magnaporthe grisea in the different rice varieties fields were compared by clustering analysis. The complexions of isolates genetic lineages were related to culture patterns. There were more genetic lineages in mixture field than in monoculture one. The dominant lineages were not distinct in mixture field. The result proved that biodiversity might provide a convincing basis for the steady selection of rice variety to pathogen.

Rice allelopathy to barnyardgrass

XU Zhenghao, YU Liuqing, ZHAO Ming

2003, (5):  737-740. 

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138 rice (Oryza sativa) germplasms were identified to study the allelopathy to barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus galli),using the relay seeding technique .The results showed that Qingkun2 from Jiangxi Province, Xiayitiao from Jiangsu Province,Jizaoxian from Anhui Province, Ganzaoxian37 from Jiangxi Province, Shangnuo 1, IR68465-2-3-2 from IRRI,and Shuiyuan2 from Korea had a strongly excellent inhibition effect on barnyardgrass. Results from pot culture showed that Gumei 2 and Zhong156 had a greater inhibitory effect than control, and allelopathic material TN1 had no significantly inhibition effect,compared to non allelopathic material Xiushui 63. The effect of Zhong156 was related to its plant height, and significant different from that of Xiushui 63.Gumei 2 had a stronger inhibition effect on barnyardgrass,due to its own allelopathic trait.

Comparing study on oviposition preference and host-selecting behavior of larvae of rice and water-oat population of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressulis

DAI Huaguo, SUN Lijuan, WANG Qin

2003, (5):  741-743. 

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The oviposition preference of female of rice and water oat population of rice stem borer was studied in the oviposition cage (1m?1m?0.8m) in laboratory. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the numbers and distributions of eggs laid by the two populations, but each population preferred to lay its non hatching ovum on the non host plant.The host selection behavior of larvae of two host populations was also investigated by Ytube olfactory. When the leaf or leaf shell of rice and water oat was provided to larvae of rice population in choice test, 4th and 6th instar larvae of rice population preferred rice leaf to water oat leaf and 2nd and 4th instar larvae preferred leaf shell of rice to leaf shell of water oat. When leaves of rice and water oat were provided to larvae of water oat population in choice test, except for 1st instar, each stadium of larvae preferred water oat leaf to rice leaf, and when leaf shells of rice and water oat were provided, all stadiums of larvae preferred leaf shell of water oat to leaf shell of rice. These results demonstrated that intraspecies differentiation between the two populations,and the specialization of water oat population of rice stem borer to host was higher than that of rice population.

Chemical composition of volatile oil from Chromolaena odorata and its effect on plant, fungi and insect growth

LING Bing, ZHANG Maoxin, KONG Chuihua, PANG Xiongfei, LIANG Guangwen

2003, (5):  744-746. 

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The volatile oil from C.odorata had a significant effect on the growth of plants, fungi and insects. The result showed that the seedling growth of five test plants was obviously inhibited,in the order of ryegrass>Chinese cabbage>radish>snap been>rice. The inhibitory effect of the oil at its middle concentration (800 mg·L^-1) for Pyricularia grisea was the strongest, the next was to Phytophthora nicotianae, and the weakest was to Fusarium oxysporum . The inhibitory percentage was 61.40%, 29.27% and 14.44%,respectively. The volatile oil from C. odorata at the dose of 10～20 μl·plant^-1 had a significant oviposition deterrent effect on Phyllotreta striolata and Plutella xylostella .The volatile oil from C.odorata was analyzed by GC/MS and thirty components were identified. Terpenoids compounds were major components of the volatile oil, such as trans caryophyllene (16.58 %),δ-cadinene (15.85 %), α-copaene (11.58%), caryophyllene oxide (9.63 %), germacrene D (4.96 %) and α-humulene (4.32 %).

Diversity patterns in intertidal communities of three southern islands of Changshan archipelago

ZHUANG Shuhong, CHEN Lixue, WANG Zunqing

2003, (5):  747-752. 

