Table of Content

18 April 2026, Volume 37 Issue 4

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Systematic management and ecological restoration of saline-alkali soils in China: A review

ZHOU Tairan, WANG Shuhan, WANG Tianhao, MENG Yunshan, ZHANG Yun, WANG Jie, GAO Haixiang, HU Shuwen

2026, 37(4):  975-982.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.034

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The remediation of saline-alkali land is critical for global food security, regional sustainable development, and the stability of ecological barriers. In recent years, related research and remediation strategies have shifted from a narrow agricultural focus toward an integrated approach centered around ecological priorities. We reviewed the principle-based framework for remediation that grounds in “water resource-based zoning”, centers on “soil structure restoration”, and aims for “systematic governance”. Water resource-based zoning emphasizes differentiated remediation strategies that consider water resource constraints and carrying capacity assessments. Restoring soil structure is pivotal for regulating water-salt dynamics and nutrient cycling, necessitating the synergistic application of biological, physical, and chemical measures. Systematic governance seeks to harmonize biological, environmental, and socio-economic factors to achieve outcomes with ecological priority. In the future, it is essential to develop an interdisciplinary theoretical framework, advance efficient, low-cost, and eco-friendly integrated remediation technologies, and establish evaluation and incentive mechanisms that incorporate the value of diverse ecosystem services. These measures will facilitate the large-scale and sustainable implementation of saline-alkali land remediation.

Original Articles

Effects of degradation degrees of mollisols on root morphology and growth of Larix gmelinii and Populus simonii × P. nigra (P. xiaohei

LIU Qinghua, YANG Jia, ZHANG Shuang, GU Huiyan

2026, 37(4):  983-992.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.002

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This study was conducted in a typical mollisols area in Northeast China. Soils from the layers of 0-0.2 m, 0.2-0.4 m, and 0.4-0.6 m were stripped, mixed, and then refilled in the same soil layer to simulate lightly, moderately, and severely degraded mollisols. We investigated root morphological characteristics and growth dynamics of Larix gmelinii and Populus simonii × P. nigra (P. xiaohei) under different degrees of mollisols degradation from May to October in 2023 and 2024 by using in-situ minirhizotron observations. The results showed that root length density, root surface area density, and root volume density of L. gmelinii decreased with increasing mollisols degradation. Its root fractal dimension showed stage-dependent adjustments in response to degradation, with the highest values in lightly degraded mollisols in 2023, which was 15.3% and 14.0% higher than in moderately and severely degraded mollisols, respectively. In 2024, the highest value was found in moderately degraded mollisols, 9.6% and 1.5% higher than in lightly and severely degraded mollisols, respectively. For P. xiaohei, root length density, root surface area density, and root volume density were higher in lightly and moderately degraded mollisols than in severely degraded mollisols. Root fractal dimension of P. xiaohei was highest in lightly degraded mollisols, 6.2%-14.5% higher than in moderately and severely degraded mollisols, respectively, which decreased with increasing mollisols degradation. L. gmelinii exhibited significant increases in medium and thick roots, with root length increments of 27.4%-56.0% for medium roots and 40.2%-44.7% for thick roots, with higher increments in moderately and severely degraded mollisols. P. xiaohei exhibited significant increases in fine roots across all degradation degrees, with a root length increment of 23.5%-63.9%, and the increment decreased with increa-sing mollisols degradation. In conclusion, L. gmelinii exhibited a root adaptation strategy characterized by root thickening and architectural adjustments in response to increased mollisols degradation stress, which was more consistent with a “resistance-type” root strategy, making it more suitable for ecological restoration in degraded mollisols areas. In contrast, P. xiaohei increased resource acquisition efficiency through rapid fine root growth, demonstrating an “avoidance-type” root adaptation strategy, and was more suitable for restoration and reconstruction in lightly degraded mollisols.

Response of soil microbial community structure and diversity to long-term nitrogen addition in soils of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation

LI Suxin, ZHANG Yixuan, PANG Xiaojing, HE Songjun, ZHANG Furong, WANG Jiaqi, WANG Xingru

2026, 37(4):  993-1002.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.001

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We conducted an 11-year nitrogen (N) addition experiment (control: 0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, low N addition: 80 kg·hm^-2·a^-1, high N addition: 150 kg·hm^-2·a^-1) in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations in Guandi Mountain, Lvliang City, Shanxi Province, to analyze the impact of long-term N input on soil microbial community structure and diversity by using high-throughput sequencing technology, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Mantel test. The results showed that both low and high N additions significantly increased soil nitrate (NO₃^--N) content, total nitrogen (TN) content, and microbial quotient for carbon, while significantly reduced soil pH and total phosphorus (TP) content. High N addition markedly decreased α-diversity indices (ACE, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson) of both bacteria and fungi. Proteobacteria was the dominant bacterial phylum, accounting for 31.6%-46.5% of the total bacterial sequences, followed by Acidobacteria (20.8%-26.2%) and Bacteroidetes (6.8%-8.9%). The fungal community was dominated by Basidiomycota (31.6%-46.5%), Ascomycota (24.5%-39.7%), Mortierellomycota (3.1%-5.1%), and Rozellomycota (2.3%-3.2%). Nitrogen addition significantly reshaped community composition of bacteria and fungi. For bacteria, low N addition significantly increased the relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Acidobacteriaceae Gp4, and Nitrospira, decreased those of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriaceae Gp17. For fungi, both low and high N additions significantly reduced the relative abundance of Suillus, while high N addition further decreased the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Glomeromycota. RDA and Mantel test demonstrated that the key environmental factors affecting bacterial communities were soil TP, avai-lable phosphorus (AP), and C/N, whereas those affecting fungal communities were soil AP, soil organic carbon (SOC), and pH. Bacterial diversity indices exhibited significant correlations with SOC, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and pH, while fungal diversity indices were significantly correlated with TN, SOC, MBC, and C/N. In summary, low N addition improved soil fungal community structure and enhanced α-diversity by mitigating N limitation and optimizing soil C/N. In contrast, high N addition caused soil acidification and a reduction in SOC content, exhibited significant inhibitory effects on both bacterial and fungal communities.

Effects of Larix gmelinii mixing on root exudates and microbial community structure of Juglans mandshurica

HUANG Xixi, SHAN Chengfeng, YANG Lixue, DONG Hui

2026, 37(4):  1003-1013.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.004

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Using untargeted metabolomic and high-throughput sequencing technique, we investigated the differences in root exudates of Juglans mandshurica between J. mandshurica pure plantation and Larix gmelinii-J. mandshurica mixed plantation, with KEGG functional annotation and enrichment analysis. We examined the characteristics, functions, and keystone species network structure of the rhizosphere microbial community, as well as the relationship between root exudates and microorganisms. The results showed that a total of 181 metabolites were identified in the root exudates of J. mandshurica, with significant differences between pure and mixed plantations. There were 105 types from pure plantation. Compared with the mixed plantation, compounds like indolephenanthridine and S-adenosylhomocysteine showed higher relative abundances in pure plantation, and pathways such as atrazine degradation and cyclic nucleotide signaling were more enriched. The mixed plantation contained 76 species of meta-bolites. Compared with the pure plantation, compounds like lavendustin C and benzyl glucosinolate showed higher relative abundances, and pathways including biotin metabolism and phenylalanine degradation were more enriched. In the mixed plantation, L. gmelinii significantly reduced the Ace index (16.2%) and the Chao1 index (16.2%) of fungal community in rhizosphere soil of J. mandshurica, increased the relative abundances of the fungal phyla Mortierellomycota (33.7%), Basidiomycota (39.6%), and Rozellomycota (69.3%), as well as the bacterial phylum Myxococcota (58.8%), and increased the relative abundances of the endophytic fungal groups and the nitrate-reducing bacterial groups by 35.5% and 102.1% in the rhizosphere soil. The redundancy analysis revealed that benzamide compounds and 3-(acrylic acid)-o-benzoquinone were the key factors significantly influencing the composition of rhizosphere fungal community. The independent contribution of sphingolipid substances to bacterial community structure reached 41.7%. After mixed with L. gmelinii, J. mandshurica could alter its root exudate composition, reshape the rhizosphere microbial community, form a functionally enriched structure, and drive the metabolic pathways towards biotin metabolism, phenylalanine degradation and other nutrient cycling directions.

