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应用生态学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (10): 3443-3451.doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201910.028

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

播期播量对旱地小麦土壤水分消耗和植株氮素运转的影响

田欣1, 孙敏1*, 高志强1, 张娟1, 林文1, 薛建福1, 杨珍平1, 莫非2   

  1. 1山西农业大学农学院, 山西太谷 030801;
    2西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2019-03-13 出版日期:2019-10-20 发布日期:2019-10-20
  • 通讯作者: *E-mail: sm_sunmin@126.com
  • 作者简介:田 欣, 女, 1994年生, 硕士研究生. 主要从事旱作栽培与作物生理生态研究. E-mail: ttxx172112@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-01-24)、国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD020040105)、国家自然科学基金项目(31771727)、三晋学者支持计划专项、山西省回国留学人员科研项目(2017-068)、作物生态与旱作栽培生理山西省重点实验室(201705D111007)和小麦旱作栽培山西省重点创新团队项目(201605D131041)资助

Effects of sowing date and seeding rate on soil water consumption and plant nitrogen translocation in dryland wheat

TIAN Xin1, SUN Min1*, GAO Zhi-qiang1, ZHANG Juan1, LIN Wen1, XUE Jian-fu1, YANG Zhen-ping1, MO Fei2   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi, China;
    2College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shanxi, China
  • Received:2019-03-13 Online:2019-10-20 Published:2019-10-20
  • Contact: *E-mail: sm_sunmin@126.com
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the Modern Agriculture Industry Technology System Construction (CARS-03-01-24), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD020040105), the Natural Science Foundation of China (31771727), the Sanjin Scholar Support Special Funds Project, the Research Project for Returned Overseas Scholar in Shanxi (2017-068), the Crop Ecology and Dry Cultivation Physiology Key Laboratory of Shanxi Province (201705D111007) and the Shanxi Science and Technology Innovation Team of Dryland Wheat Cultivation (201605D131041).

摘要: 为解决旱地小麦等雨播种的生产现状,明确播量对土壤水分利用和产量形成的调控机制,于2015—2017年在山西闻喜试验基地开展大田试验,以早播(9月20日,EB)、晚播(10月10日,LB)两个播期为主区,以低密度(67.5 kg·hm-2,LD)、中密度 (90 kg·hm-2,MD)、高密度(112.5 kg·hm-2,HD)3个播量为副区,研究播期播量对旱地小麦土壤水分消耗和植株氮素运转的影响.结果表明: 早播较晚播生育期土壤总耗水量增加11~22 mm;随播种密度的增加,生育期土壤总耗水量增加2~20 mm,且早播条件下,花前土壤耗水量增加,晚播条件下,花后土壤耗水量显著增加.早播较晚播在低、中密度条件下花前氮素运转量、花后氮素积累量增加,高密度条件下降低.早播条件下,花前氮素运转量,茎秆+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳花前氮素运转量对籽粒的贡献率以及花后氮素积累量均以低密度条件下最高;晚播条件下,花前氮素运转量和花后氮素积累量随播种密度增加而增加.早播较晚播产量显著提高163~996 kg·hm-2,提高幅度达5%~26%,水分利用效率提高幅度达2%~21%,氮素吸收效率提高幅度达3%~36%,氮素收获指数提高幅度最高达11%.早播条件下产量、水分利用效率、氮素吸收效率、氮素收获指数以低密度条件下最高;晚播条件下以高密度条件下最高.此外,花前氮素运转量与花前100~200 cm土壤耗水量显著相关,尤其是茎秆+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳;花后植株氮素积累量与花后100~300 cm土壤耗水量呈显著相关.总之,旱地小麦9月20日配套播量67.5 kg·hm-2、10月10日配套播量112.5 kg·hm-2有利于增产增效.

Abstract: To tackle the issue of rainfall delay during dryland wheat sowing season and further examine the effects of seeding rate on water use and yield formation, a field experiment was conducted at Wenxi Experimental Station, Shanxi Province between 2015 and 2017. We used two sowing dates, i.e. September 20 and October 10 as early (EB) and late (LB) sowing in main plots, and each with three seeding rates as 67.5 (LD), 90 (MD) and 112.5(HD) kg·hm-2. The results showed that compared with LB, EB increased total soil water consumption by 11-22 mm over the entire growing season. With the increases of seeding density, total soil water consumption increased by 2-20 mm. Soil water consumption before anthesis tended to increase for LB, while there was a significant increase of soil water consumption after anthesis for EB. Compared with LB, the pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation amount in EB were increased under LD and MD, but decreased under HD. For EB, the pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation amount and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation amount were highest at LD. Under LB, the pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation amount and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation amount were greatest at high sowing density. EB significantly increased grain yield by 163-996 kg·hm-2 than LB. EB significantly increased grain yield and water use efficiency by 5%-26% and 2%-21% compared with LB, respectively. The nitrogen absorption efficiency and harvest index were 3%-36% and 11% higher under LB than that under EB. As for seeding rate, a low level tended to gain higher grain yield, water use efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index under EB, whereas a high level tended to gain higher values of grain yield, water use efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index under LB. In addition, the pre-anthesis nitrogen translocation was closely related with 100-200 cm soil water consumption before anthesis, especially for stem + sheath, glume + spike nitrogen translocation. The post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation was significantly correlated with 100-300 cm soil water consumption after anthesis. In conclusion, early sowing with a seeding rate of 67.5 kg·hm-2 and late sowing with a seeding rate of 112.5 kg·hm-2 could be promising options to boost dryland wheat production.