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The diversity pattern of intertidal communities in3 southern islands of Changshan archipelago were studied.The results showed that the community appearance and structure in rocky intertidal zones of 3 islands were regimented by dominant species Chthamalus challengeri, Ostrea spp., macro algae and Littorina brevicula,while in gravel intertidal zones of Southern Changshan and Daheishan regimented by Chthamalus challengeri, Littorina brevicula, Ostrea spp., and in Northern Changshan,by Chthamalus challengeri, macro algae and Gaetice depressus .There existed no obvious difference in community structures of rocky intertidal zones among3 islands, which was demonstrated by the similarity in first 5 dominant species and their dominance ranks in the community. However,a significant difference was achieved in gravel intertidal communities,in which, the dominant species in the community at Northern Changshan differed greatly from that of others. The community diversity in R, J, D_B, D_IV, H_B' and H_IV' in rocky intertidal communities among 3 islands showed a great coincidence, Northern Changshan> Southern Changshan>Daheishan, however,little coincident results weree found among gravel intertidal communities. It was found that there existed a higher community diversity in gravel intertidal communities at Daheishan and Southern Changshan than at Northern Changshan where existed the highest species evenness.The community diversity was generally higher in gravel intertidal communities than in rocky intertidal ones. The variation in community compositions, stuctures and diversities were resulted mainly from topographical heterogeneities, substratum heterogeneities, hydrodynamics, water eutrophication and human disturbance in intertidal zones.

Effects of food component and concentration on population growth, body size, and egg size of freshwater rotifer Brachionus rubens

GENG Hong, XI Yilong, HU Haoyuan

2003, (5):  753-756. 

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The effects of food component and concentration on the population growth, body size, and egg size of freshwater rotifer Brachionus rubens were studied using population accumulative culture method. The results showed that there were very significant effects of food component and concentration on the population growth rate, body volume and egg volume. Among three types of algal food, the population growth rate of rotifers fed with Chlorella pyrenoidosa was lowest,and that fed with Scenedesmus obliquus was the highest. Rotifers fed with C.pyrenoidosa,/i> had the smallest body volume, but there were no significant difference between the two others. The relationship between population growth rate and food concentrations was curvilinear, and it could be described as Y=-0.0040X²⁺0.0409X +0.4471.The body and egg volumes tended to be smaller,when the food concentrations were higher than 6.0?10⁶cells穖l^-1 and or lower than 3.0?10⁶cells穖l^-1 .

Vegetation state and soil enzyme activities of copper tailing yard on Tongguan mountain

WANG Youbao, LIU Dengyi, ZHANG Li, LI Ying, CHU Ling

2003, (5):  757-760. 

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From the open investigation and laboratory analysis, this paper studied the vegetation state and soil enzyme activities of copper tailing yard of Tongguan mountain. The results showed that there were 34 species of natural colonized plants on copper tailing yard, subordinated to 16 families and 33 genera, and regard herbs as principle, and many for 1～2 years old. The main families were compositae (10 species), gramineae (9 species) and legumineceae (2 species). Hippochaete ramosissimwn, which belonged to equisetaceae, had an significant dominant.There were some microcoenses such as Hippochaete ramosissimwn+ Imperata cylindraca community, Cynodon dactylon +Imperata cylindraca community and Phragmites australis community. But, the vegetation on copper tailing yard was distributed in spot piece and scattered mainly with single species .The activities of three soil enzymes had a stronger sensitivity to the vegetation state, and their relativity to the vegetation state was in order of urease >sucrase >catalase. It's suggested that urease activity could be used as an indicator index for the reclamation of wasteland.

Cu adsorption by phaeozem and burazem

YU Ying, ZHOU Qixing, WANG Xin, REN Liping

2003, (5):  761-765. 