Effects of fuel regulation treatment on the flammability and fire behavior of surface dead fuels in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations, Daxing’anling Mountains, China

YE Dongming, LI Yifan, NING Jibin, ZHANG Ruijie , ZHANG Lin , ZHAO Fengjun , CHEN Feng , YANG Guang

2026, 37(4):  1014-1024.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.008

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A large amount of fuel has accumulated in the forests of Northeast China. Scientific regulation of surface fuel is crucial for reducing forest fire risk. To explore the effectiveness of different fuel regulation treatments, we set up six regulation treatments in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations in the Daxing’anling Mountains: low, medium, and high strength (different degrees of mowing, shrub clearing, pruning, and clearing dead surface fuel), surface clearing, fuel load enhancement, and shrub clearing, with untreated stands as the control. The effects of different treatments on physicochemical properties, fire behavior, and pyrolysis characteristics of dead surface fuel were examined. The results showed that high-strength treatment significantly increased ash content, ignition point, and water content of the fuel by 58.0%, 4.3 ℃, and 60.9%, respectively, while crude fat content, load, flame height, and maximum combustion temperature significantly decreased by 7.5%, 74.0%, 43.8%, and 100.8 ℃. In the surface clearing treatment, water content of the fuel significantly increased, while crude fat content, load, and rate of spread significantly decreased. In the fuel load enhancement treatment, crude fat content, load, and rate of spread of the fuel significantly increased. In the shrub clearing treatment, crude fat and ash content of the fuel significantly increased, while the rate of spread significantly decreased. In the medium-strength treatment, the ignition point of the fuel significantly increased, while the flame height significantly decreased. In the low-strength treatment, the spread rate of the fuel significantly increased. Compared with the control, the holocellulose degradation temperature range of each treatment increased significantly. After shrub clearing, the peak and average weight loss rates of holocellulose, the exothermic peak area, the percentage of lignin loss, and the total consumption decreased significantly, while the differences in other treatments were not significant. The principal component analysis comprehensive flammability ranking showed that the flammability from high to low was: fuel load enhancement treatment > medium-strength treatment > shrub clearing treatment > untreated > low-strength treatment > surface clearing treatment > high-strength treatment. In summary, the flammability of dead surface fuel in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests significantly decreased under high-strength treatment, which could be used as a fuel regulation treatment for short-term fire prevention.

Regulation of soil carbon and nitrogen by lignin-degrading microbial consortia in Moso bamboo forest

JIANG Yingying, ZENG Wenting, JIANG Mingjun, WANG Weiyi, LI Quan, SONG Xinzhang, SHI Man

2026, 37(4):  1025-1032.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.011

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During the management of Moso bamboo forests, a large number of stumps and underground rhizomes are left behind, which degrade slowly due to high lignin content, hindering nutrient recycling and soil organic carbon sequestration in Moso bamboo forests. In this study, three bacteria strains with strong lignin-degrading capabilities from different genera were isolated from the rhizosphere of Moso bamboo: Serratia marcescens (a26), Ochrobactrum anthropi (b1) and Pseudomonas asuensis (b6). We inoculated these strains individually, in pairs, or as a three-strain combination into aniline blue medium to compare their lignin-degrading abilities. Simultaneously, they were inoculated into soil containing Moso bamboo leaf and root litter to investigate the effects of leaf and root litter degradation by bacterial communities on soil nitrogen and organic carbon pools. The results showed that: 1) Under aniline blue medium conditions, the three-strain combination (a26×b1×b6) exhibited the highest lignin-degrading ability. 2) In soil with leaf litter, inoculation of single strains and the a26×b1, a26×b6 double-strain combinations promoted nitrogen return from bamboo leaves by increasing the abundance of bacterial cellulose-degrading functional gene (GH48) and chitin-degrading functional gene, significantly raising ammonium and nitrate content in the soil (rising by 10.4%-20.9% and 11.4%-17.1%, respectively), but had minimal impact on soil active organic carbon pool. Inoculation with the a26×b1×b6 three-strain combination showed no effect on soil inorganic nitrogen and active organic carbon pool. 3) In soil with root litter, inoculation with single strains had little effect on soil inorganic nitrogen and active organic carbon pools. Inoculation with the b1×b6 and a26×b1×b6 bacterial communities significantly increased the proportion of GH48 (increases of 40.9% and 56.9%), maintained soil inorganic nitrogen content, and significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon (by 46.5% and 81.1%) and dissolved organic carbon content (by 17.8% and 25.2%), benefiting soil carbon sequestration. These findings could provide effective pathways for rapid degradation of Moso bamboo litter and offer scientific references for carbon and nitrogen cycling of the “litter-soil-microorganism” continuum.

Radial growth and ecological resilience to extreme drought of Pinus thunbergii and Robinia pseudoacacia in urban and rural environments of Qingdao, China

WU Qian, YANG Jinming, WANG Bojian, GAO Dao-xiong, LI Shimei, LI Zongshan, LI Haifang, LU Huicui, FAN Zexin

2026, 37(4):  1033-1043.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.007

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Global climate warming and intensified urbanization have altered the urban-rural environmental gradient, with consequence on the growth and adaptation processes of urban forest trees. To explore the differences in radial growth and ecological resilience of trees under varying degrees of urbanization, we established plots in forest parks within urban areas of Qingdao and in the rural area of Laoshan Mountain. A total of 342 trees and 626 cores (including 339 Pinus thunbergii and 287 Robinia pseudoacacia) were sampled. Using dendrochronological methods, we quantitatively analyzed the growth characteristics and responses of both species to extreme drought events (in both 1992 and 2015) under different urbanization intensities. The results showed that radial growth rates of both species were 1.87-2.75 mm·a^-1 and were generally lower in urban than those in rural areas (on average 1.6% to 4.7% lower). Both species exhibited a decreasing trend during recent years (2004-2020) relative to the past period (1980-2003), with a more significant decline in urban areas. P. thunbergii in urban areas showed significantly higher resistance (18.0%) than those in rural areas, suggesting stronger immediate tolerance to drought stress, whereas R. pseudoacacia displayed higher resistance (25.9%) in rural sites, indicating better adaptation to less urbanized environments. The recovery and resilience of both species in two areas showed relatively small differences, though P. thunbergii (1.34, 1.39) recovered slightly faster than R. pseudoacacia (1.00, 1.20), demonstrating that P. thunbergii has higher ecological resilience. Both resistance and recovery were significantly negatively correlated. P. thunbergii in urban sites exhibited a flatter trade-off curve and a wider range of recovery, reflecting a more flexible ecological adjustment under urban conditions. Overall, the combined effects of urbanization and climate warming have intensified drought stress, limited radial growth, and driven divergent adaptive strategies between resistance and recovery across tree species.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on growth and physiological characteristics of walnut seedlings under NaCl stress

NIE Ruining, WU Chengxu, WANG Rui, DONG Mingbo, ZHENG Xu, LI Ao, JI Xinying, SUN Leyuan, SU Yi, ZHANG Junpei

2026, 37(4):  1044-1054.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.019

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Soil salinization is a global problem constraining agricultural and forestry development. Utilizing micro-bial symbiosis to enhance the salt tolerance of woody plants is a sustainable and effective strategy. We conducted a pot experiment to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of single and combined inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Piriformospora indica (Pi) on two-month-old ‘Red Kernel Walnut’ (Juglans regia) seedlings under salt stress. There were five treatments, including 1) non-stress control (CK), 2) salt stress (0.8% NaCl, S), 3) salt stress + Fm inoculation (S+Fm), 4) salt stress + Pi inoculation (S+Pi), and 5) salt stress + combined Fm and Pi inoculation (S+FmPi). We measured the growth parameters, chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activities, osmotic regulatory substances, and endogenous hormone levels at 10, 20, and 30 days after the initiation of treatments. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of salt stress on plants intensified over time. Inoculation treatments effectively alleviated stress damage at all time points, with combined inoculation (FmPi) demonstrating superior efficacy compared to single inoculations. At 10, 20, and 30 days after treatment, compared to the salt stress group (S), the S+FmPi treatment increased seedling biomass by 6.6%, 18.4%, and 24.2%, respectively; leaf chlorophyll a content by 43.3%, 84.9%, and 56.5%, chlorophyll b content by 19.6%, 107.6%, and 98.6%; root superoxide dismutase activity by 40.6%, 10.8%, and 9.7%, and ascorbate peroxidase activity by 44.7%, 57.3%, and 22.6%; while decreased root malondialdehyde content by 26.0%, 28.3%, and 28.9%. Hormonally, compared with the salt stress group (S), combined inoculation (S+FmPi) resulted in 1.0% decrease, 4.0% increase, and 3.3% reduction in leaf indole-3-acetic acid content at 10 d, 20 d, and 30 d, respectively. Moreover, abscisic acid content was decreased by 15.9% at 10 d, increased by 2.0% at 20 d, and decreased by 7.9% at 30 d. Comprehensive evaluation using principal component analysis and membership function values ranked the alleviating effects of inoculation treatments as S+FmPi >S+Fm>S+Pi. Combined inoculation of Fm and Pi significantly enhanced salt tolerance of walnut seedlings through synergistic multi-pathway regulation. These findings would provide a theoretical foundation for applying mycorrhizal technology in walnut cultivation on saline soils.