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Studies on the thermodynamics and kinetics of copper (Cu²⁺) adsorption by phaeozem and burozem showed that that the adsorption of Cu²⁺ by these two soils was increased with the increasing concentration of Cu²⁺ within the range of Cu²⁺ concentrations used in the experiment, but the amount of Cu²⁺ adsorbed and fixed on phaeozem was much higher than that on burozem. When the test Cu²⁺ concentration in adsorption equilibrium was 95mg·kg^-1,its adsorption by burozem was nearly 3720mg·kg^-1, whereas by phaeozem was as high as 6076mg·kg^-1 . Under the highest CuCl₂ treatment of 400mg·kg^-1, Cu²⁺ adsorbed by phaeozem and burozem was 6159.0mg·kg^-1 and 4736.6mg·kg^-1,respectively .The adsorption of Cu²⁺ by the soils could significantly conform to the Freundlich and Temkin equation,while Langmuir equation was not applicable to describe the isothermal adsorption processes of Cu²⁺ by the two soils. The adsorption of Cu²⁺ by the test soils was very rapid, which could reach its balance after 15～20 min. The adsorption within the first 2 min at its beginning stage accounted for 90% of the Cu equilibrium adsorption. The adsorptive rate of Cu²⁺ by phaeozem was decreased more quickly than that by burozem with the time. The two constant equation was the optimal model to describe the adsorption of Cu²⁺ . The other models in point were first order dynamic equations and Elovich equations, whereas parabolic diffusion equations were not suitable ones.

Effects of livestock wastewater on seedlings of two mangrove species

YE Yong, TAM N. F. Y, LU Changyi

2003, (5):  766-770. 

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Effects of livestock wastewater on growth and physiology of seedlings of two mangrove species (Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) in greenhouse pot cultivation systems were studied under different salinity conditions. In terms of stem height, stem basal diameter, leaf production, maximum leaf area and relative growth rate, livestock wastewater enhanced the growth of Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza . The effects of salinity and livestock wastewater on biomass partitioning were significant for Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, but not for Kandelia candel.Under livestock wastewater application,the chlorophyll a and b contents of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves increased,but the electric conductance had no significant variation.Wastewater increased the leaf electric conductance of Kandelia candel, but had no significant effects on its chlorophyll a and b contents.Under the two salinity conditions, there was no significant difference in root activity of both species. The POXactivity increased in the stem and root of Kandelia candel under the two salinity conditions, while decreased in the root of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza under freshwater condition,and increased under seawater condition. The SODactivity of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza decreased, but for Kandelia candel,it had no significant change.

Assessment of eco climatic suitability and climate change impacts of/on broad leaved Korean pine forest in Northeast China

WU Zhengfang

2003, (5):  771-775. 

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Based on growing degree days (GDD) and potential evapotranspiration ratio (PER), the temperature water effect function (f(GDD, PER)) was established and the assessment of eco climatic suitability and climate change impacts of/on broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China was studied. The results showed that the present distribution area of broad leaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China was 39.99km², which included the optimum distribution area 7.13 km², suitable area 12.27km²,and marginal area 20.59 km². Under GISSand OSUclimate change scenarios, the climate of Northeast China changed to warming and dry in some degree. Under this tendency, the distribution area of broad leaved Korean pine forests would be reduced,and the eco climatic suitability would be declined.

Effect of exogenous selenium on soybean yield and its total N and P contents and on soil enzyme activities

DONG Guanghui, CHEN Lijun, WU Zhijie, XIAO Shisheng, CHEN Li, LEI Enchun

2003, (5):  776-780. 

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Based on pot experiment with black soil,the effects of various concentrations and various valence of exogenous selenium on soybean yield and its Nand Pcontents and on soil enzyme activities were studied. The results showed that applying0.25μg·g^-1 soil and 0.5μg·g^-1 soil of both Se⁴⁺ and Se⁶⁺ could increase soybean yield and its Ncontent and promote soil urease activity, but decrease the Pcontent of soybean and soil phosphatase activity. When the concentration of Se⁶⁺ was 0.5μg·g^-1 soil, there was a significantly parabola relationship between the Ncontent of soybean and soil urease activity; and when the concentration of Se⁶⁺ was 0.25μg·g^-1 soil, there was a significantly parabola relationship between the Pcontent of soybean and soil phosphatase activity. There were no significant relationships between the Nand Pcontents of soybean and the activities of test soil enzymes when Se⁴⁺ was applied.

Effects of different P sources on phosphatase activity of mycorrhizosphere of red clover inoculated with AMF

SONG Yongchun, FENG Gu, LI Xiaolin

2003, (5):  781-784. 