Effects of row spacing configuration on root distribution and interspecific competition in an apricot-alfalfa intercropping system

XU Ke, LIU Tingting, SHEN Lei, YANG Su, XIE Hui, ZHANG Wei

2026, 37(4):  1055-1065.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.005

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We analyzed the effects of row spacing configuration on interspecific competition and resource utilization under five treatments: monoculture Prunus armeniaca (X), monoculture Medicago sativa (A, 20 cm row spacing), monoculture M. sativa (B, 30 cm row spacing), P. armeniaca-M. sativa intercropping (JA, 20 cm row spacing), and P. armeniaca-M. sativa intercropping (JB, 30 cm row spacing) to measure root morphology, soil water content, and aboveground yield from 2020 to 2022. The results showed that P. armeniaca and M. sativa roots exhibited vertical differentiation, with P. armeniaca roots mainly distributing in 40-60 cm soil layer and M. sativa roots concentrating in 20-40 cm soil layer. Such differentiation would facilitate complementary resource utilization. Intercropping decreased root dry weight of P. armeniaca trees by 28.2%-48.7%, but increased specific root length by 9.5%-66.7%. For M. sativa in the near-tree zone, root dry weight decreased by 72.7%-80.6%, while specific root length increased by 44.3%-56.9%. Soil water content in the intercropping system was significantly higher than that in monoculture. Root dry weight of P. armeniaca and M. sativa showed a highly significant negative correlation in JA treatment, but no correlation in JB treatment, indicating that 30 cm row spacing could effectively alleviate root interspecific competition. M. sativa competitiveness gradually increased with coexistence duration, and competitive reversal occurred in JB treatment. Land equivalent ratio exceeded 1.0 in both intercropping treatments, rea-ching 1.31 in JB treatment. The 30 cm row spacing achieved higher system productivity and land use efficiency by reducing M. sativa population density, decreasing root spatial overlap, and alleviating water competition. The 30 cm row spacing was recommended for P. armeniaca-M. sativa intercropping in arid regions. Our findings would provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of the agroforestry system.

Coupling effects of planting density, water, and fertilizer on seed production of native plant Lespedeza potaninii in desert steppe

MA Tingting, GAO Fujie, TUO Haidong, WEI Haonan, LIU Dingxin, PENG Wendong, HAN Bingfang, MA Hongbin

2026, 37(4):  1066-1074.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.010

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Optimizing planting density and water-fertilizer management is crucial for enhancing seed production performance of forage grasses. Based on an experiment with five-factor, five-level quadratic regression orthogonal rotary combinatorial design (1/2 implementation), we investigated the combined effects of planting density, water, and fertilizer on agronomic traits, seed yield and quality of Lespedeza potaninii, a native plant species in the desert steppe of Ningxia. The results showed that both planting density and irrigation quota significantly affected plant height, relative leaf chlorophyll content, and inflorescence number. Applications of N, P, and K fertilizers significantly influenced the number of reproductive branches and seeds per pod. Appropriate planting density and irrigation quota increased the relative chlorophyll content in leaves, and thus enhanced photosynthetic capacity. A balanced ratio of N, P, and K fertilizers coordinated vegetative and reproductive growth, maximizing production potential due to an adequate number of reproductive branches and ultimately achieving the highest seed yield. The maximum seed yield of 1525.48 kg·hm^-2 was obtained with a planting density of 8.5×10⁴ plants·hm^-2, an irrigation quota of 1475 m³·hm^-2, and the N, P, and K application rates of 15.0 kg·hm^-2, 27.5 kg·hm^-2, and 56.3 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Seed germination rate, germination potential, and germination index peaked at a P application rate of 110.0 kg·hm^-2, reaching 80.0%, 75.0%, and 29.8%, respectively, with a corresponding thousand-seed weight of 2.21 g. Based on the constructed mathematical model, the optimal combination for achieving high seed yield was a planting density of 8.05×10⁴-8.20×10⁴ individuals·hm^-2, an irrigation quota of 746.98-765.53 m³·hm^-2, an N application rate of 29.07-30.93 kg·hm^-2, a P application rate of 53.30-56.71 kg·hm^-2, and a K application rate of 36.33-38.67 kg·hm^-2. Our results demonstrated that both high yield and seed quality could be achieved through the integrated management of planting density, irrigation, and fertilization in desert steppe. These findings would provide a theoretical basis and technical support for seed production and ecological restoration in this region.

Effects of drought stress on phenotypic traits and physiological characteristics of three Poa forage species

A Yun, LIU Wenhui, ZHANG Jinqing, ZHU Yongming, HUANG Danni, LIU Huixiang

2026, 37(4):  1075-1082.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.006

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To investigate the variations and underlying regulatory mechanisms of Poa species under drought stress, we examined growth parameters and physiological characteristic indices of P. crymophila, P. pratensis, and P. pra-tensis var. anceps under three soil water contents, control (60%), moderate drought (45%), and severe drought (30%) by using the artificial potted water control method. We further comprehensively evaluated the drought tole-rance by the membership function method. The results showed that with the intensification of drought stress, plant height and dry weight of the three Poa species decreased significantly, with a reduction range of 12.3%-34.4% and 12.1%-34.1%. Except for the soluble protein content of P. pratensis, the contents of soluble sugar, proline, and soluble protein in the three species increased significantly under drought stress, with the highest increase of 151.7%. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in P. crymophila showed a decreasing trend, with a reduction range of 0.7%-65.5%, while those in P. pratensis and P. pratensis var. anceps exhibited an increase-decrease trend. Except for the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content of P. pratensis var. anceps, the contents of H₂O₂, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical (·OH) in the three species all showed an increasing trend, with growth rates ranging from 2.6% to 37.3%. Leaf width, antioxidant enzyme activities, and reactive oxygen species content were more significantly affected by genotype, while plant height, dry weight, and osmotic adjustment substances were more prominently influenced by drought stress. Under drought stress, plant height and dry weight showed a significant negative correlation with proline and ·OH. The ranking of comprehensive drought tolerance was as follows: P. pratensis > P. crymophila > P. pratensis var. anceps. P. pratensis exhibited not only significant advantages in plant height and dry weight under drought stress, but also moderate accumulation of osmotic regulatory substances and stable antioxidant enzyme system function. We recommend the use of P. pratensis in establishing artificial grasslands or restoring natural grasslands in arid and semi-arid regions.

Accumulative contribution of microbial necromass carbon in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains wetland to soil organic carbon components and its influencing factors

REN Jianhao, JIAO Zhihui, ZHU Daoguang, SUN Xiaoxin

2026, 37(4):  1083-1090.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.015

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Microbial necromass carbon (MNC) constitutes a significant component of soil organic carbon (SOC) and plays a crucial role in soil carbon sequestration. However, the accumulative contribution and impact mechanism of MNC to organic carbon fractions across different wetlands remain unclear. In this study, we analyzed the accumulative contribution and impact mechanism of microbial necromass carbon to particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) in the 0-40 cm soil layer of these three wetland types in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains, including typical natural forested swamps, shrub swamps, and marshes. The results showed that: 1) Soil organic carbon fractions (MAOC and POC) decreased with soil depth across the three wetland types. Shrub swamp soil exhibited the highest MAOC contents (109.96 g·kg^-1), while marsh soil had the highest POC contents (22.74 g·kg^-1). 2) In forested swamps and shrub swamps, the proportion of MNC in MAOC in the 0-20 cm soil layer (42.9% and 23.1%) was higher than that in POC (25.6% and 14.1%). Similarly, in the 20-40 cm layer, the values (41.1% and 9.6%) were also higher than those in POC (12.4% and 6.6%). In marshes, the proportion of MNC in MAOC (31.0%) was higher than that in POC (13.2%) in the 0-20 cm soil layer, whereas the proportion of MNC in MAOC (8.2%) was lower than that in MAOC (24.8%) in the 20-40 cm soil layer. 3) In forested swamps and shrub swamps, pH and SOC were key factors regulating the partitioning of MNC contributions to orga-nic carbon fractions, whereas SOC dominated MNC allocation in marshes. By revealing the distribution patterns and influencing factors of MNC in organic carbon fractions across different wetlands in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains, our results enrich understanding on the microbial carbon pump theory in wetland soils.

Strategies for enhancing soil organic carbon in rice-wheat rotation farmland: A meta-analysis

WU Jiajun, LI Yi, YU Xiaolan, ZHANG Fangmin, YU Zhen

2026, 37(4):  1091-1100.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.029

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Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a critical indicator for maintaining ecosystem functions and mitigating climate change in farmlands. To address soil degradation caused by long-term intensive cultivation in rice-wheat rotation farmland, we collected data from 86 field trial papers published before December 2024, and conducted a meta-analysis to systematically analyze the effects of organic fertilizer application, straw returning, conservation tillage, and reduced fertilization on SOC, as well as their driving factors. Results showed that, compared to their respective controls (no fertilization, straw removal, and conventional tillage), the application of organic fertilizers, straw returning, and conservation tillage significantly increased SOC content by 21.2%, 13.0%, and 4.2%, respectively. Notably, the addition of organic fertilizer after conventional fertilization yielded the highest increase of SOC, while reduced fertilization led to a significant 6.1% decrease in SOC. Furthermore, the combination of straw returning and conservation tillage exhibited a synergistic effect, increasing SOC by 18.6%. The effects of management practices on SOC were significantly regulated by environmental factors. Straw returning demonstrated stronger SOC enhancement under conditions of mean annual temperature >18 ℃ and in alkaline soils, whereas organic fertilizer application showed greater improvement effects in alkaline soils with initial SOC≤12.1 g·kg^-1 and bulk density>1.31 g·cm^-3. Our results elucidated the effects of different management practices in rice-wheat rotation farmland on enhancing SOC, providing a scientific basis for developing differentiated carbon sequestration strategies in major production regions of East and South Asia.