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Experiments were carried out to study the effects of Psources on phosphatase activity of rhizosphere and mycorrhizosphere of red clover inoculated with Glomus mosseae, and cultural system with three compartments was applied.The plants were harvested after 8 weeks,and measured for dry weight and Pcontents as well as soil phosphatase activity of root and hyphal compartment. The results showed that acid phosphatase activity was higher than alkaline phosphatase activity, and both of them were increased slightly after inoculation, especially supplied with organic phosphorus (Na phytate). Acid phosphatase activity was higher than alkaline phosphatase in the mycorrhizosphere of all inoculated treatments.The dry weight, Pcontent and total Puptake of the plants increased significantly after inoculating mycorrhizal fungus.The amount of Puptake by hyphae accounted for 43.1% of total Puptake of plants under appling KH₂PO₄, while the value was 60.8% under appling Na phytate.

Allelopathic effect of p-and m-hydroxy phenylacetic acid on soybean (Glycine max L.) germination

RUAN Weibin, LIU Mohan, HUANG Bin, YAN Fei, WANG Jingguo, GAO Yubao

2003, (5):  785-788. 

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In present work the p hydroxy phenylacetic acid (PHPA) and m hydroxy phenylacetic acid(MHPA)in rhizospheric soil solutions and decomposed root residues were detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC), and their effects on soybean germination at the level of 0,30,60,150,300 and 600 mg·kg^-1, on melting temperature of DNA at the level of 600 mg·kg^-1 and on cytoplasm protein patterns at the level of 0,30,150,300 mg·kg^-1 were also studied. PHPA and MHPA were detected in decomposed products of root residue and soil solutions collected from rhizosphere in which soil sickness was occurred, but not detected in soil on which soybean rotated with wheat. The standard samples of PHPA and MHPA were used for bioassay in Petri dish. The main root length and lateral root number of soybean were seriously reduced, even at the level of 30 mg·L^-1 . Soybean germination and root growth were retarded seriously by MHPA,in contrast with PHPA.At the level of 600 mg·kg^-1,the melting temperature (Tm) of soybean DNAwas increased sharply from 77℃ to 84.5 ℃ with PHPA,and from 77℃ to 88.5℃ with MHPA. Tm was affected markly by MHPA,compared to PHPA, and the result was consistent with that of bioassay. The cytoplasm protein patterns of soybean leaves were obtained from SDS PAGE,showing several low weight molecular proteins were affected, especially on 16.1kD and 20.2kD. The results implied that PHPA and MHPA had allelopathic effect on soybean,and might have a role in soil sickness of soybean.

Performance of a novel combined flocculant HECES

ZHANG Kaisong, ZHOU Qixing, WEI Shuhe, REN Liping

2003, (5):  789-793. 

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Combined flocculants with higher environmental safty and lower ecological risk are urgently required in the process of water and wastewater treatment. HECES, a kind of flocculants with high effect and high ecological safety was synthesized by natural and biodegradable polysaccharide starch of corn and inorganic aluminium salt. Flocculent performance includes sediment character and turbidity removal rate. The jar test results showed that the flocculent performance of HECES with the dose of 3.0mg·L^-1 was prior to the combined adding4.5 mg·L^-1 PAC and 1.0 mg·L^-1 PAM in treating kaolin suspensions. The optimal concentration of HECES was 8.0 mg·L^-1 and 4.0 mg·L^-1 in treating domestic wastewater and municipal effluent respectively, with the comparison to 50% an40% of PAC, the removal rate of turbidity reached 95% and 99%, respectively. It was also identified that the optimal concentration required to effect flocculation depended on kaolin concentration,and on the character of the wastewater within the range examined. It could be more effective to treat wastewater with higher concentration of HECES. The flocculating performance would be better at pH 4.0～9.5.The superior ecological safety of HECES was due to its lower dosage and its lower concentration of residual activated aluminium.

Effects of magnetized soil on physiological and biochemical indexes of Brassica napus seedlings

GU Jiguang, ZHOU Qixing

2003, (5):  794-796. 

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Nitrate reductase, peroxidase, water-soluble sugars, root vitality and total biomass of Brassica napus seedlings were investigated with soil after magnetization treatment. The results showed that nitrate reductase activity was increased by 10.76% after 200 mTtreatment.The contents of water-soluble sugars were increased by 11.05% and root vitality by 26.40 % for 300 and 100 mT treatments, respectively. Total biomass also showed a trend of increase as the magnetization increased. The highest biomass of the above-ground parts was achieved at 300mT, which was 13.28% higher than that of control. In addition, total biomass of below-ground parts was the highest at 200mT, which was 13.17% higher than that of control,and the ratio of below-ground to above ground parts decreased by 10.00%, suggesting that the overall environmental quality of the soil was improved significantly.