Soil ecological stoichiometry characteristics of biological soil crusts in the farmland of black soil regions of Northeast China under different tillage patterns

LI Tian, SUN Yanchun, WU Zihan, BAO Tianli

2026, 37(4):  1101-1110.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.018

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Understanding the effects of biocrusts on soil ecological stoichiometry in black soil regions can provide a theoretical foundation for the assessment and scientific management of soil nutrients. Using a treatment with biocrust removal as the control, we analyzed the effects of no tillage, minimum tillage, and conventional tillage on the stoichiometric characteristics of soil C, N, P and microbial biomass C, N, P (MBC, MBN, MBP) in biocrusts from the black soil region of Northeast China. The results showed that the coverage of biocrusts under no tillage, minimum tillage, and conventional tillage was 31.8%, 40.5%, and 21.8%, respectively. In the 0-2 cm soil layer, total nitrogen content in biocrusts soils under no tillage and minimum tillage was three and two times of that in the control, respectively. MBC was significantly increased by 63.3% and 31.1%, and MBN was 6.1 and 6.9 times of that in the control, respectively. MBN under conventional tillage was twice of that in the control. Compared with conventional tillage, soil organic carbon content under minimum tillage was significantly increased by 26.6%, while under no tillage, soil total nitrogen content was 2.3 times of that under conventional tillage, and MBC was significantly increased by 48.7%. Additionally, MBN under no tillage and minimum tillage were 2.8 and 3.2 times of that under conventional tillage, respectively. Soil C/N ratios under conventional tillage, no tillage, and minimum tillage were decreased by 31.5%, 65.0%, and 43.7% compared with the control, respectively, while the MBC/MBN ratios were significantly decreased by 53.2%, 75.2%, and 82.6%, respectively. The N/P ratios under no tillage and minimum tillage were significantly increased by 197.3% and 86.6%, and the MBN/MBP ratios were 4 and 4.3 times of that in the control, respectively. Compared with conventional tillage, soil C/N ratio under no tillage was significantly decreased by 48.8%, while the C/P ratio under minimum tillage was significantly increased by 22.9%. Furthermore, the N/P ratios under no tillage and minimum tillage were significantly increased by 134.0% and 46.9%, and the MBN/MBP ratios were 2.3 and 2.5 times of that under conventional tillage, respectively. There were no significant differences in other indicators among the tillage treatments. Stoichiometric variations in the 2-5 cm soil layer were similar to those in the 0-2 cm layer. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available potassium, mean weight diameter, and geometric mean diameter were key factors influencing the ecological stoichiometric of biocrusts soils. In conclusion, the development of biocrusts improved soil nutrient status. Compared with conventional tillage, the development of biocrusts was promoted and nutrients were further increased by the implementation of no tillage and minimum tillage. The results suggested that the contribution of biocrusts to nutrient cycles from the perspective of soil ecological stoichiometric characteristics, which would provide a theoretical basis for the management of soil fertility in the Northeast black soil region.

Effects of waterlogging at internode elongation stage on stem growth and lodging resistance of wheat

GUI Linsen, JIANG Xiaoyi, LI Yichen, LI Chunyan, ZHU Min, ZHU Xinkai, GUO Wenshan, DING Jinfeng

2026, 37(4):  1111-1118.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.013

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Elucidating the effects of waterlogging during internode elongation stage on stem growth and lodging resistance of wheat can provide comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying waterlogging damage and lodging, which will benefit the stress-resistant and stable wheat production. We examined the effects of waterlogging stress on internode morphological and mechanical indicators at the flowering and milking stages of Yangmai 25. Waterlogging treatments were applied from the initiation of 1 cm elongation in the basal 1^st (B1), 2^nd (B2), 3^rd (B3), 4^th (B4), and 5^th (B5) internodes, which lasted for 7 days each. The non-waterlogging treatment (CK) was used as the control. The results showed that waterlogging treatments significantly inhibited the elongation of undetermined internodes (internode not fully elongated to final length), and thus reduced plant height and center cgravity height at the milking stage. The B2 treatment resulted in the greatest decreases in plant height and center cgravity height, reaching 9.5% and 8.4%, respectively. Waterlogging significantly reduced the outer diameter and wall thickness of the 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, and 5^th internodes at both the flowering and milking stages, and decreased the filling degree of each internode at the flowering stage. Furthermore, waterlogging treatments significantly reduced the bending moment of each internode at the flowering and milking stages, and decreased the breaking resistance of internodes across stages. Specifically, B1 and B2 treatments significantly reduced the breaking resistance of all internodes, while B4 and B5 treatments mainly reduced the breaking resistance of upper internodes. The breaking resistance of the second internode (the main internode responsible for lodging) under different treatments followed the order: B2<B1<B3<B4<B5<CK. Treatments B1, B2, and B3 significantly increased the lodging index of the 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd internodes, whereas no significant effects were found under B4 and B5 treatments. Linear correlation analysis of the morphology and lodging resistance of the basal 2^nd internode indicated that improving the outer diameter and wall thickness of internodes could significantly enhance breaking resistance and reduce the lodging index. In summary, waterlogging stress during the internode elongation stage of wheat inhibited internode elongation, thickening, and wall development, thereby deteriorating internode structure, reducing breaking resistance, and increasing lodging risk. The most pronounced effects were observed during the elongation of the basal first and second internodes.

Suitable row spacing for mechanized cultivation of eggplant in solar greenhouse

LU Changkai, SONG Xinyu, TIAN Qi, CHEN Qi, JI Tuo, WEI Min, LI Jing, YANG Fengjuan

2026, 37(4):  1119-1124.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.020

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To facilitate mechanized tillage, transplanting and later management in a solar greenhouse, we evaluated the effects of four row spacing treatments: T₁ (large row spacing 150 cm; small row spacing 30 cm; plant spa-cing 44 cm; width of walkway 110 cm), T₂ (large row spacing 140 cm; small row spacing 40 cm; plant spacing 44 cm; width of walkway 100 cm), T₃ (large row spacing 130 cm; small row spacing 50 cm; plant spacing 44 cm; width of walkway 90 cm), and T₄ (large row spacing 120 cm; small row spacing 60 cm; plant spacing 44 cm; width of walkway 80 cm). A control treatment (CK) was included, with large row spacing 90 cm, small row spa-cing 70 cm, plant spacing 50 cm, and width of walkway 50 cm. We examined the effects of different row spacing configurations on photosynthetic efficiency and yield of eggplant in solar greenhouses, aiming to screen out the sui-table row spacing setting for mechanization suitability. The results showed that across T₁-T₄ treatments, leaf angle of middle leaves, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, net photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation, and yield first increased and then decreased with the increases of small row spacing. All these parameters, except for the middle leaf angle, peaked in treatment T₃. The petiole angle first decreased and then increased, reaching its lowest point in treatment T₂, while the canopy transmittance of direct solar radiation gradually increased. Yield was positively correlated with the indexes other than the leaf angle, and dry matter accumulation was highly correlated with the yield. At 90 days after transplanting (during the peak fruiting period), the chlorophyll a content in leaves was increased by 19.2%, 24.9%, 27.9%, and 17.2% in treatments T₁ through T₄, respectively. Chlorophyll b content was enhanced by 14.4%, 15.8%, 27.0%, and 0.9%. Net photosynthetic rate was improved by 4.7%, 15.5%, 17.0%, and 5.6%, while dry matter accumulation was increased by 1.9%, 4.9%, 4.9%, and 2.9%. Yield enhancements were 0.4%, 6.1%, 11.3%, and 10.9% for T₁ to T₄, respectively. For all these metrics, treatment T₃ exhibited the strongest effects. In addition, the walkway between the borders under this treatment was wider, which was convenient for agricultural machinery operation. In all, the T₃ treatment was not only beneficial for achieving mechanized cultivation of eggplants in solar greenhouses, but also can increase eggplant yield, making it the most suitable row spacing setting.

Characteristics of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation activity and microbial community in paddy fields under different fertilization treatments

WANG Yanping, REN Bingjie, BAI Yanan, SHEN Lidong

2026, 37(4):  1125-1133.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.012

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Nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (N-DAMO) is a critical pathway for mitigating methane (CH₄) emissions from paddy fields. The characteristics of N-DAMO activity and functional microbial communities under combined organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer remain unclear. We conducted an experiment with three fertilization treatments, including inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (NPK), combined organic manure and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (MNPK), and straw return combined with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (SNPK). We collected soil samples during rice (Nanjing 9108) key growth periods (booting, heading, and maturity periods). Through laboratory slurry incubation combined with stable isotope tracing, high-throughput sequencing, and quantitative PCR (qPCR), we systematically analyzed the variations in N-DAMO activity, gene abundance and community structure of the functional microorganism NC10 bacteria under different fertilization treatments. The results showed that N-DAMO activity ranged from 2.20 to 6.58 nmol CO₂·g^-1·d^-1. The N-DAMO activity at the heading stage under MNPK and SNPK was significantly higher than that under NPK, while there were no significant differences among treatments during other growth periods. The gene abundance of NC10 bacteria ranged from 8.36×10⁶ to 2.77×10⁷ copies·g^-1 dry soil. Under MNPK and SNPK, the gene abundance of NC10 bacteria was significantly higher than that under the NPK, with 53.9% and 27.7% increases, respectively. There were no significant changes in NC10 bacterial community structure among three fertilization treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that soil water content and NH₄ ⁺-N were the primary environmental factors influencing N-DAMO activity in paddy fields. In conclusion, MNPK treatment resulted in the highest NC10 bacterial gene abundance and enhanced N-DAMO activity, exhibiting the greatest potential to mitigate CH₄ emission from paddy fields among the three fertilization treatments.