Error analysis of estimating terrestrial soil organic carbon storage in China

WANG Shaoqiang, LIU Jiyuan, YU Guirui

2003, (5):  797-802. 

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The paper summarizes different estimating methods of soil organic carbon (SOC) storage including methods of soil taxonomy, vegetation types, Holdridge zones, correlative relationship and modeling. The error analysis of SOCcalculation was introduced. Based on second national soil survey 2473 soil profiles, adopting soil taxonomy method and two kinds of SOCdensity, the terrestrial SOC storage in China was estimated. The range of SOC storage in China is between 615.19 and 1211.37×10¹⁴ g and the average SOCdensity is between 10.49～10.53 kg·m^-2 (for average soil depth of 100cm) or 11.52～12.04 kg·m^-3 (for average soil depth of 88cm). Through estimation and error analysis, the average SOC storage is about 913.28±298.09×10¹⁴ g and the uncertainty is among 20%～50%. Results showed that the differences of SOC estimation and sampling methods are important factors of SOCestimating uncertainties.

Approaches to evaluate the effects of hydraulic engineering on river ecosystem services

LU Chunxia, XIE Gaodi, CHENG Shengkui, YU Guirui

2003, (5):  803-807. 

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To evaluate the effects of hydraulic engineering on river ecosystem services,a set of indictor system and quantitative methods, which included the appraisal principles, classification of river services and indictor selection were established.The river ecosystem services could be classified into four types:water supply and related services (e.g.,transportation and hydroelectric generation),ecological supporting functions, regulation and control, and aesthetic and cultural services. Based on relative studies, the quantitative approaches were established to measure the indices reflecting the ecological effects of hydraulic engineering involving the change of biodiversity and purification services. The methods mainly contained exponent methods and BOD DOmodel. These approaches will be helpful for further analysis and assessment on the effects of hydraulic engineering impact on river ecosystem services.

An overview on theoretic research of high efficient water use in agriculture

DU Yaodong, SONG Lili, LIU Zuoxin

2003, (5):  808-812. 

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High efficient water use in agriculture includes water-saving irrigation and dryland farming, its core being to increase use efficiency and benefit of natural precipitation and irrigation. Each of measurement methods of field evapotranspiration has its advantages and disadvantages. Modified Penman and Penman-Monteith formulae were recommended to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration by FAO one after another. Jensen and Blank models had a wide use in crop water production function. Recent achievements of appropriate soil moisture and lower limit of soil drought indices provided an important basis of soil physics for agricultural water supply of low quota.The influencing sequence of water stress on different physiological processes correlated with yield formation was in order of cell stretch>stoma movement>transpiration>photosynthesis>matter transfer. Non-severe drought could facilitate matter transfer. Field irrigation research has turn to deficit irrigation, regulated deficit irrigation and controlled alternative irrigation from traditional full irrigation. In the future, such researches as interfaces, soil water dynamics, biological water-saving and water stress would be deeply conducted in high efficient water use theory in agriculture.

Physicochemical changes and maturity evaluation of solid organic waste compost

HUANG Guofeng, ZHONG Liuju, ZHANG Zhentian, WU Qitang

2003, (5):  813-818. 

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Composting is one of the most effective ways for recycling of organic solid waste. Various characteristics of different kinds of organic solid waste cause various physicochemical changes during composting, as well as the different composting conditions. Stability and maturity evaluation are the measurement for compost quality and the safe guarantee for its agricultural utilization. Stability evaluation of compost focuses on the impacts to environment after its agricultural utilization, while maturity evaluation pays attention on the phytotoxicity to plant. Stability and maturity of compost are affected by several factors, such as the characteristics of raw materials, the composting condition, and so on. Stability could be assessed by compost temperature, color, evolution rate of CO₂, consumption rate of O₂, content of NO₃^--N and quantities of pathogen, etc. Temperature was suggested to be one of the most convenient parameters for stability evaluation. Maturity could be assessed by various parameters, including the chemical, biological, and phytotoxical parameters. Seed germination index, as the phytotoxical parameter, was recommended to be one of the most convenient and reliable parameters of maturity evaluation.