Change of vegetation ecological quality and the driving force in the Manas River Basin, China

FENG Juan, MAWLAXA·Mubarak, LIU Weiping

2026, 37(4):  1134-1140.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.028

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Ecosystems in inland river basins of arid regions are highly sensitive to climate change and human disturbance. Scientifically assessing the evolution of vegetation ecological quality and clarifying its driving mechanisms are crucial for regional ecological security and water resource management. We constructed a vegetation ecological quality index (VEQI) of Manas River Basin based on 250 m resolution remote sensing and meteorological data from 2000 to 2022. Using trend analysis, correlation analysis, and residual analysis, we examined the spatiotemporal variations of VEQI and quantitatively analyzed the driving effects and relative contributions of climate change and human activities. The results showed that vegetation in the Manas River Basin exhibited a significant improvement trend. During 2000-2022, the VEQI showed fluctuated increases with a rate of 0.4·a^-1. Improved areas accounted for 55.1% of the total area, primarily concentrated in the mid- and downstream oases, while degraded areas were sporadically distributed in urban expansion zones and high-mountain areas. The multiple correlation between VEQI and climatic factors was generally positive (R=0.3). Although rising temperature led to an increase in vapor pressure deficit and intensified atmospheric water stress, the increase in precipitation and artificial water resource regulation effectively compensated for such negative effect, facilitating a macroscopic trend of ecological improvement. Human activities played a dominant role in vegetation evolution with a contribution rate of 61.3%, while climate change contributed 38.7%. However, the driving mechanisms exhibited significant spatial differentiation. Human activities dominated vegetation evolution in the mid- and downstream oases (contribution rate >90%), while climate change mainly affected the southern mountains and northern deserts (contribution rate >70%). Our results indicated that the ecological improvement in the Manas River Basin was essentially a fragile improvement model, highly dependent on water resource regulation and human intervention. This study provides important implications for future water resource management and regional ecological security.

Medicine-geography relationship of Gentiana rigescens based on habitat and quality suitability

SHEN Tao, WANG Yuanzhong

2026, 37(4):  1141-1152.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.021

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The spatial matching of habitat suitability and quality suitability of medicinal plants is a challenge in analyzing the medicine-geography relationship. Taking the traditional medicinal plant Gentiana rigescens as the object, and selecting Yunnan Province, the main producing area of the herb, as the research region, we integrated methods including species distribution models, machine learning, and geostatistical analysis to explore the medicine-geography relationship of G. rigescens and identify the key ecological driving forces behind the formation of high-quality medicinal material-producing areas by systematic resource surveys and sampling. The results showed that the suitable habitat area for G. rigescens in Yunnan Province was about 22.00×10⁴ km², accounting for 55.8% of the total land area. Highly suitable areas were mainly concentrated in central, eastern, and northwestern Yunnan. Quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds and medicinal quality zoning revealed that the total content of bioactive compounds in herbs from high-quality production areas (64.93±23.94 mg·g^-1) was significantly higher than that in herbs from other regions (41.34±11.71 mg·g^-1). The high-quality production areas were mainly located in western and northwestern Yunnan, within habitats classified as low to moderate suitability. Spatial autocorrelation analysis further confirmed a significant spatial mismatch between the “habitat suitability” and “medicinal quality” of G. rigescens. Eight environmental factors closely associated with the formation of high-quality medicinal material-producing areas were identified by screening key environmental variables combined with the GeoDetector model, including mean diurnal temperature range, isothermality, temperature seasonality, precipitation of the driest quarter, precipitation of the coldest quarter, and UV-B radiation in April, October and December. Factor detection and interaction analysis further showed that the combined effects of thermal, moisture, and UV-B radiation factors exhibited a significant non-linear enhancement effect. Our results indicated that the formation of high-quality G. rigescens production areas depends on a unique habitat driven by the synergistic effects of multiple environmental factors, rather than on ecologically optimal zones alone.

Assessing spatial pattern of carbon density of understory vegetation in Xiaoxing’anling area based on SGAM model

LIU Yumeng, JIA Weiwei, ZHAO Zipeng, LI Zelin

2026, 37(4):  1153-1164.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.009

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We estimated carbon densities of the sapling, shrub, and herb layers in the Yichun region of the Xiao-xing’anling area in Heilongjiang Province, based on field measurements from 1194 natural and plantation forest plots in 2021. Combined with terrain, climate, and forest factors, we used multiple stepwise regression (SMR), generalized additive model (GAM), and spatial generalized additive model (SGAM) to fit carbon density for understory vegetation across different layers. We then analyzed the regional differentiations of understory vegetation by spatial interpolation analysis. Results showed that the average carbon density of understory vegetation was 0.418 t·hm^-2, comprising 0.223, 0.172, and 0.023 t·hm^-2 for the sapling, shrub, and herbaceous layers, respectively. The sapling and shrub layers were the primary contributors to understory carbon density, accounting for 94.3% of the total, while herbaceous layer contributed 5.7%. Stand density, canopy cover, closure, annual precipitation, and altitude were the primary factors influencing understory carbon density. Model comparison revealed that the SGAM model outperformed both SMR and GAM across all three strata, with determination coefficients of 0.79, 0.71, and 0.62, respectively. Spatial interpolation validation revealed an overall spatial distribution pattern of understory carbon density being higher in the north and lower in the south, with greater abundance in the east and less in the west. The root mean square error values for empirical Bayesian kriging interpolation were 5.47, 3.57, and 1.90 t·hm^-2 for the sapling, shrub, and herb layers, respectively, demonstrating superior prediction accuracy compared to inverse distance weighting, radial basis function, and ordinary kriging methods. By integrating the SGAM model, which accounted for both nonlinear relationships and spatial effects, with empirical Bayesian kriging interpolation, we elucidated the drivers and spatial distribution patterns of carbon density in understory. These fin-dings would provide a scientific basis for forest carbon sink assessments and understory management practices.

Prediction of carbon storage and economic value in the more-sediment and coarse-sediment region of northern Shaanxi in 2033 based on PLUS-InVEST models.

AN Wenju, LI Xu, GUO Qiang, LIU Lifeng, LI Wangcheng, MA Bo, LIU Chang, HAO Shanshan

2026, 37(4):  1165-1174.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202603.026

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The sandy and coarse sand area in northern Shaanxi is the main source of Yellow River sediment and an ecologically fragile zone. Accurately assessing its carbon storage dynamic and economic value is of great significance for consolidating and enhancing carbon sequestration capacity of regional ecosystems, serving ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. Based on land use data from 2003, 2013, and 2023, and as well as 12 driving factors such as rainfall, elevation, and population, we simulated the land use under three scenarios (natural development, soil and water conservation, and farmland protection) in 2033 by using the PLUS model. The InVEST model was used to calculate the spatiotemporal distribution of carbon storage. The present value and terminal value of compound interest methods were used, and the elasticity index of carbon trading unit price to GDP was introduced to estimate the economic value of carbon storage. The results showed that land use types in the study area from 2003 to 2023 were mainly grassland, cultivated land, and forest land. The transfer between cultiva-ted land and grassland, as well as the transfer from grassland to forest land, were the main forms of land use change. The areas with high carbon density showed an increasing trend, while the areas with low carbon density gradually decreased. From 2003 to 2023, the total carbon storage and its economic value showed a continuous growth trend, with an estimated value of 357.62×10⁸ yuan in 2023. In 2033, under the scenario of soil and water conservation, the expansion of forests and grasslands would lead to the increment of high carbon density areas and the reduction of low-carbon density areas, resulting in the highest total carbon storage of 52.78×10⁸ tons and an economic value of 627.42×10⁸ yuan. Our results could provide scientific references for the rational allocation of land use resources and ecological governance in the sandy and coarse sand areas of northern Shaanxi.

Assessing spatiotemporal variations and driving mechanisms of land use carbon emissions in the Loess Pla-teau based on multi-source remote sensing data

LI Ji, YANG Ronghui

2026, 37(4):  1175-1186.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.023

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The Loess Plateau, a typical ecologically fragile region and energy-intensive development zone in China, exhibits spatial heterogeneity in carbon emissions that has yet to be precisely characterized. To overcome the limitations of coarse spatial resolution in traditional statistical data, we integrated DMSP/VIIRS nighttime lights, GLC_FCS30 land use grids, meteorological, and socioeconomic data to construct a distributed carbon emission estimation model combining night light correction with energy coefficient weighting, generating a county-level carbon emission dataset with 1 km spatial resolution. We used standard deviation ellipses, spatial autocorrelation, and geographic detector methods to reveal the spatiotemporal variations and driving factors of regional carbon emissions from 2010 to 2020. Results showed that total carbon emissions in the study area decreased from 1.89×10⁸ t to 1.74×10⁸ t between 2010 and 2020. The center of gravity for carbon emissions shifted northeastward by 196 km, with enhanced spatial clustering. Carbon emission intensity was highest in construction land (63.42 t·hm^-2), significantly exceeding that of forest and farmland. The afforestation and grassland restoration reduced regional emissions by 1.30×10⁷ t, while urban expansion contributed about 1.78×10⁷ t of new emissions. Geospatial analysis indicated that urbanization rate (q=0.3812) and economic development level (q=0.2976) were dominant factors shaping spatial carbon emission differentiation, while the interaction between energy structure and land use exhibited a significant nonli-near enhancement effect (q=0.4011). The distributed accounting method, incorporating nighttime light correction and energy coefficient weighting could reliably capture the spatiotemporal patterns of county-level carbon emissions. This approach would provide scientific evidence and data support for coordinating energy development with ecological conservation, optimizing land use structures, and formulating differentiated emission reduction policies in the Loess Plateau region.

Ecological restoration zoning control for the plain section of the Yongding River based on the coupling of landscape ecological risks and ecosystem service values

WU Minghao, CUI Junjing, YUN Luyang, JIN Wende, LI Hao, ZHANG Renfei

2026, 37(4):  1187-1201.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.022

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Urban expansion and human disturbances have continuously reshaped land-use patterns in river basins, exacerbating landscape ecological risk (LER) and undermining ecosystem service value (ESV). To support targeted ecological restoration and spatial regulation, we focused on the plain section of the Yongding River Basin and developed an ecological restoration zoning and regulation framework based on the coupling relationship between LER and ESV. Using multi-temporal land-use and environmental datasets from 1980 to 2020, we systematically assessed the spatiotemporal variations of LER and ESV. Ecological restoration zones were delineated through Z-score standardization, while the mechanisms underlying their formation and evolution were identified using the Geodetector model. The results showed that land use in the study area had shifted from an agriculture-dominated pattern toward a mixed urban-ecological landscape, with a total land-use transition area of 404.07 km². Built-up land expanded rapidly, while cropland declined markedly. The areas of forest, grassland, and water bodies exhibited slight reco-very under the influence of ecological restoration projects. LER showed an increasing trend, with high-risk areas expanding along the Yongding River and southern plain, whereas localized low-risk areas reflected the positive effects of ecological restoration. Total ESV declined initially and then rebounded, with regulating and supporting services showing dominance in the long-term. The ESV of the Yongding River channel was sensitive to fluctuations in regional total ESV but had not yet recovered to pre-dry-up levels. Based on the LER-ESV coupling relationship, the study area was divided into ecological protection zones, ecological control zones, ecological improvement zones, and ecological conservation zones. Ecological improvement and control zones accounted for more than 70% of the total area, constituting the primary spatial focus for current ecological restoration and risk prevention. Land use remained the dominant factor driving the spatial differentiations of LER and ESV. The intensity of interactions between natural factors and human activity factors showed a declining trend in recent years, indicating that regional ecosystem structure and function were stabilizing under ecological governance. These findings would provide scientific basis for determining ecological restoration priorities and implementing differentiated spatial regulation in the plain section of the Yongding River.

Trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services and the spatial governance pathways in the Minjiang River Basin

ZOU Yafeng, LI Meng, SHEN Yue, ZHAO Enhui, LUO Feng, WU Pinqi

2026, 37(4):  1202-1216.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.025

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The maintenance and synergy of ecosystem services within a river basin are fundamental to regional ecological security and high-quality development. Under the context of rapid urbanization, the trade-offs among these services have become increasingly complex. Based on the InVEST model and recreational service index calculations, we quantified the spatiotemporal variations of five types of ecosystem services (water yield, carbon storage, soil conservation, habitat quality, and recreational service) in the Minjiang River Basin from 2010 to 2023. By integrating correlation analysis, hotspot analysis, geographically weighted regression, geographical detector, PLUS model, and the DPSIR model, we analyzed the trade-offs and synergies among these services and elucidated their underlying mechanisms. Through multi-scenario prediction, we further proposed governance paths for optimization. The results showed that ecosystem services exhibited a spatial pattern of “high in the northwest and low in the southeast”. Temporally, carbon storage (generally remaining stable around 145 t·hm^-2), habitat quality (consis-tently above 0.81) and recreational services (fluctuated around 0.76) were generally stable but showed a slight declining trend, while both of water yield and soil conservation showed significant fluctuation.The trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services exhibited a trend of “strengthened synergy in ecological protection areas and intensified trade-offs in urban expansion zones”.The correlations among services exhibited minimal interannual variation. There was a strong and stable synergy between carbon storage and both habitat quality and recreational service (Spearman correlation coefficient r reaching 0.607-0.786). Water yield showed weak correlations with most other services except for soil conservation (|r| mostly less than 0.3). The geographical detector results identified GDP (with a maximum explanatory capacity q-value of 0.285) and precipitation (with a maximum q-value of 0.400) as the primary driving factors of water yield-habitat quality. The interaction of these two factors with distance to protected areas drove the evolution of the recreational service-habitat quality relationship, while ecological policies had a positive effect on enhancing synergies among services. Scenario simulation revealed that the ecological conservation scenario would promote synergistic enhancement of ecosystem services by 2030, whereas the nature and economic development scenarios would intensify trade-offs and conflicts between ecological and recreational services. This highlighted the importance of proactive ecological regulation for achieving sustainable watershed development. This study would provide a scientific basis for ecological resource allocation and high-quality development in the basin.

Ecological network construction and resilience evaluation considering typhoon disaster sensitivity of coastal regions in Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, China

WANG Senpeng, ZHANG Jinting, PENG Lizhi, LIANG Genshan

2026, 37(4):  1217-1226.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.024

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Coastal ecosystems are typical ecologically fragile zones, the ecological security and spatial stability of which face severe threats from typhoon disasters. Taking the Beibu Gulf coastal region of Guangxi as research zone, we integrated typhoon disaster sensitivity assessment into the process of ecological source identification and resis-tance surface construction. Based on the minimum cumulative resistance model, we extracted ecological corridors and constructed a coastal ecological network oriented toward disaster adaptation. Following complex system theory, we established an “element-structure-function” resilience evaluation model to assess the resilience of the ecological network, and compared it with traditional ecological network construction methods. The results showed that a total of 15 ecological source areas were identified, covering 3297.31 km². Twenty-three ecological corridors were constructed, with a total length of 734.62 km and an average length of 31.94 km, breaking the traditional pattern of ecological networks concentrated in inland mountainous regions and extending ecological space to coastal risk zones. At the structural level, the improved ecological network demonstrated higher connectivity, closure, and line-point ratio by 18%, 63.6%, and 19.5%, respectively, compared to the traditional ecological network. Network effectiveness increased by 41.2%, with significant improvements in connectivity and stability. At the functional level, the robustness index of the improved ecological network rose from 0.49 to 0.56 compared to the traditional network, indicating higher resilience. The coverage of source areas and corridors in high-sensitivity typhoon zones increased from 8.5% and 6.2% to 53.6% and 20.0%, respectively, indicating stronger disaster prevention buffering capacity and regional ecological security support. The findings expanded the theoretical framework of ecological networks and would provide scientific support for ecological network optimization and disaster risk management under disaster scenarios.

Accessibility of scenic spots and its influencing mechanism in the Hexi Corridor, northwest of Gansu Pro-vince, China

WANG Hualan, WANG Zhuoya, SHEN Zhiyuan, SHEN Zhicheng

2026, 37(4):  1227-1238.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202603.027

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The Hexi Corridor is located in an arid and ecologically fragile region. Tourism development in this area benefits from Silk Road cultural resources and major transportation corridors, but is simultaneously constrained by limited ecological carrying capacity and high resource sensitivity. Taking scenic spots above 4A-level in the Hexi Corridor as the study objects, based on an improved spatio-temporal utility approach, we constructed an integrated accessibility index from three dimensions, namely attractiveness, road network time, and travel time. By integrating random forest-SHAP analysis with multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR), we systematically identified the dominant factors influencing tourism accessibility and their spatial heterogeneity mechanisms. The results showed that the overall accessibility of scenic spots in the Hexi Corridor was at a medium-to-low level (accessibility values ranging from 0.03 to 1.09), and exhibited a clear “corridor concentration-peripheral attenuation” spatial pattern, with high-value areas being continuously clustered along the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway and the Lianyun-gang-Khorgos corridor. Attractiveness and road network time were the key determinants of accessibility. The scenic spots exhibited differentiated “attractiveness-accessibility” combinations. High-attractiveness and high-accessibility scenic spots were mainly distributed in nodal areas with favorable transport conditions and concentrated tourism resources. The accessibility formation mechanism demonstrated significant spatial heterogeneity. Improved service facilities had a stable promoting effect. Transportation costs (measured in driving time) showed a negative impact, which was more pronounced in the western segment. Slope generally had a negative effect. The distance to the nearest water system had a significant positive effect in the western and mountainous areas but weaker explanatory power in leisure-oriented attractions near cities such as Zhangye, Ganzhou, Wuwei, and Jinchang. The findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing transportation and zoning management in the Hexi Corridor tourism system.