Mechanisms of plant disease resistance induced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

HUANG Jinhua, LUO Shiming, ZENG Rensen

2003, (5):  819-822. 

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In recent years,the induced disease resistance of plant by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) has become a hot spot in chemo ecological study and in biocontrol of plant disease. There were many reports indicating that AMF had antagonistic function to soilborne disease pathogen,or could suppress the growth of pathogen,and increase the resistance or tolerance of mycorrhizal plants to soilborne disease. In mycorrhizosphere,there are interactions among microbial community,in which,AMF could suppress the growth of pathogen and promote the growth of beneficial microbe. Thus,AMF may use as biocontrol fungi with other antagonism microbe. There were several hypotheses about the mechanisms of the increased resistance in mycorrhizal plants:(1) improvement of plant nutrient status; (2) competition;(3)changed roots morphology and structure ; (4) changed microbial flora in rhizosphere; (5)induced resistance or systematic resistance in plant. After colonized by AMF,phenolic compounds accumulate in plant,and local defense response or systemic defense response occurs. It is necessary to do intensive research on the mechanisms of increased resistance in mycorrhizal plants,because it may help us understand the function of disease resistance of mycorrhiza correctly,and let us use AMF as a new biocontrol method to control soilborne disease in eco agriculture in the near future.

Advances of research on combined pollution in soil-plant systems

GUO Guanlin, ZHOU Qixing

2003, (5):  823-828. 

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The research on combined pollution in soil-plant systems is a scientific frontier of pollution ecology,and has an important significance in ecological safety of agricultural environment. The origin of combined pollution as a conception and its connotation development were reviewed. Types of combined pollution occurred in soil-plant systems and relevant progresses in this area were summarized. Ecological effects resulted from combined pollution of soil-plant systems and their quantificational tokens were expounded. The interactions of heavy metal organic pollutant and organic pollutant pathogenic microorganisms were pointed out to be important combined pollution in soil-plant systems, and the studies on the interactions, sub products and their aged process,and moletoxicology mechanism of multi pollutants were suggested to be the future keystone contents in this area. Meanwhile, the prospective studies on the methods and application of the results of combined pollution were put forward to provide a support for the warning and remediation of soil pollution.

Molecular biological study on the action mechanism of rice allelochemicals against weeds

XU Zhenghao, GUO Deping, YU Liuqing, ZHAO Ming, ZHANG Xu, LI Di, ZHENG Kangle, YE Yuanlin

2003, (5):  829-833. 

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Rice allelopathy is implemented through its release of allelochemicals to environment.Many researchers considered that rice allelochemicals were phenolics. The action mechanisms of rice against weeds allelochemicals included the inhibition of seed germination and emergence, the effect on the balance of hormones, the damage on the integrity of cell membrane systems, the effect on photosynthesis and respiration, the disturbance of nutrient and water uptake and the effect on the protein synthesis and gene expression. Rice allelopathy is controlled by polygenes, and inherited quantitatively.Several QTLs were identified by the methods of molecular biological techniques and allelopathic bioassay. It might be the important research work to locate the QTLs accurately and to clone the allelopathic genes with the method of marker assisted selection and the near isogenic lines.

On the chitin digestive bacteria from larval gut of Eriocheir sinensis

XUE Junzeng, WU Huixian

2003, (5):  834-836. 

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The foregut,mid gut and hind gut of Eriocheir sinensis from the first Zoea to Megalopa were dissected under asepsis condition. Bacteria were separated by plate culture after liquid medium culture. Achitin digestive bacterium was separated from the first Zoea foregut. The chitin digestive bacteria weren't founded in the same experiment from the second Zoea to Megalopa. The chitin digestive bacteria showed roundness, protuberance, glassy humid, margin regular, milk yellow, aerotolerant anaerobe,and growing intently surrounding the chitin on the plate culture medium. The chitin could promote the growth rate of some digestive bacteria in larval gut of the crab.