Prediction of potential suitable areas for Tenebrionidae in the Alxa Plateau, Northwest China

HAN Yue, ZHANG Jianying, CHEN Lijuan, JIA Long

2026, 37(4):  1239-1246.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.031

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As key decomposers and ecological indicator species in desert, Tenebrionidae insects are widely distri-buted in the Alxa Plateau. To assess the potential diffusion trend of Tenebrionidae under climate change, we used the Biomod2 ensemble model to simulate the potential suitable habitat distribution of Tenebrionidae and the dominant environmental factors influencing its diffusion from 1970 to 2000 and from 2040 to 2080 under different climate scenarios (SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585). The prediction accuracy of the model was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and the true skill statistic (TSS). The results showed that compared with a single model, the Biomod2 ensemble model effectively improved the accuracy and precision of the prediction of the suitable habitat of Tenebrionidae in the Alxa Plateau. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and TSS values of the model’s training set were both above 0.8. The main environmental factors driving the distribution of Tenebrionidae were climatic factors and altitude, among which the contribution rate of seasonal variation coefficient of temperature was the highest. From 1970 to 2000, species richness gradually decreased from southeast to northwest, with a total suitable habitat area of 41.2×10⁴ km² and a non-suitable habitat area of 26.49×10⁴ km². From 2040 to 2080, under the SSP126 scenario, the total suitable habitat area of Tenebrionidae would shrink, with an area of 35.9×10⁴ km², and the non-suitable habitat area increased to 31.6×10⁴ km². However, under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, the total suitable habitat area of Tenebrionidae would expand, reaching 56.9×10⁴ km² and 52.6×10⁴ km², respectively. The distribution center of Tenebrionidae shifted towards the southeast desert area from 2040 to 2080.

Screening, identification, and growth-promoting effects of cold-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from high-altitude cold engineering area

YANG Guiqiao, ZHAN Juan, XU Weihong, LIU Qinghua, WANG Pengpeng, ZHANG Sheng, WANG Jianmei, PANG Xueyong

2026, 37(4):  1247-1256.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.038

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Ecological restoration of degraded alpine engineering areas faced severe challenges due to soil phospho-rus deficiency and low-temperature. Chemical phosphorus fertilizers had low efficiency and easily caused environmental risks, while conventional phosphate-solubilizing bacteria showed lower activity at low temperatures. Therefore, screening microbial resources with both cold tolerance and high-efficiency phosphate-solubilizing and growth-promoting functions was crucial for achieving green ecological restoration in alpine regions. In this study, we isolated and screened cold-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from soils of disturbed engineering areas on the Wes-tern Sichuan Plateau. We evaluated their phosphate-solubilizing capacity and abilities to secrete organic acids, si-derophores, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) across a temperature gradient (6, 10, and 28 ℃), and verified their growth-promoting effects in a pot experiment. We obtained three highly efficient cold-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing strains (P-6, P-18, and P-25), which were identified as members of Pseudomonas genus. These strains maintained good phosphate-solubilizing capacity within the range of 6-28 ℃, among which strain P-25 exhibited the highest phosphorus solubilization (481.26 mg·L^-1) at 10 ℃. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the three strains activated inorganic phosphorus mainly by secreting organic acids and siderophores, and strains P-18 and P-25 could synthesize IAA. Inoculation with these strains significantly increased soil available phosphorus content and promoted the growth of Elymus nutans. The P-25 treatment performed the best, with plant phosphorus content, biomass, and plant height being increased by 109.2%, 65.2%, and 6.7%, respectively. All the three cold-tolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria strains possessed both high-efficiency phosphate-solubilizing and growth-promoting functions, and thus had application potential in the ecological restoration of alpine engineering sites.

Driving mechanism of dissolved inorganic carbon on the carbon sink/source changes in Tianchi Lake, Huaying Mountain, Sichuan, China

HE Ziling, HE Haibo, ZHANG Yuanzhu, ZENG Sibo

2026, 37(4):  1257-1268.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.035

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Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) formed by carbonate weathering in karst water has a significant fertilization effect on aquatic photosynthetic organisms (mainly phytoplankton), which can promote the fixation of inorganic carbon through the biological carbon pump (BCP) and increase carbon sinks. However, the source-sink attributes and their driving mechanisms in karst lakes and reservoirs under different temporal scales and disturbance events remain unclear. Taking Tianchi Lake in Huaying Mountain, Sichuan Province as the study area, we combined high-frequency online monitoring, the Bookkeeping model and the generalized linear mixed model to investigate the dynamics and driving mechanisms of net ecosystem productivity (NEP, net carbon sink) under the DIC fertilization effect at multiple scales (annual, seasonal, diurnal, and rainfall events). The results showed that the annual NEP of Tianchi Lake was 9.15 g C·m^-2·a^-1 during the monitoring period, with significant seasonal variations. The net carbon sink in summer was 53.86 g C·m^-2, which could offset the total carbon emissions in spring, autumn, and winter (NEP was -6.74, -36.95 and -4.02 g C·m^-2, respectively). On the diurnal scale, there was a pattern of “carbon fixation during daytime and carbon emission during nighttime”, with the largest amplitude in summer (64.06 g C·m^-2) and the smallest in winter (2.30 g C·m^-2). Rainfall events drove NEP to form a three-stage pulse response of “inhibition-rebound-decay”, with the increases of NEP after heavy rainstorm (10.41 g C·m^-2·d^-1) being 9.7 times that of moderate rain event (1.07 g C·m^-2·d^-1). On the annual scale, solar radiation dominated the changes in carbon sink/source. On the seasonal scale, carbon limitation in summer was dominated by the coupling effect of “high pH and low CO₂ partial pressure”, with a contribution rate of more than 80%; other seasons were affected by solar radiation and temperature factors. On the diurnal scale, the periodic rhythm of solar radiation was the core driver. Rainfall events alleviated carbon limitation through exogenous DIC input and pH decrease, thus driving the dynamic changes of NEP.

Chlorella enhances the resistance of wheat to sulfamethoxazole

GUO Yushuang, DENG Wenchao, XU Yadong, LI Chen, ZHANG Chunhui, XUE Jin’ai, LI Runzhi, JI Chunli

2026, 37(4):  1269-1278.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.033

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To clarify mechanisms underlying the enhancing effect of applying Chlorella sorokiniana on the resis-tance of wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedling under sulfamethoxazole (SMX) stress, we conducted experiments on C. sorokiniana cultivation and wheat seedling hydroponics. There were four treatments with the concentration of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg·L^-1 SMX in the culture medium of C. sorokiniana. After 7 days cultivation, algal growth, photosynthetic activity, and SMX removal capacity were analyzed. Subsequently, 0, 25, 50, 100 mg·L^-1 of SMX and C. sorokiniana culture solution (0.5 g·L^-1) were applied to the hydroponic solution of wheat seedlings for 15 days cultivation. We measured the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, and SMX content in both the see-dings and culture medium. The results showed that C. sorokiniana exhibited strong tolerance to SMX, maintaining effective growth under 200 mg·L^-1 SMX. After 7 days cultivation, the maximum net removal rate of SMX from the culture medium reached 64.1%, with degradation being the main removal pathway under lower SMX concentrations. SMX stress significantly inhibited the growth and photosynthetic activity of wheat seedlings, while the application of C. sorokiniana effectively alleviated this stress effect. Compared to the (25, 50, 100 mg·L^-1) SMX treatment group, the seeding height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight were elevated by 3.7%-10.9%, 2.0%-11.1%, 9.3%-21.6%, and 6.7%-19.4%, respectively, and photosynthetic activity was also improved. The application of C. sorokiniana significantly increased the SMX removal rate in the hydroponic solution, while reducing SMX accumulation in wheat seedings and residual SMX in the hydroponic solution by 13.6%-39.6% and 8.9%-22.7%, respectively. In summary, C. sorokiniana reduced SMX levels in the rhizosphere environment and wheat seedings through absorption and degradation, thereby mitigating toxic effects of SMX on wheat growth. The findings could provide insights for the green prevention and control of antibiotic residue pollution and the safe production of wheat.

Changes in phytoplankton community composition and resource use efficiency in response to climate warming in Dongzhen Reservoir, Fujian Province, China

LIN Jingxiang, LU Yifan, LUO Anqi, CHEN Huihuang, ZHENG Qingping, HE Shaoqin, YANG Jun

2026, 37(4):  1279-1289.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.032

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Under the background of global warming, harmful algal blooms in inland waters have become increa-singly frequent, threatening the ecological health of water sources and drinking water security. Based on seasonal observations conducted a decade scale (2011-2012 and 2022), we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in phytoplankton community composition and resource use efficiency (RUE) in Dongzhen Reservoir, a drinking water source in Putian City, Fujian Province, and explored their responses to environmental factors. The results showed that annual mean air temperature increased by approximately 1.11 ℃ and surface water temperature rose by 0.5 ℃ over the decade. Phytoplankton communities exhibited pronounced seasonal succession, with cyanobacteria, parti-cularly Raphidiopsis raciborskii, dominating in summer and autumn, while diatoms prevailing in spring and winter. The average abundance of phytoplankton increased from 1.44×10⁷ cells·L^-1 in 2011-2012 to 1.99×10⁷ cells·L^-1 in 2022, with cyanobacterial abundance rising from 1.32×10⁷ to 1.84×10⁷ cells·L^-1. Although surface water total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations decreased by 72.4% and 49.8%, respectively, overall RUE of phytoplankton increased markedly: RUE_TN increased from 4.33 to 9.93, and RUE_TP from 231.41 to 432.73, with the enhancement being particularly evident under high-temperature conditions. This trend was closely associa-ted with the strengthened dominance of cyanobacteria in summer and autumn: cyanobacterial RUE_TN increased from 2.17 to 5.63, and RUE_TP increased from 54.50 to 223.87. Under the background of climate warming, the enhanced resource use efficiency of cyanobacteria in subtropical reservoirs would facilitate their dominance and bloom formation, thereby altering phytoplankton community structure and bringing new challenges to the ecological protection of reservoir.

Reviews

Strategies and prospects for soil quality improvement in the black soil region of Northeast China: A perspective on green manure

YANG Lu, CHANG Danna, GAO Songjuan, ZHANG Rui, ZHAO Haibin, ZHANG Jumei, CAO Weidong

2026, 37(4):  1290-1298.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.016

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The black soil region is a crucial commercial grain production base in China. However, long-term intensive cultivation has led to increasingly prominent issues, including declining concentration of soil organic matter, water and soil erosion, and soil compaction. Green manure (also known as cover crops), as a traditional and effective soil improvement measure, possesses a long cultivation history and great development potential in Northeast China. We reviewed the current status of black soil degradation in Northeast China, analyzed the effectiveness of green manure cultivation in addressing the problems of shallow, degraded, and compacted black soil layers. Furthermore, we introduced typical green manure application modes explored in recent years across different areas of Northeast China, including green manure-corn intercropping, green manure-rotating with sweet corn, green manure for saline-alkali land, and green manure after wheat cultivation. In conclusion, green manure cultivation could significantly improve soil structure, increase soil organic matter content, reduce water and soil erosion, and enhance crop yields and ecosystem service. It represented an important approach for the coordinated development of black soil utilization and conservation.

Remote sensing-based mapping of soil organic matter in the black soil region of Northeast China: Status, challenges, and prospects

YANG Ling, XU Yaotian, XU Yueping, LI Jingzhong, GANG Shuang, REN Wanxia

2026, 37(4):  1299-1308.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.017

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Remote sensing inversion products for soil organic matter (SOM) are fundamental to monitor and assess soil quality in the black soil region of Northeast China. However, current research has largely prioritized the vertical optimization of inversion algorithms for single products, while ignoring systematic horizontal comparisons among different products, which limits their practical application. Based on a systematic literature review, we synthesized the spatial distribution characteristics, mainstream methodologies, and current status of data products for remote sensing-based inversion of soil organic matter (SOM) in the region. We found that 1) 77.5% of existing studies are concentrated in the Songnen and Sanjiang Plains, while regions such as eastern Inner Mongolia remain underrepresented; 2) a dominant paradigm has emerged, integrating multispectral data, environmental covariates and machine learning techniques; 3) there are inconsistencies among publicly available SOM products, with estimate discrepancies exceeding 30%. There are three major challenges: limited data sources, multiple interfering factors, and insufficient model interpretability and applicability of models. In the future, low altitude remote sensing data should be actively introduced, a ground aerospace multi-level remote sensing fusion system should be constructed, innovative modeling and promotion methods should be developed, grid-based datasets should be built, and data sharing should be promoted to fully explore the application value of soil data.

The sustainable low-carbon development of agriculture in China: Connotation representation, model construction, and institutional guarantee

ZHANG Junbiao, LI Hongli

2026, 37(4):  1309-1318.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.036

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Under the context of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, promoting the sustainable low-carbon development of agriculture has become an important part in the construction of a strong agricultural country and the moder-nization of harmonious coexistence between human and nature. Focusing on the core issue of agricultural sustainable low-carbon development, we systematically analyzed the basic connotations, current problems, and main characte-ristics. Based on a three-dimensional framework of “region-type-model”, we constructed sustainable low-carbon development models for agriculture in different ecological regions in China, including the Northeast Black Soil Region, North China Plain, Middle and Lower Yangtze Rice-Growing Region, Northwest Arid and Semi-arid Region, and Southwest Mountainous Region. Finally, addressing the challenges such as the difficulty in implementing low-carbon technologies, limited funding channels, insufficient policy coordination, and weak awareness among operational entities, we proposed institutional guarantees and policy recommendations from the perspectives of technological innovation, financing mechanisms, institutional design, and talent cultivation, aiming to accelerate the sustainable low-carbon development of agriculture.

Impact of ozone pollution on crop yields: Advances and prospects in assessment methods

WU Rongjun, FENG Zhaozhong

2026, 37(4):  1319-1328.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.014

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The concentration of surface ozone (O₃) remains high for a long time and its duration continues to extend. Accurately assessing crop yield losses caused by ozone pollution is of great significance for maintaining regio-nal and global food security. We systematically elaborated on the damage mechanism of O₃ pollution on crop yield and the detoxification mechanism of crops, analyzed the limitations of crop yield assessment methods such as O₃ concentration response, dose response, and flux response. By focusing on innovative practices of mechanism model improvement and multi method coupling, we comprehensively introduced the research progress of embedding O₃ damage and detoxification modules in crop models, proposed the research direction of crop model machine learning hybrid framework in O₃ damage assessment. Moreover, we provided a new research paradigm that combined ratio-nality and practicality for quantifying the composite effects of O₃ pollution and extreme climate events. This review could provide reference for the continuous promotion of research on the impact of O₃ pollution on crop yield losses under the background of climate change.

Research progress on the synthesis, emission, and ecological functions of floral volatile organic compounds

GUI Qing, MA Changle, WANG Lijuan

2026, 37(4):  1329-1341.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.003

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Floral volatile organic compounds (FVOCs) are important secondary metabolites in plants, playing important roles in plant growth, development, and reproduction. They serve as core chemical signals for plants to mediate pollinators visitation and essential defensive barriers against environmental stresses. Currently, research on FVOCs has mainly focused on identifying their components, elucidating biosynthetic pathways, and mining key regu-latory genes. We summarized the current research status of FVOC synthesis, emission, and ecological functions, and proposed future research prospects. In terms of biosynthetic metabolism, the biosynthetic pathways and regulatory mechanisms of terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and benzenoids are relatively well clarified, whereas a systematic understanding of fatty acid derivatives is lacking. Within the regulatory network, the circadian clock system serves as the core endogenous factor regulating the temporal emission of FVOCs, while environmental changes act as the key exogenous factor driving changes in FVOC composition. These two factors jointly shape the composition and emission dynamics of FVOCs through complex synergistic interactions. FVOCs have been demonstrated to play distinct roles in ecological processes, such as mediating pollination and defense responses, yet a systematic understanding of their ecological functions remains inadequate. Future research should focus on the regulatory networks regulating FVOC synthesis and emission under the synergistic effects of multiple factors, as well as the diverse ecological functions of FVOCs. Against the backdrop of global climate change, we should also predict the evolutionary trends of FVOCs and their potential impacts on plant reproductive fitness, so as to provide theoretical support for global ecosystem stability research.

Application and prospects of soil micro-food web in soil health assessment and regulation

DU Xiaofang, WANG Zhiyun, LI Yingbin, XU Zhenxin, YU Enping, JIANG Siwei, LIANG Wenju, LI Qi

2026, 37(4):  1342-1352.  doi:10.13287/j.1001-9332.202604.037

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The assessment and regulation of soil health based on soil micro-food web represents a cutting-edge field in soil ecological research. Indicators of soil micro-food web are highly indicative in reflecting the state of soil ecosystems and revealing the underlying mechanisms of soil degradation. We systematically sorted out the relevant indicators of soil micro-food web that can be used for soil health assessment from the perspectives of community structure and ecological function, summarized the soil health assessment methods based on soil micro-food web, the selection and application of core micro-food web assessment indicators under different ecological scenarios, and its role in regulating soil health. Furthermore, we proposed that future efforts should focus on integrating micro-food web based regulation methods into precision agricultural practices, actively stimulating the role of soil micro-food web in the “One Health” framework, and constructing soil health evaluation system centered on multi-indicator integration and soil food web, to advance the application of soil micro-food web in the precise assessment and management of soil health.